PSY2003 SEMESTER 2 - WEEK 3 Flashcards

(60 cards)

1
Q

name some issues for diagnosing problems in childhood

A

struggle expressing symptom accurately (report somatic)
stigma
diagnosis relying on caregiver report
considering what appropriate for particular age (scared of monsters at 5 is fine)
cultural norms
quick developmental trajectories

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2
Q

name incidence of childhood psychological problem

A

10-15% for childhood psychological problems in childhood, similar across ethnic groups -but low SES risk factor
some studies report 20% (higher in NA)

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3
Q

outline incidence for preschooler tantrums

A

80% preschoolers have mild tantrums, 10% have daily tantrums, and challenging behaviours, emotional difficulties more likely to be recognised as problem, not disorders in first 2 years

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4
Q

define externalising disorders

A

disorder based on outward-directed behaviour problems such as aggressiveness, hyperactivity, non-compliance or impulsiveness

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5
Q

define internalising disorders

A

disorder represented by more inward-looking and withdrawn behaviours, and may represent experience of depression, anxiety and active attempts to socially withdraw

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6
Q

why is int/externalising disorders used as a term in a child

A

initially easier to categorise their odd behaviours than feeling

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7
Q

outline neurobiology of structural abnormalities

A

lower PFC grey matter (amygdala, temporal, insula) involved in network of empathetic concern, with decreased cortical thickness

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8
Q

where is there less activation in violent adult offender

A

temporal, reduced HPA

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9
Q

what is high prenatal testosterone a part of

A

in DBD- explaining higher male prevalence and increase susceptibility to toxic perinatal environments (alcohol, drugs)

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10
Q

define separation anxiety

A

specific to childhood, and excessive anxiety surrounding separation from those to whom individual is attached

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11
Q

give symptom in separation anxiety

A
  • disproportionate distress
  • ongoing unnecc concern about losing attachment figure, unexpected event causing sep and ongoing aversion to being away or left alone
  • nightmares of separation
  • physical symtom when anticipating separation
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12
Q

summarise childhood-OCD

A

similar to adults but children can have compulsion without obsessions (intrusive thought)

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13
Q

define GAD in children

A

chronic worry on potential problems and threats, pathological worrying
disproportionate execessive comparing to gravity of triggering circumstances, leading to abnormal disruption of daily routines

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14
Q

how can GAD present in differing age groups, across childhood

A

4-7 separation from parent, fear of imaginary creature
11-13 social threats

8 yr old has double worries of 5 yr old

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15
Q

compare specific phobia to normal phobia presentations

A

normal appears and disappear quick, ie, heights, water, spiders

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16
Q

outline heritability and environmental influences in childhood-anxiety

A

moderate heritability (54%)
trauma, parenting style (withdrawn or too concerned), modelling, exposure to info

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17
Q

provide definition of childhood depression

A

occur in child whose under stress, experiencing loss, having attentional, learning, conduct or anxiety disorder. can run in families, with symptoms diverse, mimicking physical problem

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18
Q

give symptoms for childhood depression

A

is difficult to recognise in a young child
- clingy, refuses school, exaggerated fears
- somatic complaints: stomach/headache
same DSM-5 crit

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19
Q

causes of childhood-depression

A

ranging heritability (low in childhood, but increase into adolescence)
abuse/neglect is risk factor in younger children

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20
Q

state cognitive specific risk factor in childhood depression

A

depressive negative cognition/attributional style

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21
Q

state dispositional specific risk factor in childhood depression

A

low SE, self-conscious, emotional reliance

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22
Q

state social, coping specific risk factor in childhood depression

A

stress
low selfrated social competence, poor coping skills, interpersonal conflict with parents
low social supports from family+friends

