PSY1003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 5

Question 1

name 4 purpose of emotion

Answer 1

communication, survival, maintaining health and wellbeing, social interaction, behavioural regulating, avoiding danger

Question 2

explain Darwin’s theory of emotion - biopsychology

Answer 2

displayed in all species and universal (look very similar)
emotional response accompanies same emotional state in other species, evolved from behaviours indicating animal action/threat
if signal benefits animal, evolves to enhance communication so original function may be lost

Question 3

what is principle of antithesis

Answer 3

opposite messages are often signalled by opposite movement and postures

Question 4

outline James-Lange pathway theory of emotion

Answer 4

threat - physiological arousal - emotion and fear

Question 5

explain James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 5

cortex detect threat stimuli, result in physiological stimulation of visceral organs via ANS, in skeletal muscle via SNS
interpret internal change as emotion

Question 6

outline pathway of Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 6

threat - physiological arousal - emotion and fear

Question 7

explain Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 7

emotional stimulus triggers 2 simultaneous and independent effects of physiological arousal and emotions. feeling of emotion in brain, expression in ANS, SNS

Question 8

lack of support in James-Lange and Cannon-Bard led to what

Answer 8

modern biopsychological view:
each of 3 principle factors in emotional response (perception of stimulus, autonomic and somatic response, experience of emotion) influences other 2

Question 9

what is sham rage

Answer 9

in decorticated cats, respond aggressively to small provocation suggesting hypothalamus critical in expression of aggression. function of cortex in inhibiting and directing response

Question 10

what is 2-factor theory of emotion

Answer 10

threat - physiological arousal and emotion/fear works in loop
suggest more complex relationship between physiological arousal, emotion, fear (all influence other component)

Question 11

explain the specificity-generality principles of ANS reaction in James-Lange theory

Answer 11

different emotional stimuli induce different patterns of ANS activity and produce different emotive experiences

Question 12

explain the specificity-generality principles of ANS reaction in Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 12

all emotional stimuli produce same patterns of sympathetic activation to prepare for actions

Question 13

what is polygraphy

Answer 13

interrogative method employing ANS index of emotion, inferring truthfulness of response. not fully successful in real due to question eliciting emotive reaction regardless of truth/not

Question 14

what is facial feedback hypothesis?

Answer 14

when asking ppt to display emotion, begin to feel it, suggesting emotion displayed impacts emotive state

Question 15

name the 6 primary facial expressions

Answer 15

surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, happiness

Question 16

name 2 ways to distinguish true/false expression

Answer 16

microexpressions of real emotions break through false expression, lasting 0.05 second
subtle difference between true/false

Question 17

why is fear most commonly studied

Answer 17

most easy emotion to observably infer between different species and play important adaptive function (motivate threats avoidance, aids survival)

Question 18

outline role of amygdala in fear conditionings

Answer 18

receive input from sensory system, send to periaqueductal grey (behavioural response) and hippocampus (sympathetic response - increase arousal)

Question 19

outline role of thalamus in info system in fear

Answer 19

hear sound and interpret threat = thalamus (medial geniculate nucleus) either communicate to amygdala or via auditory cortex (then activate hypothalamus, PAG) to initiate autonomic reaction, behavioural responses

Question 20

what do bilateral lesions to medial geniculate nucleus and auditory cortexs cause

Answer 20

lesioning medial geniculate nucleus (auditory relay nucleus of thalamus) blocks fear conditioning to noise but lesioning auditory cortex doesn’t suggesting auditory fear conditioning needs signals elicited by tone to reach medial geniculate nucleus but not auditory cortex

Question 21

what is Kluver-Bucy syndrome, describing patient SM

Answer 21

decreased emotional reaction
bilateral amygdala destruction due to genetics, showed normal response to all emotion but fear

Question 22

how did monkey experiment result in discovery of amygdalas roles in emotion, and Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Answer 22

interior temporal lobe removed. consumed anything, sexual tendency toward inappropriate object, constantly putting object in mouth and completely lacked fear

Question 23

what does limbic system comprise of

Answer 23

amygdala, mamillary bodies, fornix, cingulate cortex, septum, olfactory bulb hypothalamus forms loop for emotion regulation

Question 24

describe role of amygdala

Answer 24

fear, memory, acquisition of extinction

Question 25

describe role of pre frontal cortex

Answer 25

EF, mediate conflicting thought (cognitive ability to decide what actions are necessary) medial = important area for emotion-cognition interaction. activity here when emotive reactions are suppressed or evaluated

Question 26

describe role of hippocampus

Answer 26

learning and memory formation (remember appropriate response, situation induce fear, so avoid) important in contextual fear conditioning

Question 27

explain specific brain patterns activated in empathy

Answer 27

same brain regions as emotion emphathising sensory cortex = input from senses and feed into emotional processing motor cortex = output

Question 28

explain role of medial prefrontal lobes in suppression paradigms (fMRI)

Answer 28

ppts inhibit emotional reactions to unpleasant films

Question 29

explain role of medial prefrontal lobes in reappraisal paradigms (fMRI)

Answer 29

ppts instructed to reinterpret picture to change their emotional reaction to it

Question 30

what does the medial prefrontal lobes do?

