Psy 256 Second Midterm

Question 1

CH. 6

Piaget’s preoperational period of cognitive development

Answer 1

preoperational intelligence- piaget’s cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6 (include language and imagination, which involves symbolic thought) biological operational thinking is not it possible

Question 2

Developmental changes in children’s emotional development

Answer 2

Around ages 2-6

Emotion regulation

Question 3

Emotion regulation

Answer 3

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

Question 4

How does emotion regulation differ by gender

Answer 4

b

Question 5

How care givers influence children’s emotional regulation

Answer 5

parents encourage and confirm their children’s self esteem by reminding them of their positive accomplishments

Question 6

Development of child’s sense of pride guilt and shame

Answer 6

Guilt- refers to the self blame the people experience when they do something wrong
Shame- refers to peoples feelings of others blame them, disapproves of them, or are disappointed in them

As children become more self-aware they feel guilt when they realized their own mistakes guilt is more mature than shame because it comes from within the person

-pride is the foundation for the child’s ongoing practice of skills

Question 7

three types of parenting styles

Answer 7

Authoritarian, authoritative and permissive

Question 8

Authoritarian

Answer 8

Parents word is law, not to be questioned

Characterized by high behavioral standards strict punishment of misconduct and little communication

Question 9

Authoritative

Answer 9

Parents of the limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

Question 10

Permissive

Answer 10

Parents make a few demands hiding any frustration they may feel discipline is lax partly because I have low expectations
-supportive, but do not feel responsible for shaping their children

Question 11

Define empathy and antipathy

Answer 11

Empathy- ability ability to understand The emotions and concerns of another person especially when they differ from one’s own
Antipathy- Feelings of dislike or even hatred for another person

Question 12

How do empathy and antipathy relate to pro social behavior and antisocial behavior

Answer 12

Empathy leads to pro social behavior

antipathy can lead to antisocial behavior

Question 13

Child Maltreatment

Answer 13

All intentional harm to, or avoidable engagement of, someone under the age of 18

Question 14

Attachment styles

Answer 14

Secure-infant derives comfort and confidence from caregiver
insecure- infant exhibits fear or may seem indifferent to caregiver
disorganized- infant act oddly- may freeze, scream, hit self, throw things

Question 15

Four forms of aggression

Answer 15

Instrumental, reactive, relational, bullying

Question 16

Form 1: Instrumental

Answer 16

Hurtful behavior that’s intended to get something that another person has into keep it

Question 17

Form 2: reactive

Answer 17

an impulsive retaliation for another person’s intentional or accidental action, verbal or physical

Question 18

Form 3: relational

Answer 18

Non-physical acts, such as pencils or social projection, aimed at harming the social connection between victim and other people

Question 19

Form 4: bullying

Answer 19

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims were unlikely to defend themselves

Question 20

Gender identity

Answer 20

(2 yrs. old)

Question 21

Gender stability

Answer 21

(4 yrs. old)

Question 22

Gender constancy

Answer 22

(5 or 7 yrs. old)

Question 23

Gender roles

Answer 23

Expressive Role = passive, nurturing, warm, sensitive, “people person”
Instrumental Role = dominant, independent, assertive, competitive

Question 24

Gender roles stereotypes versus gender differences

Answer 24

People’s beliefs about the differences between males and females
vs
Actual (“research says”) differences between males and females

Question 25

Androgyny

Answer 25

The balance within one person of traditionally masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

Question 26

Theories of gender difference

Answer 26

-Biological Theory hormones & brain structure matter! -Psychoanalytic Theory identification with same sex parent! Discredited Freud -Social Cognitive Theory imitation, reinforcements matter!

