PSY101 exam Flashcards by sammypalms .

The universal psychological toolkit _____.

a. has not evolved over time and consists of skills that were present from the beginning of time

b. is a set of basic skills and aptitudes that can be used to meet human needs

c. refers to the blank slate that people come into the world with that allow for adaptability and
survivability

d. is a set of skills that are shared amongst human and animal cultures

b. is a set of basic skills and aptitudes that can be used to meet human needs

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In the context of culture and race, which of the following statements is true?

a. Intelligence is determined by a person’s race.

b. Many psychologists believe that race is a social construction.

c. People of different cultures have similar definitions of race.

d. Race and culture are interchangeable terms.

b. Many psychologists believe that race is a social construction.

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One of the most important thinking abilities that humans have unlike other animals is the ability to
_____.

a. believe that other people are intentional agents

b. maintain social networks and hierarchies

c. communicate with each other

d. invent and use tools

a. believe that other people are intentional agents

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Hofstede’s dimension of _____ has been most commonly used to both predict and explain many
differences across cultures, especially in many aspects of thinking and emotions.

a. power distance

b. uncertainty avoidance

c. masculinity vs. femininity

d. individualism vs. collectivism

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Which of the following statements is true regarding cultural worldviews?

a. Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world.

b. Cultural worldviews are universal belief systems about the world.

c. A person’s cultural worldview always remains unchanged over their lifetime.

d. Having a worldview is a psychological process specific only to certain cultures

a. Cultural worldviews contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world.

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Studies that examine cultural differences in mean levels of variables are called _____.

a. level-oriented studies

b. structural-oriented studies

c. hypothesis-level studies

d. exploratory studies

a. level-oriented studies

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Which studies use countries or cultures as the unit of analysis?

a. Ecological-level studies

b. Individual-level studies

c. Hypothesis-testing studies

d. Linkage studies

a. Ecological-level studies

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The degree to which measures used to collect data across cultures are equivalent—that is, whether they
have the same validity and reliability in all the cultures being compared is called _____.

a. sampling bias

b. method bias

c. response bias

d. measurement bias

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In the context of procedures used to establish linguistic equivalence, which of the following is an
accurate description of back translation?

a. It involves several bilingual informants collectively translating a research protocol into a
target language.

b. It involves taking a research protocol in one language, translating it into the target language,
and having someone else translate it back to the original.

c. It is a procedure used to establish sampling equivalence.

d. It is a procedure that involves several bilingual informants debating the various forms, words,
and phrases to be used while translating a research protocol to a target language.

b. It involves taking a research protocol in one language, translating it into the target language,
and having someone else translate it back to the original.

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According to Poortinga (1989), which of the following is a strategy to deal with nonequivalent data?

a. Decentering the nonequivalence

b. Establishing cause–effect relationships

c. Increasing the nonequivalence in the data

d. Precluding comparison

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Which theory includes the tenet that children are not simply passive recipients of the enculturation
and socialization processes, but they also contribute to their own development by interacting with and
influencing the people, groups, and institutions around them?

a. Psychological systems theory

b. Ecological systems theory

c. Sociological systems theory

d. Physiological systems theory

b. Ecological systems theory

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According to Mead, postfigurative cultures are described as having a _____ level of peer influence,
whereas prefigurative cultures are described as having a _____ level of peer influence.

a. high; low

b. medium; low

c. low; high

d. high; medium

c. low; high

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In the context of cross-cultural research, _____.

a. parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by
culture

b. in Western industrialized societies, it is considered disrespectful for children to speak without
permission

c. despite differences in the overall goals of development, each culture has the same
understanding of the adult competencies needed for adequate functioning

d. parents are the only socializing agents for children irrespective of the culture

a. parenting beliefs and practices tend to be congruent with developmental goals dictated by
culture

