Psyc/ Soc Flashcards
(261 cards)
1
Q
Universal facial expressions
A
anger, surprise, disgust, happiness, fear, sadness, and contempt
2
Q
social stratification
A
society system of social standing (class/ status/ power)
3
Q
cultural capital
A
accumulation of knowledge behaviors and skills a person can use to demonstrate their cultural competence and social status
4
Q
social capital
A
advantages gained by ones social network
5
Q
social reproduction
A
the possible transmission of inequality from generation to generation
6
Q
privilege
A
any unearned, exclusive, socially conferred advantage
7
Q
prestige
A
esteem/ reputation associated with ones position in society (from achievement or by social system)
8
Q
social mobility
A
the ability to change class, status, or power dynamics
9
Q
intergenerational mobility
A
outcome of individuals differs from parents (ex. being first in fam to go to college)
10
Q
intragenerational mobility
A
movement between class/ status within an individual’s life time
11
Q
downward mobility
A
moving down in SES status due to economic hardship, stigma, or alienation
12
Q
upward mobility
A
moving up SES status due to respect, fortune, or leadership
13
Q
meritocracy
A
ideal that everyones place in society is rightfully earned based on their skills and attributes (eg American dream)
14
Q
poverty
A
lacking materials and social resources an individual needs to maintain daily life
15
Q
absolute poverty
A
measures poverty only in relation to the amount of money necessary to meet basic needs like food/ shelter/ education/ healthcare
16
Q
relative poverty
A
people are deprived of the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society they live in (not actual poverty just in comparison)
17
Q
segregation
A
division of human beings into separate groups based on criteria such as race or ethnicity (enforces poverty)
18
Q
isolation
A
restricting groups contact with other people (ex. institutionalizing people with disabilities)
19
Q
spatial inequality
A
limits equitable access to resources
20
Q
residential segregation
A
separation of different demographic groups into distinct neighborhoods
21
Q
environmental justice
A
the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, national origin, SES with respect to environmental laws/ reg/ policy
22
Q
global inequality
A
difference of access to resources based on country residence (ex. insulin in US costs more than in UK)
23
Q
James Lange theory of emotion
A
- physiological arousal followed by neural interpretation and 2. emotional response
(just linear: event to PNS to LNS)
(posits that only one emotion can arise from a physiological response)
24
Q
Cannon and Bard theory of emotion
A
events trigger physical and emotional response at the same time
25
schachter and singer theory of emotion
events lead to simultaneous physiological response and cognitive appraisal which both lead to emotions
(posits that you can have multiple emotions with the same physiological cue)
26
situational attributions
assign cause of persons actions to external factors (usually used for self explanation)
27
dispositional attributions
assign cause of persons actions to internal factors (usually used to judge 'dem)
28
fundamental attribution error
tendency to assign dispositional attribution to others, especially when they are unfamiliar to us (dispositional >> situational)
**opp of self serving bias
29
self serving bias
tendency to assign attributions to our own actions which paint ourselves in the best light (situational >> dispositional)
**opp of fundamental attribution error
30
identity
component of self concept based on how one presents themselves to others and how others view them
31
self evaluation
the component of self concept that is based on how one views themselves
32
self concept
formed through ones various identities and constant self evaluations
33
ideal self
how we would like to be
34
real self (self image)
the way we currently see ourselves
35
ought self
the way we think others want us to be
36
self discrepancy theory
describes three selves (ideal, actual, ought)
self esteem issues arise when actual self << ideal and ought self
37
rogers self theory (incongruence theory)
describes two selfs (ideal and actual)
self esteem impacted when ideal and actual selves do not align
38
symbolic interactionism
viewing society as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning/ communicate with one another (inter and intra personal communication- social relationships)
39
social constructionism
certain ideas about physical reality arises from a collaborative consensus; includes somewhat fixed concepts or biological characteristics (ex. race; gender)
40
conflict theory
groups in society are in a state of constant conflict due to competition for limited resources
41
functionalism
theory which highlights the functional role of something to contribute to a larger thing (the role it plays or what system it is part of rather than simply its identity/ structure)
ex. punishments in society serve a purpose to show people what will happen for breaking rules
42
peer pressure
positive or negative influence of others on ones own actions (increases effect when influencer is closer to the affected person)
43
social facilitation
the phenomenon that demonstrates being in the presence of others increases ones performance (better doing task when others present then alone)
44
group polarization
the tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions in a group setting then the initial ideas of individuals
45
deindividuation
the perceived loss of self/individuality or personal responsibility when part of a group
46
looking glass self
