PSY318 Midterm Flashcards

Question

what is the lifespan perspective?

Answer 1

-From beginning to end -how does development occur across the lifespan

Answer 2

research: testable, replicable, and valid while belief is based on gut belieft and not in scientific methodology. Belief can provide guidance, connect with other individuals and provide a faith system

Answer 3

1. continues to push research and science forward 2. provides some sense to the world-organizing known effects 3. allows to predict behavior in the real world

Answer 4

a potential explanation for something that happens psychology: explanation for human behavior acts as a starting point for research

Answer 5

examination of causes of behavior. typical design: experimental group control/comparison group pros: study of interventions, controlled environment cons: elaborate to conduct, recruitment of participants, replicability/validity of results, some human behavior can be hard to evaluate

Answer 6

1. field experiment, 2. intervention and 3. natural experiment

Answer 7

1.Field study: occurs in natural environment, introduces new element or a change pros: generalizable Control over experimental variable. Very detailed data, role of social context. Cons: observational data can be hard to collect. May lack breadth 2. Intervention study: implication of a program to try to influence change. Pros:control over external variable. comparison btw groups. Cons: long-term effects hard to follow. Lack of generalizability. 3. Natural Study: measurement of an effect or change that occurs without scientific intervention. 'quasi-experimental'. Pros: real-world implications Cons: lack of control of study variables

Answer 8

tracks a group/cohort across a span of time (even a lifespan) pros: allows developmental implications, very rich data cons: long, expensive and complicated.

Answer 9

examine a specific age group/cohort to another *Pros: simpler, less effort to conduct, allows comparison between groups *Cons: Can’t speak about developmental trajectory, group effects, validity/reliability of results

Answer 10

quanti: numerical data, variable that can be quantified. like questionnaires, reactions time, etc. qual: textual data - words, thoughts, opinions, indvidual histories like interview, focus group self-report: asking the individual to report on their own personality. Pros: we know our own inner thoughts and experiences. We know our goals and dreams. we can talk about our perceptions of how others see us. Cons: We are biased. We may not know everything Structured: response options are provided, more common method** Unstructured: open-ended, can be interview-based Likert scale: rating how much a trait or statement applies to us along a scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). External report asking those around an individual to provide information on the individual friends, family, colleagues, teachers, partners pros: give unique perspective depending on contexts, multiple observer benefit cons: unaware of individual’s inner working, may not know all contexts Life outcome data: examining the vents and outcomes in an individual’s life often connected with other data forms to create broad picture. pros: investigate how personality affects our actual lives. cons: lack of control - other factors text/experimental data Standardized testing situations Examine how individuals’ react and perform under controlled situations. Pros: Controlled environment. Elicit behaviour. Hypothesis testing Cons: Observer effect. Creating valid situations. Observer bias see graph on page 14

Answer 11

physiological data (neurophysiological, heart rate and breathing and other methods), reaction time data and observation data

Answer 12

Physiological: functioning of organs within the body pros: many different systems and approaches, established tools - reliable. quantifiableé cons: can be stressful, special equipment and high costs. The ways of looking at the brain: structure and function inspecting damage/areas of visible deficit brain volume and differences in brain size How can we look at the brain structure? Computer Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 13

Computer Tomography (CT) series of x-rays put together to create 3D image of brain allows viewing of: 1. general structure of the brain 2. presence of fluid in the brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1. magnet moves water molecules in the brain 2. radio waves (resonances) encourage water molecules to create signals 3. allows for: a. ‘sliced’ images of the brain b. bleeding c. tumours

Answer 14

Use of Evoked Potentials (EPs) Watching brain response to stimuli Measures through scalp skin conductance difficult to do that on kids

Answer 15

shows areas of the brain that are working during a task follows the tracking of blood flow

Answer 16

equires use of radioactive material injection traces the path of materials through the brain (marked by radioactive materials) -blood -oxygen -glucose metabolism -drug uses can see multiple parts of the brain at the same time!

Answer 17

page 18. CNS: brain and spinal cord, PNS: connects the CNS to the rest of the body via nerves. it divides sensory input: 5 senses see written graphs

Answer 18

sympathetic system heart and associated blood vessels heart rate blood pressure sweaty palms…as a response (pompe autours du bras et truc sur le corps partout)

Answer 19

(often ties with cardiovascular) sympathetic system Breathing rate Works in combination with cardiovascular ***They looked at blood pressure, heart rate and breathing all at once. ***

Answer 20

aka electrodermal activity measure of autonomic system fight or flight response measure sweat in the skin we can attach sensors to our fingers etc. sweat palms = more activity measure the electrical activity lie detector are trash. ex. device put around finger device.