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23
Q

state physical specific risk factor in childhood depression

A

reduced activities level, illness, smoking

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24
Q

state academic specific risk factor in childhood depression

A

school absenteeism, grade dissatisfaction

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25
outline transmission of childhood depression from their parent
increased risk of depression in children of those with depression: - genes - psychological- transmit low mood and attributions, observation of parent issues, parent less responsive to child’s feelings (but also overly responsive), provides fewer enrichment activity
26
what is AST-D (ambiguous scenarios test)
tests whether you have a pessimistic/positive attributional style, that can be picked up from caregivers emotional valence rating of each description made by ppts on 9-point scale is outcome measure = extremely unpleasant-extremely pleasant AST-D pessimistic
27
name 3 disruptive behaviour disorder
ADHD oppositional defiant disorder, CD
28
outline inattention component of ADHD
not paying and maintaining attention, careless, ignores instruction, difficulties organisation, dislikes task with sustained mental efforts, lose things, easily distractable and is forgetful
29
outline hyperactivity and impulsivity component of ADHD
fidgety, not sitting still, run/climb in inappropriate situations, unable engage in activities quietly, excessive talking, blurt out answers, difficulty waiting turn, interrupting
30
summarise oppositional defiant disorder, characteristics
mildest and most common DBP, typically hostile, negative, defiant, uncooperative, irritable. are defiant toward authority but also peer, negatively impacting school, home, society, impairs relationships as well
31
summarise conduct disorder behaviours
bullying, threatening others, start fight, using weapon, physical cruelty to other/animal, mugging, forcing other into sexual activities, fire setting, deliberate property destructions, breaking into buildings, lying to get goods, shoplifting
32
summarise conduct disorder cognition
have trouble understanding how others think, callous-unemotional, can misinterpret intention and think others as mean, immature language skills, lacking appropriate social skill to form/maintain friendships - aggravates sadness, frustration, anger
33
describe comorbidity for CD
- 30% CD has ADHD, 50% meets diagnosis criterion for another disorder - in boys onset before 10, in girls between 14-16, and most tend to grow out of however some can develop antisocial personality disorders if not treated leads to ASPD in adulthood
34
what are callous and unemotional traits? (CU)
persistent pattern of behaviour, reflects disregard for other, lack of empathy, generally deficient affect distinct problems in emot+beh regulations
35
how can children with CU be distinguishable from other antisocial youths
- distinguish them from other antisocial youth and show more similarity to characteristics found in adult psychopathy - antisocial youth with CU traits tend to have range of distinctive cognitive characteristics - less sensitive to punishment cue, particularly when keen for a reward - CU traits are positively related to intellectual skills in verbal realm
36
define challenging behaviours
above expected norm for age and level of development - culturally abnormal behaviour of such intensity, frequency, duration that physical safety of person/other likely to seriously limit or deny access to and use of ordinary community facility
37
name challenging behaviours
self-injury, physical/verbal aggression, non-compliance, disruption of environment, inappropriate vocalisation
38
whats impact of challenging behaviour
impedes learning, access to normal activity, social opportunity, requires considerable amount of resource for managements
39
what can challenging behaviours in child often interpreted as
ineffective coping strategies - in disabilities like LD and ASD, can be sensory stimulation, gaining carers attention, avoiding demands, expressing limited communication skills
40
what are environmental factor contributing to challenging behaviour
limited choices, social interactions, meaningful occupation, limited sensory input, excessive noise, unresponsive carer, neglect or abuse
41
how can aggression be linked to challenging behaviours risk factors
individual temperaments, disturbed families, poor parenting and exposure to violence, attachment. commonly diagnosed with other MHI ADHD, CD, ODD, depression, ASD, PTSD and head injuries
42
what is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
pervasively angry, irritated mood with frequent episodes of severe temper tantrums or aggression, persistently negative mood between episodes
43
what is childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD), type of ASD?
normal development first few year before acute onset of regressions
44
what is social pragmatic disorder
persistent difficulties verbal, non-verbal communications in social purpose interfering with interpersonal relationships, academic achievement, occupational performance in absence of restrictive and repetitive interests and behaviours
45
define pathological demand avoidance
high demand avoidance when requested by others due to high anxiety of loss control, including refusal, distraction, excuse, delay, argue, selective mute, physical incapacitated and can become verbal or physical aggressive, socially manipulative behaviours. has better social communication, uses it to advantage and highly developed social mimicry and role play with a social awareness for other
46
name some common drug treatments for chidlhood MHI
SSRI's, psychostimulants, antipsychotics
47
what are issues of drug treatments in children
reliance for life at early age, consent, brain still developing, and potential impacts
48
what medications may be prescribed for ASD
antipsychotics SSRI for mood and repetitive behaviours naltrexone (opioid antagonists) reduce self-injury, irritability, restlessness, hyperactivity
49
what is mouse anxiety test
- mouse anxiety test: gave either saline (placebo) or prozac as young mouse. the more mouse moves in open field test (new environment), then less nervous mouse is - in adulthood showed mouse moved more when given placebo and so was not as scared - more scared when was given prozac at earlier age
50
name family interventions in childhood mental health
systemic family therapy parent management training functional family therapy CBT play therapy differentiated educational strategies behavioural modification/social communication enhancement strategies
51
outline systemic family therapy
communication, structure and organisation
52
outline parent management training
not rewarding antisocial behaviour vicious cycle of non-contingent parental responses to prosocial, antisocial which reinforce child behaviour problem = children learn functional values of aversive behaviour - improves parenting skills to manage behaviours, learn to identify, define observe issue in new way and learn strategies
53
what are differentiated educational strategies
no expulsion however "step-by-step" guide effective in increasing engagement, achievement = class wide peer tutoring, peer assisted learning, self management, tiered intervention system
54
what are behavioural modification and social communication enhancement strategies
reduce problem behaviours/teach alternative applied behaviour analysis(ABA) teach social skills/behaviours
55
give maternal psychopathology as general risk factor of childhood MHI
MHI, low education, alcohol/drug abuse, teenage parental ages, marital conflict
56
give adverse perinatal factors as general risk factor of childhood MHI
alcohol/drug, low birth weight and prem, early labour onset
57
give poor child-parent relationship as general risk factor of childhood MHI
rejection, erratic harsh discipline, low involvements
58
give adverse family life as general risk factor of childhood MHI
poor parenting and substance abuse, DV, phys discipl, less responsiven
59
name other general risk factors (not including maternal psychopathol, adverse perinatal factors, poor parent child rel and adverse family life)
- household tobacco exposure - poverty + adverse SES (homelessness, overcrowding, toxic air, childhood malnutrition) - early age of onset - child’s temperament - developmental delays, intellectual disabilities - gender
60