PSYC 100 Midterm Ch. 1-3

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

Informed Consent, Confidentiality, Privacy, Benefits outweigh the Risks, Deception

Question 2

Empirical Methods

Answer 2

approaches to inquiry of actual measurements and observations

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

a testable idea

Question 3

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 3

Drawing conclusions from a specific observation

Question 3

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 3

starting with a fact and making a conclusion from there

Question 4

Causality

Answer 4

one factor directly causes another factor

Question 5

Correlation

Answer 5

the measured relatedness of two factors

Question 6

Falsifiable

Answer 6

can be tested as wrong

Question 7

Empiricism

Answer 7

Locke and Reid; step 1 & the idea that we are born from a blank slate and experiences shape us

Question 8

Psychophysics

Answer 8

Wundt (First Lab), Weber & Fechner
step 2 & Exploring the relation of nature & psychological aspects but quantifying evidence (more scientific)

Question 9

Structuralism

Answer 9

Titcher (brought to North America)

Step 3 & looking at parts of the brain, Sought to describe the elements of conscious experience

Question 9

Functionalism

Answer 9

William James

Step 4 & looking at biology and how it all works, Understanding the purpose of mental processes

Question 10

Eugenics

Answer 10

Step 5 and introduction to intelligence testing

Question 11

Behaviourism

Answer 11

Skinner Pavlov Watson
Step 6 & in cognitive psychology

Question 12

Null Hypothesis

Answer 12

assuming your hypothesis is false; probability that the data you collected would show correlation either way

Question 13

Basic Elements of a Statistical Investigation

Answer 13

Planning the study (how to get data and a testable question), Examining the data, Inferring the data, Drawing conclusions

Question 13

P Value

Answer 13

if it is .05, it is a high likelihood that the experiment is correct (probability values)

Question 14

Random Assignment

Answer 14

using probability method to divide samples into different treatment groups

Question 15

Random Sampling

Answer 15

random subset of individuals from the popul

Question 16

Validity

Answer 16

the degree to which a measure is assessing what it is intended to measure

Question 17

Confound

Answer 17

external factors not controlled for that may affect the validity

Question 18

Independent Variable

Answer 18

the manipulated variable; the treatment

Question 19

Participant Demand

Answer 19

when participants behave the way they think the experimenter wants them to behave

Question 19

Daily Diary Method

Answer 19

participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of the day at the end of the day

Question 19

Day Reconstruction Method

Answer 19

recounting their day

Question 20

Ecological validity

Answer 20

how closely connected the study was to real life circumstances

Question 20

Confidence Interval

Answer 20

a range of values within which the “true” value of the rate is expected to occur

Question 21

Dependent Variable

Answer 21

the outcome; what changes because of the independent variable

Question 21

Double Blind Procedure

Answer 21

neither the participants nor the researchers know which treatment the participants are receiving

Question 22

Quasi-Experimental

Answer 22

does not use random assignment

Question 23

Longitudal Studies

Answer 23

studying for a longgggg time

Question 24

Electronically activated recorder (EAR)

Answer 24

Gives information on participants’ location, activities, interactions, emotional expressions

Question 25

Experience-sampling method

Answer 25

Asks participants several times a day to report on their feelings and thoughts

Question 26

Adoption Study

Answer 26

comparison of adopted children to their adoptive and biological parents

Question 27

Twin Studies

Answer 27

a behaviour genetic research method that involves comparison of the similarity of identical and fraternal twins

Question 28

Error Management Theory

Answer 28

evolution of how we think, make decisions, and evaluate uncertain situations—that is, situations where there’s no clear answer how we should behave (

Question 29

Intersexual Selection

Answer 29

if members of one sex are attracted to certain qualities in mates—such as signs of good health or intelligence—those desired qualities get passed on in greater numbers, simply because their possessors mate more often.

Question 29

Intrasexual Competition

Answer 29

members of one sex compete, and the victors gain preferential mating access to members of the opposite sex

Question 30

Psychological Adaptations

Answer 30

mechanisms of the mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction

Question 31

Heritability Coefficient

Answer 31

measures how strongly differences among individuals are related to differences among their genes

Question 32

Natural Selection

Answer 32

differential reproductive success due to differences in heritable attributes

Question 33

Evolutionary Psychology Analysis

Answer 33

Input, Procedure, Output

Question 34

Investigating Parental Investment

Answer 34

Women are pickier than men due to the circumstances such as pregnancies

Question 35

Auditory looming bias

Answer 35

overestimate how close objects are when sound is moving towards them to when it’s moving away

Question 36

Sexual over perception bias

Answer 36

Men often misread sexual interest from a woman because of the cost it has on men when they miss out on a chance for reproduction