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According to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory of human development, which of the
following is an example of a macrosystem?
a. Family
b. School
c. Society
d. Peer group

c. Society

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Which of the following generally refers to the products of the socialization process—the subjective,
underlying, psychological aspects of culture that become internalized through development?
a. Enculturation
b. Adaptation
c. Emancipation
d. Extrication

a. Enculturation

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What is a biologically based style of interacting with the world that exists from birth?

a. Aberration

b. Indisposition

c. Temperament

d. Centration

c. Temperament

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What is a specialty in psychology that studies how thinking skills and processes develop over time?

a. Cognitive development

b. Physical development

c. Motor development

d. Somatic development

a. Cognitive development

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Which of the following is a concern raised by cross-cultural research on Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development?

a. The ages associated with each stage of development are the same across cultures.

b. The four stages do not always occur in the same order in every culture.

c. There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget’s
stages.

d. It assumes that the scientific reasoning associated with formal operations is not the universal
end point of cognitive development.

c. There is cultural variation in the order in which children acquire specific skills within Piaget’s
stages.

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According to the three ethics approach to morality (Jensen, 2011), what emphasizes the centrality of
religious beliefs and spirituality in moral reasoning?

a. Utility ethics

b. Ethic of reciprocity

c. Ethic of divinity

d. Virtue ethics

c. Ethic of divinity

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According to Markus and Kitayama (1991b), individuals with an independent construal of the self:

a. believe that standing out and asserting themselves is a virtue.

b. routinely credit their success to a group to which they belong.

c. strongly believe in the fundamental connectedness of human beings.

d. prefer socializing by occupying and playing their assigned roles.

a. believe that standing out and asserting themselves is a virtue.

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Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of _____ cultures had higher selfesteem scores than members of _____ cultures.

a. collectivistic; individualistic

b. individualistic; collectivistic

c. ecocentric; sociocentric

d. sociocentric; ecocentric

Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of INDIVIDUALISTIC cultures had higher self-esteem scores than members of COLLECTIVIST cultures.

b. individualistic; collectivistic

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What refers to the idea that people of different cultures all self-enhance, but they choose to do it in
different ways?

a. Self-effacement

b. Independent construal of self

c. Tactical self-enhancement

d. Cultural self-enhancement

c. Tactical self-enhancement

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A person judges stealing as wrong because it is against the law and others in society generally
disapprove of it. Which stage characterizes this person’s moral development?

a. Preconventional morality

b. Postfigurative morality

c. Conventional morality

d. Cofigurative morality

C. Conventional morality

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Sometimes one is not recognized as a member of a group to which they identify. What is this known
as?

a. Identity isolation

b. Identity denial

c. Self-confusion

d. Group identity rejection

b. Identity denial

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Studies indicate that bicultural individuals have multiple cultural systems in their minds and access one or the other depending on the context in which they are in. What is this known as? a. Cultural frame switching b. Cultural exchange c. Culture shock d. Cultural worldview

a. Cultural frame switching

In the perspective of psychological anthropology, a national character refers to: a. the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture. b. the belief of a nation that every culture has its own significance and therefore needs to be preserved. c. a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, or sources of authority coexist. d. the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it.

d. the perception that each culture has a modal personality type, and that most persons in that culture share aspects of it.

Which perspective of personality assumes that psychological processes are not just influenced by culture but are thoroughly culturally constituted? a. Cultural indigenous perspective b. Cross-cultural perspective c. The worldview perspective d. Psychological anthropological perspective

a. Cultural indigenous perspective

What differentiates between the five-factor model (FFM) and the five-factor theory (FFT)? a. The FFM is always consistent and reliable, whereas the FFT depends on the FFM for its validity. b. The FFM is a model about the sources of culture-specific traits, whereas the FFT is a theory of five dimensions of personality that are culture-specific. c. The FFM is a model of the universal personality traits, whereas the FFT is a theory about the source of those traits. d. The core components of the FFM are basic tendencies, characteristic adaptations, and selfconcept, whereas the core components of the FFT are extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness.

c. The FFM is a model of the universal personality traits, whereas the FFT is a theory about the source of those traits.