Answer 30

monitors difference between outcome and expectancy, encodes stimulus values over time and predict likelihood of error, mediate conscious awareness of emotive stimuli and social-decision making

Question 31

explain right hemisphere model

Answer 31

suggest right hemisphere alone is specialised for all aspects of emotion processing (perceptions, expression, experience)

Question 32

explain valence model

Answer 32

right hemispheres - specialised for processing negative emotion left hemispheres - specialised for processing positive emotion

Question 33

what is the current perspective for brain activity involved during emotion

Answer 33

widespread cerebral activity, all areas activated by emotive stimuli also activated by other processes, with no specific structure linking emotion

Question 34

define stress

Answer 34

mental, physical, emotional and behavioural reactions to any perceived demands or threats

Question 35

briefly state 4 stages in stress

Answer 35

1. unusual demand 2. perceived as significant - adversity 3. response (physiological, cognitive and emotional) 4 result - adaptive, or not

Question 36

name some demands which causes stress

Answer 36

physical/personal/social stressors, overlapping, transition in life like work, loss, illness

Question 37

explain the role of individual difference for stress

Answer 37

stress not demand itself but individuals perceptions

Question 38

what is point of stress

Answer 38

adaptive, physically surviving an attack, helps us feel stronger (psychological or biological)

Question 39

explain the 2 systems involved in our stress response

Answer 39

anterior-pituitary, and sympathetic nervous sytem

Question 40

outline method of stress response (including both systems)

Answer 40

activate anterior-pituitary adrenal cortex and sympathetic nervous system 1. increase adrenaline and noradrenaline release from adrenal medulla 2. increase HR, BR, sweating, pupil dilation 3. stimulate release of ACTH 4. triggers release of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

Question 41

explain the role of cytokines in stress response

Answer 41

cytokine is peptide hormones released by many cells, results in many physiological and immunological response like inflammations and fever

Question 42

give 3 types of stress

Answer 42

positive, tolerable, toxic

Question 43

describe positive stress

Answer 43

brief increase in HR, mild elevation in stress hormones

Question 44

describe tolerable stress

Answer 44

serious, temporary and buffered by supportive relationships eg: vaccines - initial unpleasant, but long-term immune boost

Question 45

describe toxic stress

Answer 45

prolonged activation of stress response system in absence of protective relationship avoid this, as causes overwhelming feeling, health issue, auto-immune disorders

Question 46

describe long term stress impact, for mind, body, emotions, behaviour

Answer 46

mind (indecision, nightmares, impaired judgement) body (headache, illness, fatigue) emotions (depression, irritability, alienation) behaviour (insomnia, accident prone, alcohol or drug abuse)

Question 47

explain adaptive immune response

Answer 47

slower reaction, specific to antigen 1. presence of antigen (virus, bacteria) 2. recognition of antigen by T helper cells or cytokines 3. immune systems defence response = lymphocytes, killer cells 4. kill antigen, store antibodies

Question 48

explain innate immune response

Answer 48

faster, not antigen-specific 1. anatomic barrier (hair or skin) 2. react quickly near entry points 3. phagocytes 4. inflammation

Question 49

name some components of arousal in the sympathetic division

Answer 49

pupil dilation sweat decreased salivation, digestion, immune system function increased respiration, HR

Question 50

name some components of calm the parasympathetic division

Answer 50

pupil contraction increased salivation, digestion, immune systems decreased respiration, HR, secretion of stress hormone

Question 51

define psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 51

study of interactions among psychological factors, nervous system, and immune system

Question 52

define fear

Answer 52

emotions response to perceived or actual threat

Question 53

define anxiety

Answer 53

anticipatory response to unknown threat

Question 54

explain animal models of stress and behaviour

Answer 54

when stress becomes enduring feature of life, cause subordination stress (dominance paradigm- attack juvelines, smaller testes, short life span, low testosterone, high blood glucocorticoids)

Question 55

what is impact of early experience of stress

Answer 55

maltreated children show brain or endocrine abnormality. some psychiatric disorders relate to interaction between inherited susceptibility to a disorder and early stress exposures

Question 56

describe role of hippocampus in stress

Answer 56

susceptible to stress-induced change because of many glucocorticoid receptors reduced dendritic branching, adult neurogenesis, modified synapses structure, disrupt performance

Question 57

how can stress be surgically modified for the hippocampus

Answer 57

adrenalectomy (removing adrenal gland)

Question 58

why does emotion matter

Answer 58

1. major part of social life = relationships, arts 2. motivates action = hate result in avoidance 3. mental illness links to defective emotion 4. biologically important in evaluation, attention motivation and social connection