PSYC 100 Midterm: Ch. 4-6

Question 1

Implicit Learning

Answer 1

Learning without meaning to (ex. language aquisition)

Question 2

Implicit memory

Answer 2

long-term memory that doesn’t require conscious thought to encode (brushing teeth or riding bike)

Question 3

Nonassociative learning

Answer 3

touching a hot pan, fire alarm noises

Question 4

Perceptual Learning

Answer 4

Being able to distinguish smells and sounds

Question 5

Explicit learning

Answer 5

this

Question 6

Three Principles of Learning

Answer 6

Metacognition (monitoring and controlling their own learning and memory), Transfer-appropriate process, (memory is “better” when the test taps the same type of knowledge as the original encoding activity), value of forgetting

Question 7

Encoding

Answer 7

the process of putting information into memory

Question 8

Instrumental Conditioning

Answer 8

Occurs when a behaviour is associated with the occurrence of a significant event; operant conditioning

Question 9

Observational Learning

Answer 9

Social Learning Theory; attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Question 10

Knowledge Emotions

Answer 10

emotions that emphasize and help with your learning

Question 11

Interest

Answer 11

high novelty AND high understanding; curiosity and intrigue, motivates engaging with new things and learning more about them

Question 12

Confusion

Answer 12

high in novelty but low comprehension; conflicting info that motivates people to learn

Question 13

Surprise

Answer 13

high when unexpectedness is high; shocking

Question 14

Awe

Answer 14

something vast and beyond normal scope of experience AND engage in accommodation (changing their beliefs in something)

Question 15

Sensitization

Answer 15

occurs when the response to a stimulus increases with exposure

Question 16

Habituation

Answer 16

occurs when the response to a stimulus decreases with exposure

Question 17

Brain Stem

Answer 17

medulla oblongata (digestion), pons (circulation), and midbrain (breathing); routing, filtering, and sending information where it needs to go (up to the brain through sensory neurons and out through motor neurons)

Question 18

Cerebellum

Answer 18

Motor Control

Question 19

Thalamus

Answer 19

Acts as a router and sorts data where it needs to go

Question 20

Hypothalamus

Answer 20

Located on the roof of the mouth
Home for homeostasis (maintaining body temperature & osmolarity)

Question 21

Cerebrum

Answer 21

whole top part that is broken down; Main function is integration, made up of tons of billions of neurons; way of processing information as it comes in

Question 22

Corpus Collosum

Answer 22

Connects right and left hemisphere

Question 23

Right Hemisphere

Answer 23

Focuses on facial recognition & creativity however functions can move back and forth

Question 24

Left Hemisphere

Answer 24

Focuses mathematical reasoning and logic

Question 25

Basal Ganglia

Answer 25

Made up of nuclei ( a bunch of neurons next to each other that have the same function) A lot of our motor control

Question 26

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 26

Makes up 80% of brain and broken into four lobes

Question 27

Frontal Lobe

Answer 27

Executive functions (the boss), emotional control

Question 28

Parietal Lobe

Answer 28

top of the cerebral cortex; sensation and reacting to your environment and sensory input

Question 29

Occipital Lobe

Answer 29

Back of CC; vision

Question 30

Temporal Lobe

Answer 30

Language, hearing, memory

Question 31

Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 31

Inside the parietal lobe; where sensory information comes in

Question 32

Motor Cortex

Answer 32

Send message back out

Question 33

Diffuse Optical Imaging (DOI)

Answer 33

- Uses infrared light to detect brain activity via oxygenated blood or active neurons. - Strengths: High spatial and temporal resolution when detecting neurons directly. - Comparable to PET/fMRI when measuring blood oxygen levels.

Question 34

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Answer 34

- Tracks changes in oxygen levels in the blood without requiring injections. - Strength: Good spatial resolution. - Limitation: Poor temporal resolution (similar to PET).

Question 35

Electromyography (EMG)

Answer 35

technique used to measure the electrical activity of muscles, including the tiny facial muscles that may move in response to emotions

Question 36

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 36

- Measures blood flow using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream. - Detects increased blood flow to active brain regions during tasks. - Strength: Good spatial resolution. - Limitation: Poor temporal resolution (several seconds delay).

Question 36

Transcranial Magnetic Situation (TMS)

Answer 36

neuroscience technique whereby a brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head temporarily induces a weak electrical current that interferes with ongoing activity - good temporal resolution

Question 37

Electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 37

- Measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes on the scalp. - Strength: Excellent temporal resolution (millisecond precision). - Limitation: Poor spatial resolution (cannot pinpoint activity source precisely).

Question 38

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 38

one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “rest and digest” activities

Question 39

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 39

a part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to glands and smooth muscles. Consists of the SNS and PNS

Question 40

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 40

one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, responsible for stimulation of “fight or flight” activities

Question 41

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 41

uses cranial and spinal nerves in volitional actions Controls the individual in maneuvering bodily muscles - relates to Electromyography (EMG)

Question 42

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 42

the part of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord

Question 43

Central Nervous System

Answer 43

brain and spinal cord; responsible for processing and interpreting information

Question 44

Hippocampus

Answer 44

declarative memory, learning, and spatial awareness

Question 45

Broca's Area

Answer 45

Located in the left frontal lobe, this area is responsible for language production, including speech articulation and pronunciation. Damage here could result in difficulty pronouncing words (e.g., Broca's aphasia).