People with which locus of control see their behavior and relationships with others as dependent on their own behavior? a. Powerful locus of control b. Internal locus of control c. External locus of control d. Weak locus of control

b. Internal locus of control

In the context of universal and culture-specific understandings of personality, ____. a. a universal, biologically innate trait does not coexist with indigenous aspects of personality and are two separate frameworks of personality b. personality is a multidimensional construct that is influenced differently by biology and culture c. personality is either universal or culture specific; they are mutually exclusive, dichotomous categories d. the fact that some aspects of personality may be organized universally is evidence against the possibility that other aspects of personality may be culturally indigenous

b. personality is a multidimensional construct that is influenced differently by biology and culture

What term generally refers to the behaviors and characteristics that a culture deems appropriate for males and females? a. Sex b. Gender c. Sex role d. Gender role

b. Gender

Hofstede’s (2001) research on differences between masculine and feminine cultures found that: a. cultures high on masculinity tended to have norms that encouraged an active role for women in society. b. cultures low on masculinity tended to have norms that encouraged a passive role for women in society. c. cultures low on masculinity tended to have double standards about sex. d. cultures high on masculinity tended to have moralistic attitudes about sex.

d. cultures high on masculinity tended to have moralistic attitudes about sex.

In the context of Berry’s (1976) study on cognitive differences between males and females, which cultures may require a greater degree of conformity to traditional gender roles on the part of both males and females? a. Feminist b. Matriarchic c. Tight d. Loose

c. Tight

Which of the following is a model that suggests that biological differences between the sexes interact with the environment to produce culture-specific sex roles that are adaptations to the environment? a. Biodiversity model b. Biochemical model c. Biophysical model d. Biosocial model

d. Biosocial model

Which of the following terms refers to a gender identity that involves endorsement of both male and female characteristics? a. Genderless b. Machismo c. Androgyny d. Ambivalence

c. Androgyny

In the context of culture and cognition, _____. a. culture was created by groups to solve complex problems of living and social life, enabling them to survive more functionally and effectively b. accessing the mental models of culture that influence a person's way of thinking, feeling, and behaving is not possible c. culture does not have a strong cognitive component like evolution of language d. culture only refers to the individual mental representations of one’s habits

a. culture was created by groups to solve complex problems of living and social life, enabling them to survive more functionally and effectively

Which of the following theories suggests that people in urbanized, industrialized societies are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape and unconsciously come to expect things to have squared corners? a. Carpentered world theory b. Rectangular perception theory c. Right angle perception theory d. Front-horizontal theory

a. Carpentered world theory

In the context of analytic vs. holistic perception, _____. a. analytic perception is a context-independent perceptual process that focuses on a salient object independently from the context in which it is embedded b. analytic perception is a context-dependent perceptual process that attends to associations among multiple objects c. people in East Asian cultures tend to engage in context-independent and analytic perceptual processes d. Nisbett and colleagues suggest that the differences between analytic vs. holistic perception may have occurred because of the differences in environment: Western environments may be more ambiguous and contain more elements than Japanese scenes

a. analytic perception is a context-independent perceptual process that focuses on a salient object independently from the context in which it is embedded

What refers to the tendency to explain the behaviours of others using internal attributions but to explain one’s own behaviours using external attributions? a. Dispositional attribution error b. Situational attribution error c. Fundamental attribution error d. Self-serving attribution error

c. Fundamental attribution error

Steele and Aronson (1995) reported that when black students were asked to record their race on a demographic questionnaire before taking a standardized test: a. they performed the same as compared to black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test. b. they performed significantly better compared to black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test. c. they performed worse than the black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test. d. they performed better than the whites who were primed to think about their race before taking the test.

c. they performed worse than the black students who were not primed to think about their race before taking the test.

