psy100 4

Question 1

Can infants recognize human faces?

Answer 1

Yes, infants can recognize human faces.

Question 2

How do you study attachment?

Answer 2

Attachment can be studied through observation of behavior in various scenarios.

Question 3

How does early attachment influence adult attachment?

Answer 3

Early attachment styles can predict adult relationship patterns.

Question 4

How does Kohlberg’s theory differ from the modern view on moral decision making?

Answer 4

Kohlberg’s theory emphasizes stages, while modern views consider contextual factors in moral reasoning.

Question 5

What are anxiety-related disorders?

Answer 5

• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Panic disorder
• Phobia
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
• Posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 6

What are basic human reflexes in infants?

Answer 6

• Rooting reflex - Open mouth when cheeks touched
• Moro reflex - spread arms open when they feel like theyre falling

Question 7

What are characteristics of children in the concrete operational stage?

Answer 7

7 to 11 years.

• Children gain the mental operations that enable
  them to think logically about concrete events
• They are less egocentric and can see things from
  others’ perspectives
• What develops?
  o Decentralization (focusing on several factors or
  dimensions at the same time)
  o They now understand principles of conservation
  o Reversibility (actions can be reversed)

Question 8

What are characteristics of children in the formal operational stage?

Answer 8

11 years and up.
* Children gain the ability to think about abstract
concepts and manipulate ideas in their head
* They are more compassionate toward others
* What develops?
o They can think about thinking (metacognition)
o They can plan and prioritize
o Can do deductive reasoning

Question 9

What are characteristics of children in the preoperational stage?

Answer 9

2-7 years

• Children learn to use language, but cannot engage in
  concrete logic and abstract thinking.
• Speak and understand that words are symbols for
  everything else. Use words to ask a lot of questions.
• Still highly egocentric
• What develops? Theory of mind: the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others.
• What doesn’t develop? Conservation: Principle
  that properties such as mass, and volume remain
  the same despite changes in shapes

Question 10

What are characteristics of children in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 10

0-2 years old

• Egocentrism
• Object permanence

Question 11

What are cross-sectional studies?

Answer 11

Cross-sectional studies are research designs that analyze data from a population at a specific point in time.

Question 12

What are disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 12

Disorganized symptoms include incoherent speech and erratic behavior.

Question 13

What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?

Question 14

What are longitudinal studies?

Answer 14

Longitudinal studies are research designs that involve repeated observations of the same variables over long periods.

Question 15

What are mood-related disorders?

Answer 15

• Major depressive disorder
• Persistent depressive disorder
• Bipolar disorder

Question 16

• Cross-sectional studies: research that compares people of different ages
  at the same point in time. Snapshot of a point in time.
• Longitudinal studies: research that follows and retests the same people
  over time. Change at an individual level.
  What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 16

A loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate
plans, speak, express emotion or find pleasure

Question 17

What are patterns of motor skill development in infants?

Answer 17

Motor skill development follows a predictable sequence, from head to feet and from the center of the body outwards

Question 18

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 18

• Hallucinations
• Delusions

Question 19

What are schemas in Piaget’s theory? Mention the two A’s

Answer 19

Schemas are mental structures that help organize and interpret information.

• Assimilation: Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing
  schemas. (“There’s a dog. All dogs are friendly.”)
• Accommodation: Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to
  incorporate new information. (“That dog isn’t friendly.”)

Question 20

What are teratogens?

Answer 20

Teratogens are environmental agents that can cause malformation of an embryo or fetus. Chemicals, substances, diseases

Question 21

What are the advantages of cross-sectional studies?

Answer 21

• Quick data collection
• Cost-effective
• Allows comparison across different age groups

Question 22

What are the advantages of longitudinal studies?

Answer 22

• Can track changes over time
• Establishes sequences of events

Question 23

What are the disadvantages of cross-sectional studies?

Answer 23

• Cannot establish cause-and-effect
• Cohort effects may confound results

Question 24

What are the disadvantages of longitudinal studies?

Answer 24

• Time-consuming
• Expensive
• Risk of participant dropout

Question 25

What are the four styles of parenting?

Answer 25

* Authoritative They are demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules but, especially with older children, encourage open discussion and allow exceptions * Authoritarian Enforces strict rules with little consideration of their children’s feelings or social-emotional and behavioral needs * Permissive They make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment. Rules and expectations are either not set or rarely enforced * Neglectful These careless and inattentive parents do not seek a close relationship with their children. Allows their kids to mostly take care of themselves.