Answer 21

1. Can be elicited by: sudden noises mental effort pain 2. Emotional reactions anxiety fear guilt 3. Hormone cortisol: stress response testosterone: aggression and competitiveness 4. NT tested through blood dopamine: pleasure serotonin: mood stabilizer norepinephrine: stress response 5. Eye tracking follows individuals’ eye movements areas of interest and attention 6. reaction time data speed in which someone responds to a stimuli can be unconscious or conscious

Answer 22

watching individuals in an environment naturalistic lab-based pros: allows for study of actual human behavior cons: observer bias and observer effect

Answer 23

replicability. Is it a consistent test/measure? 1. the replication crisis: began around 2010 - still going 2. some studies found to be difficult or impossible to replicate 3. the marshmallow task: asking kids to sit alone in a room in front of one marshmallow and not eat it. reaction time, behavior reaction, longitudinal… lots of ways to measure it. Studies show that kids who are able to wait to eat their marshmallow have a better chance of success. However, new studies couldn’t replicate this task. 4. types: -test-retest reliability -internal consistency reliability -inter-rater reliability

Answer 24

consistency in results every time a measure is used state vs. trait

Answer 25

aka internal consistency consistency within itself in a pattern of answers, no matter how a question is phrased Cronbach’s alpha a alpha graph 22

Answer 26

degree to which 2+ coders/observers give consistent ratings of a set of targets, look at overlapping important in observational research! kappa statistic

Answer 27

1. construct: -face: subjective, does it look like it's a good measure? - content: the measure contains all the parts that established theory says it should. Subjective! - criterion: aka predictive validity. measure is correlated with a relevant outcome. Empirical. one measure -convergent: convergent: measure is strongly associated with measures of similar constructs. empirical. can examine multiple things at once… should converge since they are all doing it at once. - discriminant: measure is not strongly associated with measures of dissimilar constructs. empirical.

Answer 28

1. statistical conclusion validity: are the numbers working right? meeting our expectations for statistic 2. internal validity: Are the research results valid? affected by controlling the environment of study? 3. External validity aka generalizability - How well do results from one area apply to another area? ---North America to the rest of ----the world? laboratory to the outside world?

Answer 29

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich Democratic -represent 80% of study participants -12% of world population -are we outliers? we represent only 12% of the world population… so maybe our -results are not extendable to other culture/age/ethnicity, gender etc.

Answer 30

*Independent variable: AKA predictor variable, X variable *Dependent variable: Outcome variable, Y variable

Answer 31

-investigates relationships between variables -correlation coefficient Correlation does not mean causation: 1. why? two problems directionality problem: what variable came first? 2. third variable problem: is a third unmeasured variable pushing the relationship?

Answer 32

consent page 25- 26 consent: provided by parent assent: provided by minor youth

Answer 33

1. Dendrites: bring information in form other neurons. then each neuron sends information out by the axon terminals.

Answer 34

1. Synaptogenesis rapid growth of synapses as learning occurs especially big in the first year of a human being 2. Synaptic Pruning ‘death’ of non-necessary synapses periods of growth and loss - U-shaped function renewal of cell

Answer 35

Myelination growth of ‘white matter’ myelination increases speed of cognitive processing increases from birth through adulthood

Answer 36

Neuroplasticity Developmental vs. adult plasticity role of flexibility in your brain, can your brain adapt and shape everyday? active and passive learning Active learning is more difficult as we grow older. to learn a new subject is easier when you are young but you still can do it when you're older. The best way to help with plasticity is to keep learning.

Answer 37

not only physically but on the amount of firing action potential measured via EEG Differences in alpha waves --less alpha wave = more reactivity in general: --left side activation: pleasant emotions --right side activation: unpleasant emotions

Answer 38

see image 30

Answer 39

1. Right-sided asymmetry Greater reactivity and processing of negative stimuli More susceptible to stress, anxiety, depression 2. Left-sided asymmetry Greater reactivity and processing of positive stimuli Generally happy More susceptible to mania (not seeing risk and seeing only the positive aspects)

Answer 40

1. Innateness: we don’t have to teach them everything as they already know stuff: like breathing, self-aware… 2. What tools do we have? From birth we have our five senses. a. sensation: how a sensory organ reacts when we encounter a stimulus b. baby talk: easily recognize words, tone of your voice (safety) is a connection. c. hearing: auditory stimuli. processed by ears (or auditory supports) important information:things sneaking up on us! conversation with others- social alarms, warnings --> Listening in Utero. recognition of familiar stimuli: voices, music, reading d. seeing: If someone gets hurt on the back of their head, they might go blind even though their eyes are working. based upon visual stimuli stimuli presented to the eyes and processed by the occipital cortex. important information: find ourselves in surroundings / orientation, follow cues, spot dangers, read signs

Answer 41

previously known as ‘Motherese’ Baby-talk, it is good to use! It helps with your voice, tone (recognizable pattern), words and practice familiarity.