What refers to the transient, neurophysiological reactions to events that have consequences for our welfare, and that potentially require an immediate behavioural response? a. Attitudes b. Emotions c. Attributions d. Fallacies

b. Emotions

In humans, what are emotions that focus on the self and are associated with cognitive representations of self and others as intentional agents? a. Self-conscious emotions b. Self-enhancement emotions c. Self-oriented emotions d. Self-centered emotions

a. Self-conscious emotions

The universality studies conducted independently by Sylvan Tomkins (Tomkins & McCarter, 1964), Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen (Ekman, 1972), and Carroll Izard (1971) _____. a. provided the initial evidence for the universality of five emotions: envy, trust, acceptance, pride, and shame b. originally included six different types of methodologically sound studies in the universality study series c. is a series of studies that demonstrated the pancultural universality of facial expressions of emotion d. demonstrated that infants universally display relatively undifferentiated facial expressions of negative emotions in the first year of life

c. is a series of studies that demonstrated the pancultural universality of facial expressions of emotion

Research conducted on cultural calibration of how emotional expressions are perceived by individuals found that: a. there are non-significant cultural differences in absolute recognition of facial expressions. b. individualistic cultures are better at recognizing negative emotions than are collectivistic cultures. c. collectivism is associated with higher recognition rates for some facial expressions. d. collectivism is associated with greater intensity ratings for some facial expressions.

b. individualistic cultures are better at recognizing negative emotions than are collectivistic cultures.

According to Levy (1973), _____ refers to relatively fewer amounts and forms of knowledge, awareness, and thought about something compared to the usual. a. dialectical thinking b. hypercognition c. hypocognition d. convergent thinking

c. hypocognition

A lexicon refers to the: a. words contained in a language. b. system of rules governing word forms. c. specific meaning that encoders intend to convey. d. specific meaning that decoders interpret.

a. words contained in a language.

A difference between high-context cultures and low-context cultures is that: a. high-context cultures minimize the effects of context, while low-context cultures enhance the effects of context. b. high-context cultures contain messages that are conveyed indirectly in context, while low-context cultures contain messages that are conveyed primarily and directly in verbal languages. c. communication in high-context cultures uses specific forms of honorific speech, while communication in low-context cultures does not use any form of honorific speech. d. high-context cultures influence lexicons in languages, while low-context cultures influence pragmatics in languages.

b. high-context cultures contain messages that are conveyed indirectly in context, while low-context cultures contain messages that are conveyed primarily and directly in verbal languages.

_____ refer to nonverbal gestures that carry meaning, like a phrase or sentence. a. Channels b. Conversation regulators c. Emblems d. Paralinguistic cues

c. Emblems

Which of the following refers to the aspects of the voice that convey information, such as tone, intonation, pitch, speech rate, and use of silence? a. Paralinguistic cues b. Speech illustrators c. Vocal movements d. Haptics

a. Paralinguistic cues

In the context of intercultural and intracultural communication, _____. a. intracultural communication is often more uncertain and ambiguous than intercultural communication. b. lower anxiety and stress are associated with intercultural communication situations and not with intracultural communication situations. c. intracultural communication is marked by a greater potential for conflict than is intercultural communication. d. cultural differences in nonverbal behavior make intercultural interactions and communications more difficult than intracultural communications.

d. cultural differences in nonverbal behavior make intercultural interactions and communications more difficult than intracultural communications.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as: a. a state of integrating and experiencing meaning in life through one’s connectedness with self, nature, and literature. b. a state of being sound in body, mind, and spirit. c. a state of being able to enjoy a positive outlook toward life. d. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

d. a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

According to MacLachlan (1997), the notion of _____, at least within the body, is a common concept across cultures. a. good and bad b. balance and imbalance c. health and illness d. harmony and dissonance

b. balance and imbalance

The results of the Alameda County study (Berkman and Syme, 1979) demonstrated that _____. a. culture plays no role in the maintenance of health and the production of disease processes b. individuals with the highest social ties suffered the highest mortality rate c. psychosocial factors have enormous impact in the maintenance of physical health d. people who report being lonely in their lives age slower on a number of indicators including body mass index and maximum oxygen consumption

c. psychosocial factors have enormous impact in the maintenance of physical health

