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FRHD*2110 > PSYC*4540 Final Exam > Flashcards

PSYC*4540 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Sponge approach

A

The more information you absorb about the world, the more capable you are of understanding it

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2
Q

Weak-sense critical thinking

A

The use of critical thinking to defend your current beliefs

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3
Q

Strong-sense critical thinking

A

The use of critical thinking to evaluate all claims and beliefs, especially your own

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4
Q

What are the 4 primary values of a critical thinker?

A

Autonomy, curiosity, humility, and respect for good reasoning wherever you find it

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5
Q

Issue

A

A question of controversy responsible for the conversation of discussion

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6
Q

Conclusion

A

The message that the speaker wishes you to accept

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7
Q

Diagnosis bias

A

When a label is given to a person, we ignore any evidence that doesn’t match up with that label

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8
Q

System 1 thinking

A

Automatic, immediate, and typically controlled by our emotions

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9
Q

System 2 thinking

A

Analytical and critical thinking

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10
Q

Descriptive issues

A

The accuracy of descriptions of the past, present, or future

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11
Q

Prescriptive issues

A

What we should do or what is right or wrong

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12
Q

Social/psychological contagion effect

A

When the emotions of others influence your emotions

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13
Q

Conformity

A

The act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviour to group norms

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14
Q

When does conformity increase?

A

When group size, task difficulty, and social status of other group members increases

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15
Q

When does conformity decrease?

A

When individuals can respond privately, and when at least one dissenter is present

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16
Q

Confederate

A

Someone who was hired by the researcher to play a role

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17
Q

When is the vocal minority the most effective in a group?

A

When they are confident, persistent, and skilled in social influence

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18
Q

Obedience to authority

A

The tendency for individuals to follow instructions of authority figures even when it conflicts with their own moral conscience

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19
Q

What three skills does an approach to knowledge based on multiple disciplines require?

A

Socratic skills, scientific skills, and brain skills

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20
Q

Socratic skills

A

Ability to identify and challenge assumptions using scrutinizing beliefs about the world

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21
Q

Scientific skills

A

Ability to observe the work, ask questions about those observations, and draw conclusions to better understand the world

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22
Q

Brain skills

A

Understanding of how the brain senses, interprets, responds to, and creates information in and about the world

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23
Q

What are the 4 C’s of cause-and-effect attributions?

A

Cause, correlation, contribution, constitution

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24
Q

Loss aversion

A

The tendency to go great lengths to avoid possible losses

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25
Q

Commitment

A

Once you commit to a certain idea or belief, it can be really difficult to let go of that commitment

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26
Q

Value attribution

A

Our tendency to associate someone with certain qualities based on perceived value, rather than on objective data

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27
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Judging differently for yourself than others (if something negative happens and it has to do with us, we are more likely to blame this on the environment, if something negative happens to do with someone else, we blame the person, and if something positive happens to us we credit ourselves, but we blame the environment if it’s someone else)

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28
Q

Reasons

A

Statements offered to support conclusions

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29
Q

Warrants

A

Support for the argument (reasons AND evidence)

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30
Q

Argument

A

Consists of a conclusion and the reasons meant to support it

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31
Q

Managed reasoning

A

When a person argues with their conclusion in mind, without actually finding any valid reasons or evidence to support that conclusion beforehand

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32
Q

Ambiguity

A

The existence of multiple possible meanings for a word or phrase

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33
Q

Explaining by naming

A

Assuming that by naming a topic you are automatically explaining it (what “everyone” thinks it is)

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34
Q

Evidence

A

Facts that demonstrate the truth of the reasons

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35
Q

Ad populum

A

A claim that something is true simply because that’s what a large number of people believe

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36
Q

Priming

A

Different cues influence perception and outcomes

37
Q

Sunk-cost effect

A

Tendency to continue investing in something that clearly isn’t working

38
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A prediction that causes itself to become true

39
Q

Pygmalion effect

A

Person takes on the traits assigned to them by other people

40
Q

Golem effect

A

When less is expected of you, you perform worse

41
Q

Procedural justice

A

When it comes to fairness, it’s the process, not the outcome, that causes us to react irrationally

42
Q

Intrinsic rewards

A

Internal rewards such as value, enjoyment, and mastery

43
Q

Extrinsic rewards

A

External rewards such as money, toys, and praise

44
Q

Groupthink

A

The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages individual responsibility

