Psy225 postmidterm Flashcards
Lucky charms look more unhealthy than Harvest Crunch granola but the simplicity and gran of the packaging makes us think its healthier
example of a Representative Heuristic
You are more likely to be shot to death by a toddler accidentally than be killed by a terrorist attack but the reporting of terrorism and examples that come to mind because of it makes us fear it’s going to happen.
The availability Heuristic
Students who didn’t like Raegan believed he also failed Eureka college
Students who liked Raegan believed he was a great student
The affect Heuristic
Rosenthal and Jacobson study– what did it prove?
The 20% of kids labelled as bloomers did better in classes . (Because the teachers treated them like geniuses)
We have the tendency to categorise things.
E.g. Professors are absent-minded and deshevelled geniuses – this isn’t true, but we make up the heuristic
The easiest way to categorize people is by making the ‘us vs them’
true
What is the homogeneity effect
the tendency to see members as part of the ‘out group’ to be more similar to one another.
E.g. Elderly: When we have age biases, we assume that all old people are the same (grumpy, ugly, out of touch with technology) so we start to see people that way.
What is in-group favourititism?
The tendency to see out own group as being better on all dimension andt allocate more resources to them
This seems innate! Elephant and banana test
Elephants have either a blue dot or a red dot on their heads. The kid has a blue dot on their shirt. The researcher gives the kid 2 bananas to give to the elephants. The kid will evenly distribute them. But if there is an unfair amount ,the kid will always prefer the blue elephant. Once there is not complete equal access to the resources, kids would prefer their group.
The minimal Group paradigm
Researcher created a situation where people divided the most trivial way (guessing an amount of dots on a blackboard) but people attributed values to it, talking more positive about ‘overestimaters of dots’ being more positive and giving money to other overestimates
Categorization affects our memory for out-group members
Shriver et. al study
What does the Jacobson study with race and categorization show
Showed white participants scoring high on racial bias had reaction in their amygdala (fear) center. They did the same thing with white participants with any people who were homeless and regardless of race, were viewed as a threat.
What are the three ways people can reduce dissonance?
Change belief, change action, change action perception
Why did people double down on their cognitions during the UFO incident?
Rationalized it because the alternative would be admitting they were wrong after everythign
What did Brehm’s study with toasters show?
We will convince ourselves that we made the best decision all along
What was the monkey and chimp study?
Monkeys/Chimps choose one of three stickers or m and ms (A,B,C)
All stickers were rated the same by kids and monkeys
The kids get to take their favourite one - they pick one and think that that one is the best
Then they are allowed to take another one home
They take the one that is least like the one they rejected
E.g. they take option A, which they were comparing against option B. They can then choose another one, B or C. They will choose C because they made B look bad in their choice justification.
We have the tendency to prioritize facts over feelings
False
What is the principle of irrevocability?
When a decision is irreversible, you are more likely to support it wholeheartedly.
What is the principle of internal vs external justification?
When there is insufficient justification for us to do something, we will internally justify it.
Rumors in the news about the 4 victims being pregnant (therefore: promiscuous) and were crawling with lice and syphilis, showing they would have been dead within a week anyway, so it was a merciful act on unworthy people— NONE of this was true!! – this is an example of:
justification of cruelty
What did the David Glass Experiment show?
Participants delivered electric shocks to others. People with low self-esteem, already believing they harm others, experienced less dissonance and had less need to justify their actions.
Irony: Those who see themselves as “nice” must justify their harmful actions by convincing themselves the victim deserved it.
What three types of agression are there?
Physical, verbal, and relational
A teenager punches another studdent because they insulted him.
An example of Hostile agression
A soccer player intentionally trips a player to get to the ball
Instrumental
What is reactive agression?
When you are angry and defensive in response to a provocation.
What is proactive agression?
Attacking another person just to fulfil the need or desire to do so