Question 26

What are the long-term consequences of neglect?

Answer 26

Long-term neglect can lead to emotional, social, and cognitive deficits.

Question 27

What are the main conflicts in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 27

* Trust vs. Mistrust - infancy * Autonomy vs. Shame - early childhood * Initiative vs. Guilt - preschool * Industry vs. Inferiority - school age * Identity vs. Role Confusion - adolescence * Intimacy vs. Isolation - adulthood * Generativity vs. Stagnation - middle age * Integrity vs. Despair - later years

Question 28

What are the possible consequences of not resolving the conflicts for each stage in Erikson’s theory?

Answer 28

Failure to resolve conflicts can lead to difficulties in relationships and self-identity.

Question 29

What are the stages of Piaget’s cognitive development?

Answer 29

* Sensorimotor stage * Preoperational stage * Concrete operational stage * Formal operational stage

Question 30

What are the two components of a clinical assessment?

Answer 30

* Clinical interview * Psychological tests

Question 31

What are the underlying assumptions of the medical model of psychological disorders?

Answer 31

Psychological disorders are seen as diseases that can be diagnosed and treated.

Question 32

What causes antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 32

Causes include genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and childhood trauma.

Question 33

What causes schizophrenia?

Answer 33

The causes include genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors.

Question 34

What do developmental psychologists study?

Answer 34

Developmental psychologists study the psychological growth and changes across the lifespan. key variable - time

Question 35

What is antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 35

Antisocial personality disorder involves a pattern of disregard for the rights of others.

Question 36

What is attachment?

Answer 36

Attachment is the emotional bond between a child and their caregiver.

Question 37

What is borderline personality disorder?

Answer 37

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in moods, behavior, and relationships.

Question 38

What is diathesis in the diathesis-stress model?

Answer 38

Diathesis refers to a predisposition or vulnerability to developing a disorder.

Question 39

What is social referencing?

Answer 39

Social referencing is the process by which infants look to caregivers for cues on how to react in uncertain situations.

Question 40

What is stranger anxiety?

Answer 40

Stranger anxiety is the fear or distress that infants experience when encountering unfamiliar people.

Question 41

What is stress in the diathesis-stress model?

Answer 41

Stress refers to environmental factors that can trigger the onset of a psychological disorder.

Question 42

What is the definition of psychological disorders?

Answer 42

Psychological disorders are patterns of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life.

Question 43

What is the difference between chronic and acute schizophrenia?

Answer 43

Chronic schizophrenia is long-lasting and often severe; acute schizophrenia has sudden onset and may be temporary.

Question 44

What is the difference between manic and depressive phases in bipolar disorder?

Answer 44

Manic phase involves elevated mood and energy; depressive phase involves low mood and lack of energy.

Question 45

What is the difference between secure and insecure attachment?

Answer 45

Secure attachment is characterized by trust and comfort, while insecure attachment involves anxiety and avoidance.

Question 46

What is the difference between the stage view and the continuous view of development?

Answer 46

The stage view suggests development occurs in distinct stages, while the continuous view sees development as a gradual, ongoing process.

Question 47

What is the purpose of DSM-5?

Answer 47

The DSM-5 provides standardized criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

Question 48

What is the 'Still Face' experiment?

Answer 48

The 'Still Face' experiment examines infants' reactions to a caregiver's unresponsive demeanor.

Question 49

What was Harlow’s monkey study about?

Answer 49

Harlow’s monkey study demonstrated the importance of comfort and security in attachment.

Question 50

When do infants learn to distinguish basic human emotions via facial expressions?

Answer 50

Around 6 months of age.

Question 51

Who is at high risk of antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 51

Individuals with a history of childhood behavioral problems or family history of antisocial behavior.

Question 52

Who is at high risk of developing anxiety-related disorders?

Answer 52

Individuals with a family history of anxiety disorders or those experiencing significant stress.

Question 53

Who is at high risk of mood-related disorders?

Answer 53

Individuals with a family history of mood disorders or those facing chronic stress.

Question 54

Who is at high risk of schizophrenia?

Answer 54

Individuals with a family history of schizophrenia or those exposed to certain environmental stressors.

Question 55

Why do we diagnose psychological disorders?

Answer 55

To provide appropriate treatment and understand the individual's condition.