Answer 42

help socialization looking where someone else look. joint attention: coordinating focus with another person around 9 month ish for kids (like where is the apple and they can point ish) play games pay attention to social partners

Answer 43

a. Taste: gustatory stimuli it dies as we grow older, this is why we start eating spicy food. Stimuli presented to the tongue and taste buds important information: bitter taste - evolutionary survival b. Smell olfactory stimuli stimuli presented to the nose: back up support from taste important information: environmental information: gas, fire, rotten food. Phéromones c. Touch tactile stimuli stimuli presented the entire body! kids are more sensible to this since their skin are more ‘new’ important information: --heat and cold --sharp --slippery surfaces Pain is a lesson, like a kid run in the house and get hurt… they are more likely not to do it again.

Answer 44

Brain development requires experience 1. Experience-expectant growth a.experience that need to happen for typical growth b. expect it to happen for typical growth (like social interaction, manipulation of object) c. occurs in almost all babies d. social interactions, manipulation of objects 2. Experience-dependent growth a. not essential for typical growth (flexibility: learning learning 2 language instead of one) b. depend on the environment you grow up with. c. all babies experience unique experiences d. languages you hear, environment

Answer 45

-brain cell that reacts when an action is performed -only reacts to observed behaviors

Answer 46

-Awareness of others’ emotional states -adapting to others’ needs -can be affected by parental circumstances -think about the video and the mother being insych and not insych with her one year old baby and how quickly the baby react to it. Good: insych. Bad: not insych but the baby can recover from it. Ugly: the baby won’t recover.

Answer 47

assigning people to different categories based on genetics ‘born bad’ ignores: -role of the environment -personal growth

Answer 48

-intelligence quotient (IQ) was originally designed for disability purposes -identify children that may require additional support to be successful in school

Answer 49

1. eugenics: improving human population through controlled breeding -positive eugenics -negative eugenics: we are getting rid of people because their gene aren’t good (Holocaust) 2. Sexual Sterilization Laws -Alberta (1928) -British Columbia (1933) Very similar to was happening in the USA and Nazi Germany they used IQ test, but it only tests academic performance… someone who is poorer, women, disability, etc were stigmatized.

Answer 50

-all humans have 23 pairs chromosomes --46 chromosomes -chain of data, made of DNA -identifies whether certain traits will be expressed or not

Answer 51

1. Gene small section of chromosome carries information for heritability of traits variation in the gene = allele 2. Genome the entire combination of DNA and genes to create the individual ‘instruction manual’

Answer 52

-potential to be more likely to express something -not a guarantee! -environmental influences! How do genes affect development? -inheritance -interactions among genes -genotype-environment -correlation -gene x environment (epigenetics)

Answer 53

-Dominant: more influence on expression of traits -Recessive: carried in the genotype, but not always evident --Needs two recessive genes inherited to be displayed -Carrier: when someone has the genotype of the trait but not the phenotype bown eyes: dominant blue eyes: recessive:

Answer 54

a. passive effects occurs ‘around’ the child (ex. parents are good in math so the kid is surrounded by that, so the kid is a little bit predispose to be good in math). Also if the kid pick up a math book, the parents will tend to jump more on this since it is their interests too. b.evocative effects child triggers a response in others, a bit of a later ex. going to a camp and learning X skills c. active effects child finds their own effects

Answer 55

1. selection and exposure 2. exposure to environments as influenced by the genotype are certain opportunities and environments given to an individual based on genotype

Answer 56

interaction between genetics and environment what can enhance, stop, or alter a gene’s expression

Answer 57

differences on a genetic level inherited

Answer 58

-observable characteristics -not inherited -influenced by genotype -can be influenced by environment example of genotype and phenotype: you have a good vision but decided to burn your eyes by looking at the sun.

Answer 59

-statistic -degree to which genetic differences cause difference -proportion of phenotypic variance that is attributable to genotypic variance -doesn’t mean inherently, you might or might not have the some behavior as your parents

Answer 60

1. heritability: likelihood of getting a trait, not necessarily genetics might happen, might not happen behaviors, traits 2. inherited: passed down via genetics disease

Answer 61

- interaction between genetics (predisposition) and environment

Answer 62

how each individual us uniquely susceptible to circumstances and events, as influenced by our genes or previous experiences

PSY318 Midterm Flashcards

(87 cards)