PSY225 premidterm Flashcards

Question

What was the problem with Lashley's theory about Equipoteneiality

Answer 1

His experiment was faulty. He was only taking surface-level brain matter and nothing from the hippocampus in any of the rats

Answer 2

We have both different parts of the brains specialized in things; we also have to have parts of our brains. e.g. When we are looking at faces, our face perception faculties are localized and also the entire brain is active

Answer 3

Groupthink and Conformity

Answer 4

When people mirror nonverbal behaviors/mannerisms unconciously

Answer 5

Students ranked confederates who mirrored mannerisms as more likeable but didn’t know why

Answer 6

Models, Self esteem, Unanimity, age, commitment, and accountability. Nature of the group also plays a general role

Answer 7

The groups we belong to and look to in how we should act.

Answer 8

Gave people adrenaline and only told have of the people that it was adrenaline

Answer 9

Those who were aware of their physiological symptoms did not conform. Those confused about their adrenaline-filled body were stressed in the ambiguous situation so would mimic a confederate who was in the room with them.

Answer 10

People missed the previous radio broadcast of it being a book Widespread panic (Some people started freaking out at the trick or treaters - it was Halloween - and more and more people started freaking out.)

Answer 11

The media causing panic from the rapid spread of emoaion and behavior through a croud, which is social contagion, made worse with the media.

Answer 12

E.g. The well publicized Tylenol poisonings made people go crazy with paranoia, attributing vague symptoms to the tylenol they had taken. They were fine. But the more panic led to more panic.

Answer 13

German village: Someone started randomly dancing. Soon other people did. Eventually over 1000 people were dancing, hallucinating, writhing, screaming, and no one know why. No one knew why: Mental illness? Demonic Possession? Poisoned food? People were dying from heart attacks of overexertion - This is all from social contagion

Answer 14

Compliance, Identification, Internalization

Answer 15

Attractiveness

Answer 16

Credibility

Answer 17

1. If people holding a minority view exprese their position confidently and constantly 2. If the minority used to agree with the majority but changed their mind 3. If group menmners are in majoirty are motivated to make an accurate decision more than a quick one. 4. If the person is not oblivious to the power of the social context they are in

Answer 18

Placed flyers under people's windshield wipers

Answer 19

S1: Car owners were not likely to throw the flyer on the parking lot ground when they saw someone pick up another type of garbage S2: Car owner saw flyer and immediately threw on ground + drove away

Answer 20

In the nice neighborhood, People would put money in mailbox and put up flag In the boarded window neighborhood, People would keep the $ =Broken Windows theory

Answer 21

Hidden/Open, Formal/Informal, and Direct/Indirect

Answer 22

(minister study - seminary students asked to give a practice sermon: a speech on the good samaritan and were told that if they hurried, they would be just in time to deliver it; on the way, a confederate staged a medical emergency and only 10% of the seminary students stopped to help)

Answer 23

We are likely to help a fellow camper if we hear a threat = campers in the same place = social group. Less likely if we are in a busy city where there are a lot of people.

Answer 24

Confederate staged a medical emergency in a train setting S1: Confederate passed out in the station S2: Confederate passed out on the moving train

Answer 25

When we are a part of a group, we are more likely to help. When the confederate passed out in the station, he was not usually helped. When he passed out on the train, even if he reeked of alcohol, he was nearly always helped.

Answer 26

People got angry Some people cut in front of the cheaters, then the rest of the people cheated in front of them too Rightenous indignation because they were breaking the rules

Answer 27

Put random tape lines on the floor of museum Had an official looking person by a sign saying: “please stay on the tape line” Everyone did it; even when the tape lines made them go in circles and zigzags without seeing the exhibits

Answer 28

The cingluate Gyrus

Answer 29

→ This is in the Limbic System – Amygdala

Answer 30

Belonging Trust Understanding and Predicting others Control The Need to Matter

Answer 31

The need to belong, the need to matter, and Control

Answer 32

Dispositional; and Situational

Answer 33

the tendency to overestimate the general importance of personality or dispositional factors more than situational or environmental influences when describing or explaining the cause of social behavior E.g. You see Sheila slacking in classes. You are more likely to assume that she’s just lazy than her mom is sick.

Answer 34

Representative Availability Affect

Answer 35

When we focus on surface-level facts (Lucky charms look more unhealthy than Harvest Crunch granola but the simplicity and gran of the packaging makes us think its healthier)

Answer 36

the tendency to predict the likelihood of an event, or judge how risky it is, based on how easy it is to bring specific examples to mind. E.g. You are more likely to be shot to death by a toddler accidentaly than be killed by a terrorist attack but the reporting of terrorism and examples that come to mind because of it makes us fear it’s going to happen. If we can remember and process information fluently or easily, it seems “truer” to us than if we have to struggle to assess its veracity. People who read arguments printed in a clear, easy-to-read font were more likely to believe what they read than those who read the same words printed in a blurry, hard-to-read font. Statements that rhyme or “roll off the tongue” are judged to be truer than statements that say the same thing “Any lie told enough will become truth” – Nazi Propagandist

Answer 37

Our feelings influence our judgement. (People who like Ronald Raegan believed that he got straight A's in uni. People who don't like him believed that he never got above a C)

Answer 38

When we look at the future, we don’t think about other factors We can overestimate our ability to do stuff We make decisions based on how much we will enjoy something more than if we can actually do that thing.

