PSY1002 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 9

Question 1

what is cognition?

Answer 1

prefrontal cortex, basis of intelligent behaviour overriding reflexive habitual response for complex long-term goals. control sensory, memory and motor systems

Question 2

what does cognitive inhibitions suggest about humans

Answer 2

not simply driven by stimulus-response

Question 3

explain cognitive flexibility

Answer 3

performing large range of behaviours and tasks, and able to flexibly select to suit different context

Question 4

explain difference between EF and cognitive control

Answer 4

is used interchangeably but EF more specific components, but cognitive control less clear separation for distinct subcomponents

Question 5

is EF top-down or bottom-up

Answer 5

top-down, require effort and attention

Question 6

what are bottom-up processes

Answer 6

stimulus-driven, run on autopilot

Question 7

what does a good understanding of basic cognitive control abilities allow

Answer 7

higher-order/insight-related abilities. object permanence, self-recognition, mental time travel, theory of mind, took use/casual reasoning

Question 8

how does EF abilities relate to differing life aspects

Answer 8

mental health (addiction, depression, OCD, ADHD)
physical health (obesity, substance use)
QoL
school (attention, math/English competency)
job success
relationship maintenance
public safety (crime, reckless behaviour, emotional outburst)

Question 9

define WM

Answer 9

holding info in mind and mentally work with it, interacting with other EF via capacity constraint

Question 10

what brain area does the WM rely on

Answer 10

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 11

explain inhibitory control

Answer 11

controlling ones attention, behaviour, thoughts, emotions to override strong internal predisposition/external lure preventing impulsive and habitual thoughts, actions, conditioned response

Question 12

outline inhibitory attentional control

Answer 12

cocktail party effect, driven by stimulus properties themselves

Question 13

explain a task to measure IC

Answer 13

go/nogo task, ppts respond to some but not other stimuli

Question 14

explain how IC is used for self control

Answer 14

moderate behaviour, obey rules, maintaining social norm and use discipline to stay on task despite distractions to achieve long term goals
delayed gratifications

Question 15

give examples of IC failure

Answer 15

not inhibiting response, social interaction, embarrassing situation, say without thought

Question 16

what brain area is involved for IC failures

Answer 16

subthalamic nucleus

Question 17

explain IC and cognitive inhibitions

Answer 17

inhibiting unwanted upsetting thought, rules that no longer applies
hard to measure but can assess behavioural inhibition and generalise to cognitive inhibition

Question 18

outline how IC responses are measured

Answer 18

impulsive incorrect response take less time to reach threshold, correct responses take longer
succesfully inhibiting incorrect response to allow time for correct responses to reach threshold involved frontal lobe, basal ganglia

Question 19

what is difference inbetween direct or competitive inhibition

Answer 19

direct = don’t do it
competitive = many action compete, inhibit each other

Question 20

explain utilisation behaviours (IC)

Answer 20

trying to drink from empty glass

Question 21

explain IC as individuals age

Answer 21

declines with age = poor performance in inhibiting visual/auditory distractions

Question 22

describe action slip

Answer 22

intend to do one thing, but do something else (eg; dialling old phone numbers)

Question 23

define cognitive flexibility

Answer 23

changing perspectives/approaches to problem, flexibly adjusting to new demands, rules or priorities

Question 24

how can cognitive flexibility allow changing pattern of behaviours

Answer 24

adapt to new opportunity, admit your wrong

Question 25

what does CF rely on

Answer 25

inhibition of old info, load new info into WM

Question 26

what is design fluency? (CF)

Answer 26

how many uses can you think of for an object = think flexibly, outside box, adapting to changing rules, WM has to keep track of past suggestion

Question 27

what test can you use for studying CF

Answer 27

Wisconsin Card sorting test

Question 28

what does Wisconsin card task require

Answer 28

changing perspective and inhibit previous perspectives to input new perspective into WM

Question 29

explain Wisconsin Card sorting test

Answer 29

draw card, assigned to category to match colour, number, symbol receive feedback on if correct, keep assigning change rules without announcing and need to change behaviour, mesaure reaction time

Question 30

give practical applications for Wisconsin Card sorting test

Answer 30

examines cognitive impairment in patient with neurological damage/psychological disorder (frontal lobe, sz, stroke, OCD) but damage is specific to patient and may not impact CF

Question 31

how can WM interact with IC

Answer 31

goal maintenance (know what to do or not) inhibiting environmental/internal distraction to keep focused on important WM content

Question 32

what is IC split into

Answer 32

interference control, response inhibition

Question 33

what is interference control (IC)

Answer 33

inhibition of thoughts, memories (cognitive inhibition), or inhibition at level of selective/focused attention

Question 34

what is response inhibition (IC)

Answer 34

inhibition at level of behaviour (self-control, discipline) includes sef-regulation and effortful control

Question 35

what is self-regulation (IC)

Answer 35

response and attentional inhibition, maintaining optimal levels of emotional, motivation, cognitive arousal

Question 36

what is effortful control (IC)

Answer 36

innate temperamental predisposition to exercise better/worse self-regulation

Question 37

name higher-level EFs

Answer 37

reasoning, problem-solving, planning

Question 38

EF interactions - name 4 supporting mechanisms also exposed to inhibition/attentional mechanisms

Answer 38

selection, updating, performance monitoring, shifting

Question 39

EF interactions - what does selection involve

Answer 39

selecting new plans in line with new rules, conflict arise between 2 possible rule

Question 40

EF interactions - what does updating involve

Answer 40

update rules understanding failure causes inflexibility

Question 41

EF interactions - what does performance monitoring involve

Answer 41

attention for error failure causes perseveration errpr

Question 42

EF interactions - what does shifting involve

Answer 42

shift to a new plan and put into action failure causes compulsivity, due to inability to shift to change behaviour

Question 43

why should optimal, appropriate behaviour not always be directed by EF

Answer 43

EF is effortful and subjective to capacity limitation, emotional state vulnerability, psychological disorders, physical health first to suffer when something go wrong

Question 44

define attention

Answer 44

similar to cognitive control aspects however often sensory (salient stimuli can attract attention so more automatic>controlled process)

Question 45

define fluid intelligence

Answer 45

ability to reason, problem solve, see patterns or relations among items. including inductive and deductive logical reasoning

Question 46

define self-regulation

Answer 46

processes enabling us to maintain optimal levels of emotional, motivational, cognitive arousal

Question 47

define effortful control

Answer 47

aspect of temperament, innate predisposition to exercise self-regulation with ease

Question 48

define executive attention

Answer 48

top-down regulation of attention, and assessed during measure of selective attention