Psyc final review

Question 1

1. After reviewing the literature, you are convinced that use of social media leads to anxiety among high school students. You conduct a study at the local high school in which you have students set their phones to record the amount of time they spend on social media (eg., insta, Facebook, X, BlueSky, TikTok) over the course of a week (in hours). At the end of the week, you have students complete a widely-accepted test of anxiety (with higher scores indieating higher levels of anxiety). Which of the leads to anxiety?
   following poses a significant limitation with regard to your ability to conclude that social media use
   a. The study lacks ecological validity.
   b. The correlational nature of the design prevents you from inferring anything about causal directions.
   c. The fact that only high school students were tested compromises the internal validity of the study.
   d. All of the above.

Answer 1

b. The correlational nature of the design prevents you from

Question 2

2. Based on the study described in Q1, which of the following correlation coefficients would support the possibility that social media use leads to anxiety?
3. r= 40
   b. r= .04
   c. r = -0.40
   d. r = -4.00

Answer 2

A=40

Question 3

3. You recruit participants to a new study by advertising on Daily Messages: “Does Caffeine Improve Reaction Time? Participate in my study so we can find out!” Participants are randomly assigned to a No Caffeine or a High Caffeine group and consume a lemonade-flavored beverage with 0 or 150 mg caffeine. (They aren’t told which beverage they are consuming.) Fifteen minutes later, they complete a test of reaction time (pressing a button as quickly as possible after a tone is played). You find that reaction time is faster for participants in the high caffeine condition. Which of the following concerns poses a challenge to your conclusion that caffeine speeds up reaction time?
   a. Selection Bias resulting from the use of only two doses of caffeine.
   B. Demand Characteristics because participants may have sensed which treatment they received and acted in a way to confirm your hypothesis that caffeine speeds reaction time.
   c. Observer Bias because the program for measuring reaction time might work differently for the two treatment conditions.
   d. All of the above.

Answer 3

B. Demand Characteristics because participants may have sensed which treatment they received and acted in a way to confirm your hypothesis that caffeine speeds reaction time.

Question 4

4. Which of the following best describes HARKing in psychological research?
   A. Formulating a hypothesis after data collection is completed and analyses are conducted.
   b. Formulating a hypothesis before data collection is initiated. y
   c. Failing to randomly assign participants to experimental conditions at the beginning of the study. X
   d. Pre-registering study methods and hypotheses prior to the onset of data collection. x

Answer 4

A. Formulating a hypothesis after data collection is completed and analyses are conducted.

Question 5

5. You would like to test Prof. Sandstrom’s claim that activation of neurons in the amygdala causes a fear response in mice. What neuroscience technique would be best for manipulating the activity of neurons in the amygdala?
   A.Optogenetics
   B.Anterograde tracing
   C. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
   D. Multi-Unit electrical recording

Answer 5

A. optogenetics

Question 6

6. In the experiment described in Q5, what would be a likely dependent variable?
   a. Whether neurons in the amygdala were stimulated or not.
   B. The amount of time the mouse spends “freezing” (immobile). -
   C. The frequency with which the neurons in the amygdala were stimulated.
   d. The intensity of the stimulation directed at the amygdala.

Answer 6

B. The amount of time the mouse spends “freezing” (immobile). -

Question 7

7.You are interested in what brain areas might send signals to the amygdala. That is, what areas of the brain are giving the neurons in the amygdala the information they are using to decide whether to increase or decrease their firing rates. What experimental approach might you use to better identify these inputs

a. Inject an anterograde tracer in the amygdala and then look for the areas that express the tracer signal as this will tell you which areas send inputs to the amygdala.
B. Inject a retrograde tracer in the amygdala and then look for areas that express the tracer signal as this will tell you which areas send axons to the amygdala.
c. Record electrical activity (action potentials) in the amygdala while, at the same time, you perform multi-unit recording from multiple different areas that may send axons to the amygdala. Areas that show strong correlations between their cell’s firing rates and those of the cells in the amygdala are the sources of
d. None of the above.

Answer 7

B. Inject a retrograde tracer in the amygdala and then look for areas that express the tracer signal, as this will tell you which areas send axons to the amygdala.

Question 8

8. Imagine that you discover that neurons in area PFC send axons to the amygdala. You implant a recording electrode in the amygdala. When you stimulate the neurons in the PFC, you see that the neurons in the amygdala decrease their firing rates (produce fewer action potentials). This is coupled with a decrease in freezing. Which of the following statements does this finding support?
   a Neurons with cell bodies in PFC likely release GABA from their terminals in the amygdala.
   b. Neurons with cell bodies in PFC likely release glutamate from their terminals in the amygdala.
   c. Neurons with cell bodies in amygdala likely release GABA from their terminals in PFC.
   d. Neurons with cell bodies in the amygdala likely release glutamate from their terminals in PFC.

Answer 8

A. Neurons with cell bodies in PFC likely release GABA from their terminals in the amygdala.

Question 9

10. Consider the neuron depicted here. Imagine a depolarizing distal
    stimulus is applied through the electrode that is distal to the cell body (further away) and an identical depolarizing
    proximal
    stimulus is applied through the electrode that is proximal to the cell body (closer to). Which of the following answers best describes their effects? (Note, the stimuli are applied at different times - not at exactly the same time.)
    a. Stimulation at the distal site will be more likely to result in an action potential.
    b.Stimulation at the proximal site will be more likely to result in an action potential.
    C Stimulation at the distal and the proximal sites are équally likely to result in an action potential.
    d. Neither stimulation will result in an action potential because depolarizations only decrease the likelihood of an action potential.

