PSY100 REAL Flashcards
(39 cards)
Stranger anxiety
At about 8 months, soon after object
permanence develops, children display
stranger anxiety when separated from their
caregivers
Order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor stage
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operational stage
- Formal operational stage
Preoperational stage
2-7 years
- Children learn to use language, but cannot engage in
concrete logic and abstract thinking. - Speak and understand that words are symbols for
everything else. Use words to ask a lot of questions. - Still highly egocentric
- What develops? Theory of mind: the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others.
- What doesn’t develop? Conservation: Principle
that properties such as mass, and volume remain
the same despite changes in shapes
Concrete operational stage
7 to 11 years.
- Children gain the mental operations that enable
them to think logically about concrete events - They are less egocentric and can see things from
others’ perspectives - What develops?
o Decentralization (focusing on several factors or
dimensions at the same time)
o They now understand principles of conservation
o Reversibility (actions can be reversed)
Major depressive disorder
The person experiences 2 or more
weeks with five or more symptoms of
depression, at least one of which
must be either (1) depressed mood,
or (2) loss of interest or pleasure
Panic disorder
- An anxiety disorder marked by
unpredictable, minutes-long
episodes of intense dread in which a
person experiences terror and
accompanying chest pain, choking,
or other frightening sensations - People with panic disorder often
live in fear of when the next attack
might strike
Borderline personality disorder
- A complicated set of learned
behaviors and emotional responses
to traumatic or neglectful
environments, particularly in
childhood - Use dysfunctional and unhealthy
ways to have their psychological
needs satisfied.
o Outbursts of rage
o Self-harm
Teratogens
Teratogens are environmental agents that can cause malformation of an embryo or fetus. Chemicals, substances, diseases
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
- Trust vs. Mistrust - infancy
- Autonomy vs. Shame - early childhood
- Initiative vs. Guilt - preschool
- Competence vs. Inferiority - school age
- Identity vs. Role Confusion - adolescence
- Intimacy vs. Isolation - adulthood
- Productivity vs. Stagnation - middle age
- Integrity vs. Despair - later years
Two components of a clinical assessment
- Clinical interview
- Psychological tests
PTSD
Characterized by haunting memories,
nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy
anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or
insomnia lingering for 4 weeks or more
after a traumatic experience
* Often affects veterans of combat and
survivors of accidents, disasters, and
violent and sexual assaults
Basic human reflexes in infants
- Rooting reflex - Open mouth when cheeks touched
- Moro reflex - spread arms open when they feel like theyre falling
How does early attachment influence adult attachment?
Early attachment influences later
adult relationships and comfort with
affection and intimacy
* People who report secure
relationships with their parents tend
to enjoy secure friendships
* Students leaving home to attend
college tend to adjust well if they
are closely attached to their parents
Stage vs. Continuous view of development
Classic theories view development
as a series of stages
o Children in each stage are similar to
each other and different from
children in other stages
o Children move between stages due
to biological maturation
* Researchers who emphasize
experience and learning typically
see development as a slow,
continuous shaping process
Patterns of motor skill development
Motor skill development follows a predictable sequence, from head to feet and from the center of the body outwards
Persistent depressive disorder
The person experiences mildly
depressed mood more often than not
for at least 2 years, along with at least
two other symptoms of depression
(which are less intense in PDD)
* Also known as dysthymia
- Double depression: Major
depressive episodes can occur during
persistent depressive disorder
Chronic vs. Acute schizophrenia
- Chronic schizophrenia (process schizophrenia)
oForm of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late
adolescence or early adulthood
oAs people age, psychotic episodes last longer, and recovery periods
shorten - Acute schizophrenia (reactive schizophrenia)
oForm of schizophrenia that can begin at any age
oOften a response to an emotionally traumatic event
oHas extended recovery periods
Positive vs. Negative vs. Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms: (those abnormally present)
Hallucinations, such as hearing voices or seeing
things that do not exist, paranoia and
exaggerated or distorted perceptions, beliefs
and behaviors
* Negative symptoms: (those abnormally absent)
A loss or a decrease in the ability to initiate
plans, speak, express emotion or find pleasure
* Disorganized symptoms: Confused and
disordered thinking and speech, trouble with
logical thinking and sometimes bizarre behavior
or abnormal movements
Attachment
Emotional tie with another person—shown
in young children by their seeking closeness
to the caregiver and showing distress on
separation
Secure vs. Insecure attachment
Secure -
* Play and explore comfortably
when parent is present
* Becomes upset when parent
leaves the room
* Seek contact with parent
when she returns
* Sensitive, responsive parents
have infants who are securely
attached
* 60% of infants
Insecure -
* Less likely to explore and may cling to
their parent
* Avoidantly attached infants seem not
to notice or care about the parent’s
departure and return
* Ambivalently attached infants may cry
loudly and remain upset when the
parent leaves and returns
* Insensitive, unresponsive mothers
often have infants who are insecurely
attached
What causes anxiety-related disorders?
- Anxiety, OCD, and PTSD are partially
caused by your genes - People can be classically conditioned
to experience anxiety and fear - Operant conditioning can maintain
fears through negative reinforcement - You can develop anxiety by observing
other people who have anxiety
Sensorimotor stage
0-2 years old
- Egocentrism
- Object permanence
o Cross-sectional studies
▪ Advantages and disadvantages
o Longitudinal studies
▪ Advantages and disadvantages
- Cross-sectional studies: research that compares people of different ages
at the same point in time. Snapshot of a point in time. - Longitudinal studies: research that follows and retests the same people
over time. Change at an individual level.
Antisocial personality disorder
- A personality disorder in which a
person (usually men) exhibits a lack
of conscience for wrongdoing, even
towards friends and family members - Destructive behavior surfaces in
childhood or adolescence, beginning
with excessive lying, fighting,
stealing, violence, or manipulation - Comorbid with psychopathy
