PSY1020 - Chap 8 Thought and Language Flashcards
(31 cards)
Thinking
Manipulating Mental Representations for a reason.
Mental Images
and
Mental Models
Mental Images: Visual Representations
Mental Models: Representation that describe, explain or predict the way things work.
Concepts
and
Categories
Category: groups based on common properties
Concepts: a mental representation of a category.
Categorisation
The process of identifying an object.
Recognising similarity to some objects and dissimilarity to others.
Defining Features
and
Prototypes
Defining Features: qualities that are essential in order to qualify an object in a certain category.
Although people sometimes categorise objects by comparing them with a list of defining features, people typically classify objects rapidly by judging their similarity to prototypes.
Prototypes: is a representation of a typical example of a category.
Hierarchies of Concepts
Superordinate Mammal
Basic Dog
Subordinate Kelpie
Reasoning:
Inductive
Deductive
Inductive Reasoning: Taking specific observations and applying them generally. Flawed.
Deductive Reasoning: Taking general observations and applying them to specifics. More factual
Syllogism: two premises that lead to a logical conclusion. eg: all dog have hair, Ralph is a dog, therefor Ralph has hair.
Analogical Reasoning
the process by where people understand a novel sitiation by comparing it to a familiar one.
Problem Solving
Transforming one situation into another to meet a gaol. To move from the Initial State to the Goal State.
Operators: Mental and behavioural processes aimed at transforming the initial state until it eventually approximates the goal state.
Mental Simulation
imagining the steps involved in solving a problem before undertaking them.
Barriers to Problem Solving
Functional Fixedness: the tendancy for people to ignore other possible functions of an object when they have a fixed function in mind.
Mental Set: the tendancy to keep using the same problem solving techniques that worked in the past.
Confirmation Bias: the tendancy for people to search for confirmation for what they already believe.
Overcoming Barriers to Problem Solving
- Restructure the problem or present it in a novel way.
Decision Making
The process by which indivisuals weigh the pro and cons of a situation in order to make a choice.
- Define the proble.
- Define the alternatives.
- Decide on the criteria.
- Weigh up the pros and cons.
- Make a decision.
Decision making:
Weighted Utility Value
Expected Utility
Weighted Utility Value:
Is a combined judgement of the importance of an attribute and the extent to which a give option staisfies it.
Expected Utility:
Is a combined judgement of the weighted utility and the expected probability of obtaining an outcome.
Explicit Cognition
Explicit Cognition: conscious manipulation of representations.
Heuristics:
Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Heuristics: Cognitive shorcuts for selecting between alternatives without carefully examining each one. Allows people to make rapid, efficient but sometimes irrational judgements.
Representativeness Heuristic: people categorise by matching the similarity of an object to a prototype without considering the probability of ot occurring.
Availability Heuristic: people infer the frequency of something base on its availabilty in their mind. That is how readily it come to mind. Just because something is familiar it does not mean it is common.
Bounded Rationality
People are rational within the bounds of their environment, goals and abilities.
Implicit Cognition
Implicit Cognition: Cognition outside of awareness.
Reason and Emotion
Assessing Risk
Thinking can somethimes interfere with sound judgement, following one’s instincts can sometimes be more advantagous.
Assessing Risk: People tend to view the risk involved with a greater weighting than the possible gains.
Connectionism (Parallel Distributed Processing)
Most cognitive processes occur simultaneously through the action of mutiple activiated networks.
Parallel Constraint Satisfaction
the tendancy to settle on a cognitive solution that satisfies as many constraints as possible in order to achieve the best fit to the data.
Language
the system of symbos, sounds, meanings and rules for their combination that constitutes the primary mode of communication among humans.
Whorfian Hypothesis og Liguistic Relativity: The idea that language shapes thought.
Language:
Phonemes
Morphemes
Phrases
Sentences
Phonemes: the smallest units of sound that constitute speech and are strung together to create meaningful utterances.
Morphemes: Smallest units of meaning (anti-, house etc..)
Phrases: groups of words taht can act as a unit and have meaning.
Sentences: orgainsed sequences of words that express thought or intention.
Language:
Syntax
Semantics
Syntax: the rules that govern the placement of words and phrases in a sentence.
” semantics — the rules that govern the meanings (rather than the order) of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences — in understanding what people say.”