Answer 9

b.Stimulation at the proximal site will be more likely to result in an action potential.

Question 10

9. Which of the following describe the main mechanism underlying the pain-reducing effects of opioids like Oxycontin?
   a. They temporarily degrade the myelin on pain fiber, disrupting the ability for action potential propagation.
   b.They bind to voltage-gated Na* channels on pain fibers, blocking the ability of pain fibers to propagate
   c.They prevent the reuptake of serotonin from primary pain neurons in the spinal cord, thereby stopping pain signals from being sent to the brain.
   D. None of the above.

Answer 10

D. None of the above.

Question 11

11. Which of the following statements about neuronal signaling is FALSE?
    a. Sodium (Na) influx through voltage-gated channels is responsible for the massive depolarization associated with action potentials. x
    b.Calcium (Ca?) influx through voltage-gated channels is responsible for the signal to release neurotransmitters from their vesicles into the synapse.
    C. Neurotransmitters, once released into the synapse, directly activate voltage-gated potassium (K*) channels which lead to depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron.
    d. None of the above. All statements are TRUE.

Answer 11

C. Neurotransmitters, once released into the synapse, directly activate voltage-gated potassium (K*) channels which lead to

Question 12

12. Which of the following statements about Parkinson’s Disease is FALSE?
    a. It typically involves movement deficits, particularly difficulty initiating motor movements like walking.
    b. It is often treated with the drug I-Dopa which acts by binding to dopamine receptors in the striatum.
    c. It is associated with degradation (death) of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra.
    D. None of the above. All statements are TRUE.

Answer 12

b. It is often treated with the drug I-Dopa which acts by binding to dopamine receptors in the striatum.

Question 13

13. Which division of the brain is most strongly associated with basic life functions like respiration?
    a.Hindbrain
    B Midbrain
    c. Forebrain
    d. Corpus callosum

Answer 13

a.Hindbrain

Question 14

14. Age-related atrophy (cell loss) in the frontal lobe may contribute to which of the following behaviors see in some people as they get older (into their 70s, 80s, and 90s)?
    a. Loss of balance and general motor coordination (e.g., frequent tripping)
    b. Development of visual deficits (e.g., difficulty discriminating faces)
    c. Disruptions in sleep cycles (e.g., waking more frequently during the night)
    d. Loss of impulse control (e.g., blurting out inappropriate statements)

Answer 14

d. Loss of impulse control (e.g., blurting out inappropriate statements)

Question 15

15. Ramon was hospitalized following a serious car accident that has left him seemingly unable to form new memories. The doctors treating him report that, while his behavior appears relatively normal, Ramon introduces himself to them every day - as if they had not met many times since the accident.
    They decide to order an MRI of the brain. Where do you suspect they are likely to see evidence of damage?
    A. Hippocampus
    b. Hypothalamus
    c. Basal ganglia
    d. Frontal Cortex

Answer 15

A. Hippocampus

Question 16

16. During a cognitive assessment, a stroke patient is asked to copy a drawing of a flower (the model). As illustrated here, the patient draws only the right side of the flower.
    This behavior suggests damage may have occurred where?
    a.Frontal lobe
    b. Temporal lobe
    c. Parietal lobe
    d.Occipital lobe

Answer 16

c. Parietal lobe

Question 17

17. Which brain structure is considered the sensory gateway to the cortex?
    a. Thalamus
    b. Hypothalamus
    c. Sensorial Medulla
    d. Somatomotor Cortex

Answer 17

a. Thalamus

Question 18

18. A neural interface allowed Nathan Copeland, paralyzed from the chest down in a car accident and normally unable to perceive tactile sensations, to “feel” a fist bump with President Obama. To do this, a robotic prosthetic was equipped with sensors to detect touch. Signais from those sensors were then conveyed to an array of electrodes implanted in Nathan’s brain that stimulated the neurons that would normally be activated by that type of touch. Where in the brain was that electrode array implanted so Nathan could perceive touch? a.
    AArea A
    B Area B
    c. Area C
    d. Area D

Answer 18

area B

Question 19

19. Functional imaging studies (c.g., IMRI) are most useful for:
    A. Directly manipulating neuronal activity
    B. Observing which brain regions are active during specific cognitive taske
    C. Mapping the physical structure of the brain
    D. Modifying characteristies of the somatosensory homunculus x

Answer 19

B. Observing which brain regions are active during specific cognitive taske

Question 20

20. Prof. Sandstrom’s dog, Phinney, wags his tail excitedly whenever Prof. Sandstrom grabs Phinney’s leash. In this situation, Phinney’s tail-wagging is an example of which of the following?
    A Conditioned Stimulus
    b. Conditioned Response.
    CUnconditioned Stimulus
    d. Unconditioned Response

Answer 20

b. Conditioned Response.

Question 21

21. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is characterized by which of the following?
    a. An increase in the speed of action potential propagation down the axon of the presynaptic neuron.
    b. An increase in the amplitude (size) of action potentials propagated down the axon of the presynaptic neuron. X
    C. An increase in the magnitude of the postsynaptic neuron’s response to a single stimulation of the presynaptic neuron.
    None of the above.

Answer 21

C. An increase in the magnitude of the postsynaptic neuron’s response to a single stimulation of the presynaptic neuron.