PSY311 5. Parenting Flashcards

Question

Sears, Maccoby, & Levin’s (1957) Patterns of Child Rearing

Answer 1

-landmark publication - study of several hundred middle class parents Boston 1950s first detailed analysis on parenting discipline and its link to child behaviour did a factor analysis - 7 factors of parenting patterns some are more attitudes e.g. perception of husbands, but it would play out in behaviours higher level ways of organizing practices e.g. permissiveness/strictness - sanctions on aggression, rules on common living areas, physical punishment or tolerance on certain behaviours relationship warmth - warmth in mother child relationship had the most pervasive influence on young children’s development e.g. fondness, admiration, enjoyment expressed by nurturance, positive affect similar to Schafer’s dimension of love vs hostility - conceptualized it as continuum Sears et al. conceptualized it was more behaviour Schafer criticized that it was hard to find relationships between practices e.g. warmth and orientation toward child well-being but measuring attitudes can have limited usefulness to researchers this is more useful because parenting processes mediate the process between attitudes and developmental consequences you would need to know the parenting behaviours displayed that lead to compliance to reflect the attitudes

Answer 2

``` 1939 Symonds Acceptance Rejection Dominance Submission 1955 Baldwin Warmth Hostility Detachment Involvement 1959 Schaefer Love Hostility Autonomy Control ```

Answer 3

``` 1957 Sears, Maccoby, & Levin Warmth! Permissiveness Strictness 1964 Becker Warmth Hostility Permissiveness Strictness ```

Answer 4

dimensional heuristics in how parental socialization shaped development WWII - Lewin - interested in group atmosphere forced boys to work under authoritarian, democratic, and laissez faire leadership - found those under democratic were more productive set stage for Baldwin’s research Home visits - democratic family system warm democracy - affectionate and more empathy for child associated with better development outcome scientific democracy - detachment and empirical thinking for child-

Answer 5

① Authoritarian parenting – Controlling and restrictive pattern – Many demands/rules, expect obedience, punitive and forceful tactics, no explanations, no sensitivity to child’s view ② Authoritative parenting – Controlling but flexible pattern – Many (reasonable) demands, provide rationales, responsive to child’s view, democratic ③ Permissive parenting – Accepting but lax pattern – Few demands, child has free expression of feelings/impulses, poor monitoring of child’s activities, lack of follow-through with punishments

Answer 6

-how ppl used parental control based on previous models - interested in Baldwin’s democratic warmth parents should be less strict and more willing to express unconditional love convinced that authoritarian and permissive parenting no matter how much love was given would result in less optimal child outcome studied how happy the child was, how well they did in school 1. authoritarian: e.g. corpal punishment 2. authoritative: still controlling - firm limits, high expectations, but more flexible e.g. negotiate fair punishment while they are less strict, they place control and limits at just as high of a level as authoritarian parenting 3. permissive parenting few demands, not a lot of expectations inconsistent discipline

Answer 7

• Specified one broad parenting function (control) and expanded on parenting behaviors within that single domain • Did not try to organize control linearly from high to low, instead distinguished among three qualitatively different types • Used a configurational approach to define parenting style - the influence of any one aspect of parenting is dependent on the configuration of all other aspects – Parents who practice a specific type (e.g., authoritarian) also tend to differ along other dimensions (e.g., poor communication, less nurturant) – More ecologically valid (grounded in naturally occurring parenting styles) • Saw the socialization process as dynamic – The parenting style used actually alters how open children are to parents' attempts to socialize them

Answer 8

-looked only at control not on a continuum, but more categorical configurational approach: emphasize more holistic process not just what researchers thought was important to look at in parenting set clear expectations which over time allows child to get better at recognizing appropriate behaviour fosters different schemas of how world works more open to socialization and parents’ influence

Answer 9

``` Parenting style @ age 4 Outcomes @ age 9 Outcomes @ age 15 Authoritative High cognitive and social competences High self-esteem, excellent social skills, strong moral/prosocial concern, high academic achievement Authoritarian Average cognitive and social competencies Average academic performance and social skills, more conforming than adolescents of permissive parents Permissive Low cognitive and social competencies Poor self-control and academic performance, more drug use ```

Answer 10

-revolutionary at the time to think that parenting styles influence on outcome

Answer 11

In general, authoritative parenting is associated with positive social and emotional outcomes in children and adolescents. This is true for many diverse racial and ethic groups.

Answer 12

• Why should strong external control such as that used by authoritative parents induce children to internalize their parents' values, when attribution theory suggests that strong external control should undermine internalization? – Reinterpreted findings as attributable to authoritative parents' openness to bidirectional communication – Parenting typologies capture a configuration of parenting practices • Hard to know what aspect of parenting affects which developmental outcomes • Much of what we know about how parenting style affects child development is speculative rather than empirically grounded

Answer 13

-it doesn’t make sense for children to internalize values that they attribute to parent’s values that are trying to be imposed on them internalization works when children think they’ve developed their own values and beliefs more because they are open to bidirectional communication and making adjustments based on thought and feelings not just about control configuration - lots of factors that are involved in 1 typology e.g. maybe authoritative parents are more interpersonally sensitive e.g. lots of parenting behaviours involved in one typology why are children better socializers? is it because parents talk to them more, is it more democratic? we don’t really know why 1 parenting style produces 1 specific outcome because family systems are so complex

Answer 14