Question 27

CH. 8 | Significance of peers during childhood

Answer 27

We're forced to be around them

Question 28

How children's perception of friends changes from preschool to adolescents

Answer 28

``` Early Childhood (2-6 yrs) less reciprocal support & less shared intimacy defined as “someone I like to play with” ``` ``` Middle Childhood (6-11yrs.) mutual understanding & shared outlooks ``` Adolescence (11+ yrs.) mutual self disclosure & understanding Desire for trust, loyalty and commitment

Question 29

Understand social awareness

Answer 29

Development of self understanding | -Self awareness allows for feelings of pride, guilt and shame.

Question 30

Define social cognition

Answer 30

A person’s awareness and understanding of human personality, motives, emotions, intentions, and interactions of others.

Question 31

Types of peer relationships

Answer 31

Friendships Stable, dyadic relationships marked by reciprocity and intimacy Peer Acceptance How much one is liked by peers Bullying Involves repeated and systematic efforts to inflict harm

Question 32

Myth of bullying and victimization

Answer 32

Bullies have Low Self-Esteem MYTH Bullies are Socially Incompetent MYTH Bullies Select their Targets FACT Mobilizing Bystanders Reduces Bullying FACT

Question 33

CH. 9 | Early theorists' notion of adolescent storm and stress

Answer 33

More stressed- sooner you'll hit puberty

Question 34

Does current research support notion of storm and stress

Answer 34

It proves it

Question 35

Pubertal changes in adolescence

Answer 35

Body fat vs muscle Hair Testosterone vs Estrogen

Question 36

Early maturer

Answer 36

Early Girls - Depression, eating disorders, delinquency & substance abuse, school problems, conflicts with parents Early Boys - More favorable body image, higher popularity, early onset of delinquency, sex and drug use

Question 37

Late maturer

Answer 37

Late girls - Few problems, some teasing then they catch up Late Boys - Higher rates of alcohol use and delinquency than on timers, lower school grades

Question 38

Changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics that occurred during puberty

Answer 38

- primary: parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis - secondary: Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts

Question 39

3 forms of adolescent egocentrism

Answer 39

leads young people to focus on themselves to the exclusion

Question 40

Form 1: personal

Answer 40

b

Question 41

Form 2: invincibility

Answer 41

b

Question 42

Form 3: imaginary audiences

Answer 42

b

Question 43

piaget's formal operations stage

Answer 43

systematic logic so you can think of abstract things

Question 44

Examples of cognitive changes that occur during this stage

Answer 44

Preoperational thinking -Symbolic function (2-4) **playing pretend -Intuitive thought (4-7) ** why questions, theory theory: they know everything -children lack conservation the concept that the quantity or amount of something stays the same regardless of changes in shape or position

Question 45

CH. 5 | describe children's thinking during Piaget's preoperational period of cognitive development

Answer 45

Preoperational thinking -Symbolic function (2-4) **playing pretend -Intuitive thought (4-7) ** why questions, theory theory: they know everything -children lack conservation the concept that the quantity or amount of something stays the same regardless of changes in shape or position

Question 46

Limitations on children's thinking during Piaget's preoperational period of cognitive development

Answer 46

b

Question 47

Concept of Conservation and why children can't solve conservation problems

Answer 47

b

Question 48

egocentrism

Answer 48

lack of awareness of other perspectives ex: Monologues -> talking about her dolly Tina, the color yellow

Question 49

animism

Answer 49

the belief that everything in this world alive Ex: the constipation youtube video

Question 50

transductive reasoning

Answer 50

perception that if two things happen at the same time, one must cause the other

Question 51

children's theories`

Answer 51

Theory Theory-children attempt to explain everything they see and hear Theory of Mind- enables a person to comprehend the emotions of other people as well as to realize what other people may or may not know, A person’s theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization is seldom achieved before age 4.

Question 52

children’s understanding of false beliefs

Answer 52

Crayoms

Question 53

CH 7 | Describe and define the cognitive abilities that are present during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage

Answer 53

Concrete operation period (7 to 11) - the onset of logical thought - Conserve - Class inclusion, categorization (tigers are cats) - Seriation (line up by size and color) - Transitivity (logic) - Metacognition (aware of mental mind, thinking about thinking)

Question 54

CH 10 | What is meant by identity

Answer 54

A consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations

Question 55

define and give examples of James Marcia's four identity statuses Identity status 1:

Answer 55

b

Question 56

Identity status 2: Moratoriun

Answer 56

socially acceptable waiting to make a decision | ex. going to college

Question 57

Identity status 3:

Answer 57

b

Question 58

Identity status 4:

Answer 58

b

Question 59

Describe the four areas of identity achievement.

Answer 59

Religious identity Gender identity : A person’s acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female. Political/cultural identity Vocational identity

Question 60

Describe the relationship between adolescents and their parents and how it changes during this time.

Answer 60

b

Question 61

Describe the significance of peer support.

Answer 61

b

Question 62

Describe issues related to sexuality and romantic activity during adolescence.

Answer 62

b

Question 63

Know about depression and suicide during this time

Answer 63

common in middle adulthood, suicide more in males

Question 64

Describe the current trends in adolescent drug use.

Answer 64

mostly psychoactive drugs | like being rebellious