. _____ are differences in health outcomes by groups, for instance, between males and females, people of different ethnicities, and people of lower and higher socioeconomic status (SES). a. Social health differences b. Cultural health differences c. Health disparities d. Cross-cultural disparities

c. Health disparities

The _____ refers to the way immigrants tend to show better physical health compared to nonimmigrants despite the many challenges of adapting and adjusting to a new country. a. immigrant paradox b. nonimmigrant conflict c. assimilation dilemma d. assimilation dissonance

a. immigrant paradox

Which of the following refers to a viewpoint that suggests that psychological disorders can only be understood in the cultural framework within which they occur? a. Cultural fit hypothesis b. Cultural relativism c. Cultural syndromes d. Cultural display rules

b. Cultural relativism

____ refers to misinterpreting culturally sanctioned behavior as expressions of pathological symptoms. a. Overpathologizing b. Underpathologizing c. Overdiagnosis d. Underdiagnosis

Overpathologizing

What were the results of the study conducted by Li-Repac (1980) on potential biases in test interpretation? a. European American clients were rated as more awkward, confused, nervous, depressed, and less socially capable by the Chinese American therapists. b. Chinese American clients were rated as more awkward, confused, nervous, depressed, and less socially capable by the European American therapists. c. European American clients rated Chinese American therapists as sincere and easygoing. d. Chinese American therapists rated European American clients as adaptable, honest, and friendly.

b. Chinese American clients were rated as more awkward, confused, nervous, depressed, and less socially capable by the European American therapists.

Cultural syndromes of distress refers to _____. a. attributing pathological symptoms to normative cultural differences b. misinterpreting culturally sanctioned behavior as expressions of pathological symptoms c. the ways that communities and cultural groups communicate and express their distressing thoughts, behaviors, and emotions d. patterns of symptoms that tend to cluster together for individuals in specific cultural groups, communities, or contexts

d. patterns of symptoms that tend to cluster together for individuals in specific cultural groups, communities, or contexts

In the context of the acculturation, adaptation, and mental health of refugees, _____ refers to the phenomenon whereby greater severity of trauma is associated with a higher likelihood of experiencing a psychological disorder. a. dose effect b. cultural reaffirmation effect c. serial position effect d. endowment effect

a. dose effect

A more effective mode of treatment for persons from collectivistic cultures may include the family or community to acknowledge that: a. psychotherapy is inescapably bound to Western cultural framework. b. the fundamental unit of analysis and intervention is the individual in relation to others. c. the fundamental unit of analysis and intervention is the society. d. psychotherapy is independent of any cultural framework.

b. the fundamental unit of analysis and intervention is the individual in relation to others.

Which barrier to seeking mental health treatment and services is considered an individual level factor? a. Language differences b. Policies on health care that determine insurance and coverage c. Beliefs regarding health and illness d. Availability of mental health services

a. Language differences

In the context of treating people from various cultural backgrounds, _____. a. expression of thoughts about illness is the same across cultures as each illness has its specific characteristics and symptoms b. the way in which counsellors convey respect to their clients is culturally determined c. it is important for therapists to treat all the members of a family as equals across cultures d. treatment expectations remain constant across different cultural groups

b. the way in which counsellors convey respect to their clients is culturally determined

According to a study of outpatient clients in the Los Angeles County mental health system, ethnically matched therapists tended to judge clients to _____ than did mismatched therapists. a. be less similar to themselves b. be more similar to themselves c. have lower mental functioning d. have higher mental functioning

d. have higher mental functioning

According to Sue et al. (2009), which characteristic must be possessed by every counsellor? a. Socioeconomic sensitivity b. Racial sensitivity c. Cultural knowledge d. Sexual awareness and beliefs

c. Cultural knowledge

In the context of conformity in terms of cultural differences, researchers found that: a. conformity was greater when the majority consisted of outgroup members of collectivistic countries. b. conformity was higher in individualistic countries than in collectivistic countries. c. conformity was higher in collectivistic countries than in individualistic countries. d. conformity was lower when the majority consisted of outgroup members of individualistic countries.

c. conformity was higher in collectivistic countries than in individualistic countries.