``` Accepting/ Responsive Rejecting/ Unresponsive Demanding/ Controlling Undemanding/ Permissive ```

Answer 15

Uninvolved parenting – Extremely lax and undemanding pattern – Active rejection or no time/energy to devote to parenting – Children are aggressive, become rebellious adolescents who lack motivation and are prone to delinquency

Answer 16

-fit Baumrind styles onto the dimensions authoritative: high responsive + controlling authoritarian: high demanding, high rejecting 2 distinct patterns of permissive: indulgent - high accepting, permissive uninvolved - high rejecting, permissive not found in Baumrind’s sample - middle class Maccoby and Martin’s sample - less homogenous sample

Answer 17

• Parenting style – “a constellation of attitudes toward the child that are communicated to the child and create an emotional climate in which parents’ behaviors are expressed” • Parenting practice – “behaviors defined by specific content and socialization goals”

Answer 18

``` Parental goals/values Child outcome Parenting style Parenting practice Child’s willingness to be socialized Academic achievement Authoritative School involvement Academic achievement “I know that school is important to my parents, and I want to make them proud” ```

Answer 19

practice occurs in context of parenting style each of these attributes (style + practice) influence outcome through different pathways practice thought to be mechanism through which parents express goals and values to child style more indirect route: style moderates how well parenting practice works on affecting child outcome influences child’s personality and willingness to be socialized, which in turn also moderates how well parenting practice works on affecting child outcome e.g. more involved parents have children with higher academic achievement parental goal: academic achievement practice: school involvement style: authoritative authoritative parents discuss course selection school involvement becomes more useful while authoritarian parenting might make child more resistant which in turn makes school involvement less influential over outcome

Answer 20

``` -Psychological Control • Attempts to influence behavior through discipline and monitoring – Set reasonable rules – Keep track of child and regulate activities – Do not threaten autonomy • Sensitive to needs of child • Children display less externalizing problems (e.g., drug use, truancy, antisocial behavior) Behavioral Control • Attempts to influence behavior through emotions – Guilt induction – Withdrawal of love – Intrusiveness • Insensitive to needs of child • Children display more internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety, depression), low selfesteem (Barber et al., 2006) ```

Answer 21

-psychological: more manipulative form of control can be damaging to children behavioural: the type we have talked about not a continuum

Answer 22

``` Responsiveness to Distress • How the parent reacts when the child is upset – Insensitive responses (hostility, dismissing, or distress) or sensitive responses (comforting and helping) • Related to children’s regulation of negative emotion • Related to children’s empathy and prosocial behavior Warmth • Expression of positive affect, affection, and admiration toward the child • Related to children’s regulation of positive emotion • Related to boys’ peer group acceptance ```

Answer 23

-main problem from research standpoint: hard to know which parenting practices is driving correlation with positive outcome positive parenting may be conceptualized differently responsiveness to distress: significantly related to regulation of negative emotions e.g. not as upset as easily, calm down more easily not predictive of peer group acceptance these practices are distinct and are associated with different outcomes make unique contributions to outcomes and are not interchangeable constructs

Answer 24

• Differential susceptibility – children vary in the extent to which they are affected by parenting (Pluess & Belsky, 2010) • Infants with difficult temperaments are disproportionately susceptible to parenting – Do better with “good” parenting but also do worse with “bad” parenting

Answer 25

``` infants with difficult temperaments are more moderated by parenting e.g. effortful control - high can inhibit automatic response and can perform a different response inconsistent discipline (permissive parenting) linked to delinquency and externalizing problems children with high effortful control exhibited low externalizing behaviour regardless of levels of inconsistent discipline children with low effortful control exhibited significant levels of change in externalizing behaviour based on level of inconsistent discipline temperament by parenting interaction - allows us to give specific interventions and think of parenting process as more complex e.g. polymorphism of DRD4 gene - looking at interacting with maternal sensitivity gene by interaction graph children with 7+ who had insensitive mothers showed much higher externalizing problems than those with highly sensitive mothers children without 7+ did not change in externalizing behaviour levels in levels of sensitivity ```

Answer 26

Beyond the middle-class families – Low SES parents stress obedience, are more restrictive, use less reasoning, and show less affection and warmth • May be socializing skills necessary to succeed in blue-collar work • Beyond Caucasian families – Use of spanking and other power assertive disciplinary techniques in African-American families does not have the same negative effects as with European American children – Asian American parents tend to be highly authoritarian with regard to learning, but their children perform as well academically as (or better than) European American children who have authoritative parents • Cultural normativeness influences the way parenting practices are viewed by children

Answer 27

perhaps its more adaptive to grow up in authoritarian style when they will end up in jobs that it is more useful children of asian american parents performed academically better despite authoritarian style e.g. in asian american families - culturally normative for parents to be strict about school performance so they saw it as normal - perceived parenting practice as ok child’s receptiveness is important in moderating how well practices will work

Answer 28

``` Low income Job loss Family economic distress Unstable employment Debt CONDUCT AND ADJUSTMENT PROBLEMS Child emotional reactivity Child emotional insecurity Uninvolved parenting Father depression Mother depression Marital conflict ```

PSY311 5. Parenting Flashcards

(101 cards)