PSY2002 W2: Language II: Speech Perception - R

Question 1

What are the similarities of reading and speech perception?

Answer 1

Typically fast (speech perception is slower but can approach typical reading rates). Both are incremental and anticipatory.

Question 2

What is categorical perception.

Answer 2

A sound intermediate between two phonemes is perceived as being one or other of the phonemes; a similar phenomenon is found in vision with colour perception

Question 3

What are the differences of reading and speech perception?

Answer 3

Written words stay in vision, spoke words are spread out in time and are transitory, harder to tell when a word starts and ends. Speech provides ambiguous signal, ability to hear can be impraied by other noises, speech contains prosodic cues with meaningul gestures.

Question 4

What are the four processing stages

Answer 4

Decode, segment, recognise, integrate

Question 5

Allophones

Answer 5

Variant forms of a given phoneme; for example, the phoneme /p/ is associated with various allophones (e.g., in pit and spit ; Harley, 2013).

Question 6

Segmantation

Answer 6

Dividing the almost continuous sounds of speech into separate phonemes and words.

Question 7

What are two reasons why understanding speech is often difficult?

Answer 7

Speech perception depedns on several aspects of the speech sgnal. Depending on whether speech is heard under optimal or adverse conditions.

Question 8

What are two adverse condition (Mattys et al.)?

Answer 8

Energetic masking and Informaitonal masking

Question 9

What is Energetic masking?

Answer 9

distracting sounds cause the intelligibility of target words to be degraded. Energetic masking, which mostly a ects bottom-up processing, is a serious problem in everyday life (e.g., several people talking at once; noise of tra c)

Question 10

What are some problems with speech signals listernes face?

Answer 10

Segmentation, coarticulation, speaker differences, phonemes and non-nativeness.

Question 11

What is Informational masking?

Answer 11

Cognitive load (e.g., performing a second task while listening to speech) makes speech perception harder. Informational masking mainly affects top-down processing.

Question 11

Segmentation

Answer 11

separating out or distinguishing phonemes and words from the pattern of speech sounds. dividing the speech signal into its constituent words is crucial for listeners. Involves using several cues (acoustic phonetic, depend on knowledge, context)

Question 12

Coarticulation

Answer 12

a speaker’s production of a phoneme is influenced by their production of the previous sound and by preparation for the next sound.

Question 13

What is Speakers difference? What is important?

Answer 13

Speakers differ in several ways (e.g., sex; dialect; speaking rate) and yet we generally cope well with such variability. – Expectations are important.

Question 14

What is the impact of phonemes and language perceptions?

Answer 14

Language is spoken at 10 phonemes per second and much acoustic information is lost with 50ms. If the information is not processed it will be lost.

Question 15

What is the effect of non-nativeness on speech perception?

Answer 15

Non-native speakers often produce speech errors.

Question 16

What os speaker variability?

Answer 16

listeners use information provided by the speech signal to infer characteristics of the speaker and this influences how speech is perceived.

Question 17

What is the McGuk effect?

Answer 17

listeners often make extensive use of lip reading when listening to speech. McGurk effect is a mismatch between spoken and visual (lip based) information leads listeners to perceive a sound or word involving a blending of the auditory and visual information.

Question 18

What’s the phonemic restoration effect?

Answer 18

The finding that listeners are unaware that a phoneme has been deleted and replaced by a non-speech sound (e.g., cough) within a sentence.

Question 19

What’s the Ganong effect?

Answer 19

the finding that perception of an ambiguous phoneme is biased towards a sound that produces a word rather than a non-word.

Question 20

What is the infleunce of orthogrpahia ?

Answer 20

word identification was influenced by orthography.

Question 21

What is lexical acess?

Answer 21

Accessing detailed information about a given word by entering the lexicon.

Question 22

What is the Motor theory?

Answer 22

Listeners mimic the speaker’s articulatory movements. Motor signal provide much less variable and inconsistent information about the speakre’s words than does the speech signal and so facilities speech perception.

Question 23

What is the TRACE model?

Answer 23

Network model of speech perception based on connectionist principles. Assumes bottom up and top down processes interact flexibily in spekn word recognition.

Question 24

How does orthography influence speech perception?

Answer 24

Perhaps hearing a word leads fairly “automatically” to activation of its orthographic codes and so in uences lexical access. Alternatively, a spoken word’s orthography may ifluence its processing only after lexical access. This issue has been addressed using event-related potentials.

Question 25

What is the TRACE model's assumptions?

Answer 25

Individual processing units or nodes. Feature nodes are connected to phoneme nodes which are connected to word nodes. Connection between levels operate in both directions and are always facilitatory. There are connections among units or nodes at the same level; these connections are inhibitory.  Nodes influence each other in proportion to their activation levels and the strengths of their interconnections. Competitive process.

Question 26

What's Transcortical sensory aphasia?

Answer 26

A condition in which spoken words can be repeated but comprehension of spoken and written language is severely impaired. 

Question 26

What are the limitations of the cohort model?

Answer 26

Contex infleucnes word processing earlier than the integration stage.

Question 27

What are 5 compoenents of Ellis and Young's framework?

Answer 27

auditory analysis system extracts phonemes or other sounds from the speech wave, auditory input lexicon contains informatio about spoken words known to the listner bu not about their meaning, word meanings are stord in the semantic system. Speech output lexicon provides spken form of words. Phoneme resposne buffer provides distinctive speech sounds

Question 27

What's pure word deafness?

Answer 27

A condition involving severely impaired speech perception but intact speech production, reading, writing, and perception of non-speech sounds.

Question 27

What's Word meaning deafness?

Answer 27

a condition in which there is selective impairment of the ability to understand spoken language.

Question 27

What's deep dysphasia?

Answer 27

A condition involving semantic errors when trying to repeat spoken words and a generally poor ability to repeat spoken words and non-words.

Question 28

What are the strenghts of the cohort model?

Answer 28

Concept of commpetition, uniquenes point, context effects

Question 29

Trace Model and processing

Answer 29

The TRACE model assumes bottom-up and top-down processes interact. Bottom-up activation proceeds upwards from the feature level to the phoneme level and on to the word level. In contrast, top-down activation proceeds in the opposite direction from the word level to the phoneme level and on to the feature level.

Question 30

What are some strenghts of TRACE model?

Answer 30

Plausible accounts of phenomena (phonemic restoration effect, categorical percetion, the Ganong effect, word superiority effect), Contribution of both bottom up and top down processing

Question 31

What are some limitations of TRACE model?

Answer 31

Focus is narrow, assumes top-down processes infeucne the acitvation fo specific words, exaggerations of imortance of top-down effects on speech perceptions, incomplete and incoporates many different theoritcal assumptison.

Question 32

What does the cohort model focuses on?

Answer 32

Focuses on processes involved during spoken word recognition. Focus on Bottom-up processes.

Question 33

What are the 3 processing stages?

Answer 33

Access, Selection and integration stage

Question 34

What are some original assumptiosn of the Cohort model?

Answer 34

Al words conforming to the sound seuqence heard so far become active, words within cohort are eliminated if they cease to match further information, processing ocntinues unitil information from the word itself and contextua lifnoramtion permits elimination of all but one cohort word: uniqueness point.

Question 34

What is the uniqueness pount?

Answer 34

Point at which only one word is consistent with the acoustic signal