a persons self concept is influenced by interpersonal relationships and the perceptions of others
47
emotion
natural instinctive state of mind derived from ones own circumstances
48
amygdala
part of limbic system primarily associated with fear
49
thalamus
part of limbic system: routes information to other areas of the brain
50
hippocampus
part of limbic system; creates long term memories (implicit or emotional-- episodic)
51
septal nuclei
part of limbic system; pleasure zone of the brain; often involved in addictive behaviors
52
formix
part of limbic system; connects hippocampus to other parts of the brain
53
limbic system
part of brain concerned with instinct and mood (controls basic emotions and drives)
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus
54
prefrontal cortex
anterior portion of frontal lobes; associated with intricate cognitive functions, expressing personality, and making decisions (impulse control/ perception/ long term planning)
(receives arousal input from brainstem and coordinates arousal/ cognitive states
55
ventral prefrontal cortex
connects with regions of the brain responsible for experiencing emotion
56
dorsal prefrontal cortex
associated with cognition and attention
57
autonomic nervous system
specific physiological reactions associated with specific emotions (ex. skin temp, heart rate etc)
58
cerebellum
involved in fine motor movement (muscle control, posture, and balance) and can be associated with learning (lang processing and memory-- not involved in emotions)
59
brainstem
associated with maintaining vital life functions (ex. breathing and heart rate)
60
hypothalamus
portion of brain involved in endocrine and homeostatic functions by controlling release of pituitary gland hormones; play a role in dictating emotional states (not memory)
61
achieved status
status obtained as a result of ones efforts or choices (ex. working to become a doctor)
62
three types of statuses
ascribed, achieved, and master
63
ascribed status
involuntary status such as gender or race
64
master status
overarching status that effects all aspects of ones life (status by which a person is most identified)
65
corpus callosum
brain structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
66
multiple sclerosis affect on brain
causes demyelination
67
moro reflex
occurs in infants up to 4 months; in response to a sudden head movement infants extend and retract their arms and cry
68
startle response
occurs throughout all stages of life; in response to a sudden stimulus flinching to protect the neck and eyes occurs (often in response to loud noise
69
rooting reflex
baby moving head to establish the right position to feed from its mothers breast when corner of baby's mouth is stimulated
70
stepping reflex
learning to walk by patting the ground with its feet which standing upright
71
alar plate in development
during neurulation the alar plate differentiates into the afferent or sensory neurons (disorders in this development may lead to lack of sensation)
72
neural tube defect may cause
spina bifida or anencephaly
73
malformation of the basal plate can cause
quadriplegia (loss of motor function)
74
episodic memory
a type of long term memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences together with their context in terms of time, place, emotions
ex. first kiss or first day of school
75
semantic memory
the long term memory involved in recalling words, concepts, or numbers (get knowledge)
76
overextension
the tendency of young children to extend the use of a word beyond the scope of its specific meaning
77
anomie
lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group
78
social epidemiology
branch of epidemiology that focuses on the effects social structural factors on states of health
79
medicalization
process by which non medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems often requiring medical treatment
ex. drug treatment arising to treat infertility
80
availability heuristic (availability bias)
type of cognitive bias that helps us make fast but sometimes incomplete assessments; relies on information coming to the mid most quickly
(can work by prioritizing infrequent events based on their recency ex. being scared of flying after a plane crash even though very unlikely)
81
classical conditioning
an unconscious form of learning; an automated conditioned response is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the stimulus triggers the response on its own (new behavior)
82
operant conditioning
method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to train behavior
83
observational learning
the process of learning by watching the behaviors of others (depends on presence of others)
84
somatic nervous system
subdivision of the PNS; controls voluntary movements (via skeletal muscles)
85
parietal cortex
involved in somatosensory and spatial processing
86
occipital cortex
involved in the processing of visual stimuli
87
sympathetic nervous system
"fight or flight" -- responds to dangerous or stressful stimuli
(incr heart rate; dilated pupils; secretion of sweat glands; decr digestion/ peristalsis; incr alertness; bladder relaxation; vasoconstriction of blood vessels)
88
reinforcers
a consequence which increases the likeliness that an action/ behavior will occur again
89
punishers
a consequence which decreases the likeliness that an action/ behavior will occur again
90
unconditioned stimulus
one that naturally elicits a reflexive behavior (unconditioned response)
ex. salivating when you see food
91
discriminating stimuli
a signal or cue that indicates the availability of a reinforcement or punishment for a specific response; allows individuals to differentiate between actions that will have a reinforcer or not