Answer 39

the state of tension that occurs whenever a person simultaneously holds 2 cognitions (attitudes, ideas, opinions, belief) that are incompatible + Inconsistent This is uncomfortable so we try to fix this with new mindsets and altering our actions Can take the form of rationalizing current actions, adopting new mindsets, or adopting an extreme ideology

Answer 40

Modify Beliefs, Add in new cognitions, or downplay its importance

Answer 41

The desire to be right -- and -- the desire to believe we are right (This is why we conform a lot)

Answer 42

Any negative info about a decision you made are dissonant with the fact that you chose it. So if you make a decision you see from sources is a bad choice, people make a point of looking for evidence that supports their decision, convince themselves that they are happy with their choice, and criticise alternatives

Answer 43

When a decision is irreversible, you are more likely to support it wholeheartedly When researchers interviewed different betters at horse races, the people who were at the window about to place a bet were reasonable and looked at all the facts. Once they interviewed people who had just betted, they were sure of their facts, convinced that their bet was the most logical.

Answer 44

Lowballing is where a low price is initially offered - but often raised Cialdini’s Study In buying a car, the customer received an unprecedented low deal on the car they want The buyer starts the paperwork The dealer leaves and says that they made a mistake in the prices and his manager won’t let him sell for so low - returns the price to the expected price The customer has the option to back out! BUT the customer usually goes through with it WHY? Implicit Commitment: Writing down the down payment, even though it’s not binding, gives the impression of a big commitment Anticipation of reward: Customer is excited for the car and cancelling these actions causes dissonance - “I want the car. If I cancel, this work will be for nothing and I will not have the car” Marginal Price Difference: The increased price seems only slightly higher than alternatives and the person was already prepared to meet the initial price

Answer 45

People making a small decision, justify it, then over a period of time are increasingly committed until over their head Foot-in-the-door technique The process of using small favors to encourage people to accede to larger requests: The formalized and manipulated use of entrapment Jim Jones starting cult : Starts with donations to promote peace. People rationalize their decision, saying that they donated because the cause is good. The deeds start as small; gradually increase and people get in over their heads.

Answer 46

Students who initially disapproved of police action in the New Haven Student Riots to write strong and forceful essays defending the police’s actions. Group A: Paid 50 c Group B: Paid 10 $

Answer 47

Students who were paid the least experienced the highest dissonance, as they had minimal external justification for their counterattitudinal behavior. They shifted their internal attitudes, expressing increased support for the police. Conversely, those who received higher payments ($10) had sufficient external justification and maintained their initial negative views of the police.

Answer 48

College kids asked to perform a boring task (turning screws for an hour) After they were told to lie to a waiting participant, saying the task was interesting . 2 groups: Group A: People were offered 1$ to lie Group B: People were offered 20$ to lie

Answer 49

Group A lacked sufficient external justification to rationalize their lie. So they had dissonance. (“This task was dumb ; why would I lie? 1$ is hardly anything.”) To resolve this, they later rated the task as cathartic and relaxing, so they didn’t feel like they were lying. Group B: Experienced low dissonance because the 20 bucks was enough to rationalize their decision. (“This task was dumb. 20$ is nice to have. That is enough to justify lying” They lied and later talked about how the task was truthfully boring.

Answer 50

Explored how dissonance influences physical experiences, such as pain perception Group A: Participants voluntariey committed to receiving shocks Group B: No choice in receiving shocks

Answer 51

Participants in Group A: Didn’t have external justification because they were there voluntarily; to reduce the dissonance of being in pain and volunteering for it ; the reported less pain and showed lower pain response. Group B: Reported higher levels of pain and were physiologically with more response to the pain

Answer 52

Each kid was forbidden from playing with their most appealing toy Group A: Received a mild threat (“I would angry with you”) Group B: Received a severe threat (“I would be so mad that I take all your toys away.”) Children are left alone with the forbidden toys and other ones Then kids rated the enjoyableness of the toy later - Kids from group b later rated the toy as really desirable because the reason for them not playing with it right now was that they would get badly punished. - Kids from group a later rated the toys as not fun because they had come up with the cognition: "I'm not playing with that toy because it's probably not that fun" because there was not sufficient external justification for why they weren't doing it