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PSC 201 > PSY 203 Test 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

PSY 203 Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Environmental agents or factors that can cause malformations or birth defects in a developing fetus.

Examples include alcohol, tobacco, certain medications, and viruses like rubella.

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2
Q

Define niche-picking.

A

The process by which individuals actively seek out or create environments that match their genetic predispositions or interests.

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3
Q

What is a pre-term baby?

A

A baby born before 37 weeks of gestation, facing various health challenges due to underdeveloped organs.

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4
Q

What does the Apgar score assess?

A

The health of a newborn immediately after birth based on five indicators: appearance, pulse, grimace response, activity, and respiration.

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5
Q

What are the three types of temperament?

A
  • Easy
  • Difficult
  • Slow-to-warm-up
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6
Q

List major reflexes found in newborns.

A
  • Rooting Reflex
  • Moro Reflex
  • Grasp Reflex
  • Babinski Reflex
  • Sucking Reflex
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7
Q

How can self-awareness be measured in children?

A
  • Mirror Test
  • Self-Recognition
  • Social Referencing
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8
Q

What are the advantages of breastfeeding for babies?

A
  • Optimal nutrition
  • Healthier weight gain
  • Reduced risk of allergies
  • Brain development
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9
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process of incorporating new information into existing cognitive schemas.

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10
Q

Define accommodation.

A

The process of changing cognitive schemas to incorporate new information that doesn’t fit existing schemas.

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11
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time, reflecting learning.

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12
Q

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

A

The difference between what a child can do independently and what they can do with help from a knowledgeable person.

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13
Q

List Piaget’s stages of cognitive development.

A
  • Sensorimotor Stage
  • Preoperational Stage
  • Concrete Operational Stage
  • Formal Operational Stage
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14
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

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15
Q

What characterizes the preoperational stage of development?

A

Children begin to use language and think symbolically, but their thinking is intuitive and egocentric.

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16
Q

Define egocentrism.

A

The difficulty in understanding that others may have different perspectives or feelings.

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17
Q

What is centration?

A

The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation while neglecting others.

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18
Q

What are the four types of attachment identified in attachment theory?

A
  • Secure Attachment
  • Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
  • Insecure-Ambivalent Attachment
  • Disorganized Attachment
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19
Q

What are the types of aggression?

A
  • Physical Aggression
  • Verbal Aggression
  • Relational Aggression
  • Instrumental Aggression
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20
Q

How do environmental factors affect IQ scores?

A

Access to education, quality of schooling, and stimulating experiences can significantly influence cognitive abilities.

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21
Q

What role does socioeconomic status (SES) play in cognitive development?

A

Higher SES often provides better access to education and resources, while lower SES may hinder cognitive development.

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22
Q

Define emotional intelligence (EI).

A

The ability to recognize, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively in oneself and others.

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23
Q

What is phonological awareness?

A

The ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds in spoken language, crucial for literacy development.

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24
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A

Biological features directly involved in reproduction that distinguish males from females, present at birth.

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25
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Physical traits that emerge during puberty, differentiating males and females but not directly involved in reproduction.
26
What are primary sex characteristics for males?
Penis, testes, and prostate gland.
27
What are primary sex characteristics for females?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
28
Name two secondary sex characteristics for males.
* Deepening of the voice * Growth of facial and body hair * Increased muscle mass
29
Name two secondary sex characteristics for females.
* Development of breasts * Widening of hips * Growth of pubic and underarm hair
30
What is menarche?
The first menstrual period in a female’s life, marking the beginning of reproductive capability.
31
What is the average age of menarche?
Around 12-13 years old.
32
What is the first stage in Kohlberg’s Preconventional Morality?
Obedience and Punishment Orientation.
33
What is the second stage in Kohlberg’s Preconventional Morality?
Individualism and Exchange.
34
What characterizes Conventional Morality in Kohlberg’s theory?
Moral reasoning based on social roles and expectations.
35
What is the fourth stage in Kohlberg’s Conventional Morality?
Maintaining Social Order.
36
What defines Postconventional Morality in Kohlberg’s theory?
Moral reasoning based on abstract principles such as justice and individual rights.
37
What are the two components of fluid intelligence?
* Reasoning * Problem-solving
38
How does fluid intelligence change with age?
It tends to peak in early adulthood and gradually decline with age.
39
What is the Triangular Theory of Love?
A theory proposing that love consists of three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
40
What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?
* Intimacy * Passion * Commitment
41
What type of love is characterized by passion only?
Infatuation.
42
What is Exchange Theory?
A theory suggesting that relationships are formed and maintained based on a cost-benefit analysis.
43
What are rewards in the context of Exchange Theory?
Positive benefits in a relationship, such as love, support, and companionship.
44
What are costs in the context of Exchange Theory?
Negative aspects of a relationship, such as conflicts and emotional stress.
45
What is gender discrimination?
Unequal or unfair treatment of individuals based on their gender or sex.
46
Name two types of gender discrimination.
* Workplace Discrimination * Social and Cultural Discrimination
47
What is the impact of gender discrimination?
* Psychological Effects * Social Effects * Economic Effects
48
What is life review?
The process of reflecting on one's life, typically occurring in later adulthood.
49
What is one benefit of life review?
Increased understanding of life choices.
50
What is a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order?
A medical order indicating a person does not want to receive CPR or life-saving measures.
51
What is the purpose of a DNR order?
To avoid invasive interventions that would prolong life without improving its quality.
52
What is a Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order?
A medical order that indicates a person does not want to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or other life-saving measures in the event their heart stops beating or they stop breathing.
53
What is the purpose of a DNR order?
Typically used for individuals who are terminally ill, have a chronic, progressive condition, or have reached an advanced stage of life.
54
Who typically discusses a DNR order?
A patient (or their family) and healthcare providers.
55
Define hospice care.
A philosophy and approach to end-of-life care that focuses on providing comfort, pain relief, and emotional support to individuals in the final stages of a terminal illness.
56
What are the core principles of hospice care?
* Palliative Care * Holistic Care * Quality of Life * Support for Families * End-of-Life Care
57
What is palliative care?
Focuses on alleviating pain and suffering, rather than curing the illness.
58
What does holistic care address in hospice?
Addresses the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs of both the patient and their family.
59
What is prioritized in hospice care?
Comfort and dignity rather than extending life at all costs.
60
What support does hospice care offer to families?
Support during the patient’s final days and in their grief following the death of their loved one.
61
What is clinical death?
The condition in which a person's heart stops beating and they stop breathing.
62
How does clinical death differ from biological death?
Clinical death is not the same as biological death, which is the irreversible end of all bodily functions, including brain activity.
63
What is the revival possibility in clinical death?
If resuscitation efforts are successful, the person may be revived, and their biological functions can potentially be restored.
64
Define whole-brain death.
The irreversible cessation of all brain activity, including both the brainstem and the cerebral cortex.
65
What are the criteria for whole-brain death?
* No activity in the brainstem * No activity in the cerebral cortex
66
Why is whole-brain death significant?
It is the most widely accepted standard for declaring someone legally dead in many places.
67
What is a persistent vegetative state (PVS)?
A condition where a person has lost all higher brain functions but basic life-sustaining functions may continue.
68
What are the characteristics of PVS?
* State of wakefulness without awareness * No meaningful communication or purposeful movement * Condition lasts for more than a month to be called 'persistent'
69
What are the potential outcomes for someone in a persistent vegetative state?
PVS can evolve into a state of recovery or progress into a more severe condition, such as brain death.

PSC 201 (6 decks)

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