45
Q

Ad hominem

A

An attack on the person rather than addressing the person’s reasons

46
Q

Assumption

A

Unstated or hidden beliefs

47
Q

Meme

A

An idea, behavior, or style that spreads from one person to another within a culture

48
Q

Meme theory

A

Idea that memes are like genes and are replicated when passed from one mind to another

49
Q

Fallacies

A

Faults or errors in reasoning

50
Q

Straw person fallacy

A

When someone distorts another person’s argument and then attacks the distorted version of the argument instead

51
Q

Either-or-false dilemma fallacy

A

Assuming there’s only two alternatives

52
Q

Narrative fallacy

A

The tendency of people to create simple and flawed stories out of a sequence of facts to make sense of the world

53
Q

Slippery slope fallacy

A

When someone makes a claim about a series of events that would lead to one major (and usually catastrophic) event

54
Q

Planning fallacy

A

Underestimating how much time is needed to complete a task

55
Q

Glittering generality fallacy

A

Using important-sounding words that have little or no real meaning

56
Q

Red herring fallacy

A

When a misleading argument or question is presented to distract from the main issue at hand

57
Q

Begging the question fallacy

A

When the argument assumes that the conclusion is true instead of supporting its truth

58
Q

Appeal to emotion

A

Using emotionally charged language to distract readers from relevant reasons and evidence

59
Q

Searching for a solution

A

Assuming that since part of a problem remains after a solution is tried, the solution should not be used

60
Q

Inattentional (perceptual) blindness

A

When you unintentionally ignore things that are right in front of your eyes

61
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency of people to favor information that confirms or strengthens their beliefs

62
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to see events as being more predictable than they were

63
Q

For a study to be reliable, it should be:

A

Replicable, controlled, and precise

64
Q

Hasty generalization fallacy

A

When a person draws a conclusion about a large group based on experiences with only a few members of the group

65
Q

Impossible certainty fallacy

A

Assuming that a research conclusion should be rejected if it is not absolutely certain

66
Q

Rival cause

A

An alternative explanation for an event

67
Q

Confound

A

Third variable that influences both the dependent and independent variables

68
Q

Causal oversimplification fallacy

A

Overemphasizing causes that are insufficient

69
Q

Post hoc fallacy

A

Confusing “after this” with “because of this” - assuming that because B came after A, A caused B

70
Q

Dichotomous thinking

A

The tendency to think in terms of polar opposites

71
Q

Grey thinking

A

When you are open to finding more than one possibility or solution

72
Q

Halo effect

A

The tendency to recognize one quality of a person and then associate that quality with everything about that person

73
Q

Availability heuristic

A

The mental shortcut we use to form conclusions based on whatever information is immediately available to us

74
Q

Recency effect

A

When we form conclusions based on the most recent piece of information we have encountered

75
Q

Mathematical model of jury decision making

A

The belief that jury decision making is a set of calculations and mathematical weight is assigned to each piece of evidence

76
Q

Explanation model of jury decision making

A

The belief that jury decision making is based on a logical story and evidence is organized into a coherent story structure

77
Q

What does MOVE stand for?

A

Meaningful learning from STM to LTM, organization, visualization, elaboration

78
Q

What are rigid thinkers high in (personality traits)?

A

Authoritarianism and dogmatism

79
Q

Locus of causality

A

Consists of internal and external causes

80
Q

Locus of stability

A

Whether the causes would change over time

81
Q

Locus of control

A

Whether the cause could be controlled by the individual or not

82
Q

Ultimate attribution error

A

Fundamental attribution error applied to groups of people - basis of stereotypes

83
Q

Polarization effect

A

When individuals tend to become more extreme in their initial position following a group discussion

84
Q

Leniency bias

A

When jurors move toward greater leniency during deliberation

85
Q

Blacksheep effect or distancing reaction

A

The tendency of group members to judge likeable ingroup members more positively and deviant ingroup member more negatively

86
Q

Prosecution bias

A

Individuals with authoritarian/dogmatic personalities tend to align themselves with the prosecution

87
Q

Truthfulness bias

A

The tendency of people to judge more messages as truthful than deceptive

88
Q

Hostile attribution bias

A

The tendency to interpret others’ behavior as having hostile intent

FRHD*2110 (7 decks)

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