Perceptions of outgroups are often associated with _____, which is the belief that others are less human. a. discriminatory stereotyping b. rehumanization c. infrahumanization d. malignant typecasting

c. infrahumanization

The tendency to view the world through one’s own cultural filters is a. conservatism b. relativism c. ethnocentrism d. ableism

c. ethnocentrism

What are racial microaggressions? a. Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities toward a target person or a group b. Revenge for wrongdoing to one’s clan c. Aggressions about socioeconomic status d. The least important form of aggression prevalent today

a. Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, and environmental indignities toward a target person or a group

In the context of acculturation, the difference between assimilators and integrators is that: a. assimilators are individuals who reject their home culture and totally integrate to the host culture, whereas integrators are individuals who want to maintain their home culture as well as the host culture. b. assimilators are individuals who want to maintain their home culture as well as the host culture, while integrators are individuals who reject their home culture and totally integrate to the host culture. c. assimilators are individuals who want to maintain their home culture as well as the host culture, whereas integrators are individuals who neither want to maintain their home culture nor the host culture. d. assimilators are individuals who neither want to maintain their home culture nor the host culture, whereas integrators are individuals who reject their home culture and totally assimilate to the host culture

a. assimilators are individuals who reject their home culture and totally integrate to the host culture, whereas integrators are individuals who want to maintain their home culture as well as the host culture.

A lab report is a standardised method of communicating research activity in which each section tells a different part of the process. In which section would you attempt to interpret the results? a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion

d. Discussion

In which section of a lab report do you describe the characteristics of the sample? a. Results b. Procedure c. Participants d. Introduction

c. Participants

73. In which section of a lab report do you state whether or not you have fulfilled the aims of your research? a. Results b. Discussion c. Procedure d. Introduction

b. Discussion

The Introduction and Discussion sections combined should account for approximately ____ of the word count: a. 70% b. 60% c. 50% d. 55%

b. 60%

The reference list should_______ a. Include all sources that you consulted listed alphabetically. b. Include all sources that you cited listed in the order you cited them. c. Include all sources that you consulted listed in the order you cited them. d. Include all sources that your cited listed alphabetically.

d. Include all sources that your cited listed alphabetically.

The research question for the study conducted in PSY101 was “Is there a relationship between the individualism/collectivism domain of culture and attitudes towards old people?”. How were attitudes towards old people measured? a. Ackerman and Chopik’s explicit age bias b. Hofstede’s Individualism Index Rating c. Kogan’s Attitudes Toward Old People Scale d. none of the above

c. Kogan’s Attitudes Toward Old People Scale

The research conducted in PSY101 had a sample size of 218. Which of the options below most accurately describes the characteristics of the sample? a. Predominantly Australian and middle aged b. Predominantly Australian and female c. An even representation of nationalities d. Predominantly young adult and male

b. Predominantly Australian and female

Data screening resulted in the removal of 16 data entries because a. Some participants had entered data more than once. b. Some participants were from countries that did not have an Individualism index rating. c. Some participants entered scores that were outside the possible range of the measure. d. All of the above

d. All of the above

The hypothesis of a negative correlation between the individualism/collectivism domain of culture and attitudes towards old people means that we expect: a. As Individualism increases attitudes towards old people because more negative b. As Individualism increases attitudes towards old people because more positive c. As Individualism decreases attitudes towards old people because more negative d. None of the above

a. As Individualism increases attitudes towards old people because more negative

The aim of the research conducted in PSY101 was to determine if there was a relationship (correlation) between the individualism/collectivism domain of culture and attitudes towards old people. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) was calculated and found: a. the relationship between the two variables was non-significant b. a significant negative relationship c. a significant weak correlation d. a strong positive correlation

a. the relationship between the two variables was non-significant

PSY101 exam Flashcards

(80 cards)