92
rigid/ traditional behaviorist view
mental processes/ beliefs are not considered, only the actual outcomes/ experience influence behaviors
93
extrinsic motivation
any drive that results from incentives (rewards/ punishments) to perform a behavior that are not inherent to the behavior itself (includes external motivation but extrinsic is a broader term)
(ex. doing something for praise or financial reward)
94
external motivation
pressure fro social norms but not including negative psychological pressure (part of extrinsic motivation)
95
self actualization
Maslow's hierarchy of needs (refers to a pyramid of needs people have to fulfill to reach a state of self actualization or the realization/ fulfillment of ones potential)
physiological needs --> safety needs --> love/ belonging --> esteem --> self actualization
96
autonomous motivation
engaging in a behavior because it seems to align with an individuals intrinsic goals (behavior is self determined)
97
observer bias (experimental/ research bias)
when a researcher's expectations, opinions, or prejudices interfere/ influence what they percieve or record in a study
98
base rate fallacy
the tendency to ignore relevant statistical information (prior probabilities) in favor of case specific information (predicting probability of future events)
ex. false positive paradox
99
hindsight bias
a phenomenon in which an individual believes they accurately predicted the results of an event before it occurred; takes place after the event has occurred
(can lead to overconfidence and negatively impact decision making)
100
public verifiability
any third party not directly participating in the protocol trying to replicate and verify the generated values (the reason other scientist repeat experiments but not the reason why the results could not be verified)
101
retina
contains photoreceptors (ex. cones and rods) detects light rays and converts them into signals the brain can process (energy eventually becomes an action potential and travels through the optical nerve to the primary visual cortex)
102
cornea and iris
structures of the eye responsible for accommodating and focusing incoming light rays on the lens
103
vitreous humor
a translucent gel like substance in the posterior segment of the eye; provides nutrients to the eye and maintains its shape
104
optic chiasm
part of the brain where the optic nerves cross; primary importance to the visual pathway
105
aqueous humor
clear fluid like substance filling the anterior segment of the eye between the lens and cornea (provides nutrients and maintains eye in a pressurized state)
106
forvea
a small depression in the retina where visual activity is the highest; cones at highest concentration here
107
lens
bends/ focuses the incoming light rays on the photoreceptors and retina
108
glass escalator concept
structural advantage that males have in female dominated occupations that tends to enhance their careers
109
conformational bias
the tendency to look for, interpret, and understand information in a way that supports ones prior values/beliefs
110
functional fixedness
a cognitive bias that limits a persons ability to use an object in a way other than its traditional use
111
overconfidence effect
when a persons subjective confidence in their judgment/ ability is greater than their actual or objective performance
112
Piagets stages cognitive development
sensorimeter (0-2)
pre operational (2-7)
concrete operational (7-11)
formal operational (11+)
113
sensorimeter stage
1st stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development; occurs from 0 to 2 years; coordination of sensory input and motor response; object permanence develups
114
pre operational stage
2nd stage of Piagets theory cognitive develupment; occurs from 2 to 7 years; develupment of symbolic thought (irreversibility, centration, and egocentrism)
115
concrete operational stage
3rd stage of Piagets theory of cognitive develupment; occurs from 7 to 11 years; mental operations applied to concrete events (conservation; hierarchal classification)
116
formal operational stage
final stage of Piagets theory of cognitive development; occurs from the age of 11 on; mental operations applied to abstract thought (logical/ systematic thinking)
117
Freuds stages of psychosexual develupment
oral (0-1)- children derive pleasure from feeding
anal (2-3)- potty training
phallic (3-6)- kids attached to opp sex parent
latent (6 to puberty)- interact w same sex peers
genital (puberty onwards)- attraction to opp sex
118
altruism
the practice of being concerned for the well being of others; doing something for others benefit without expecting anything in return
119
labeling theory
the self identity or behavior of individuals may be determined/ influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them
120
social stigma
the term given when a person's social, physical or mental condition influences other people's views of them or their behaviour towards them
121
reference group
a collection of people who act as a baseline that individuals or other groups use for comparison (ex looking at a pre med forum of other students studying for MCAT)
122
primary group
personal relationships that are direct, face to face, and relatively permanent (like family, cna include peer groups)
123
status groups
tend to be defined through social institutions; persons arranged in hierarchal social system (defined on non-economic characteristics such as prestige)
124
group affiliation
the amount one identifies/ is attracted/ committed to a group; increases when the members or participants in the group share similar outlooks, knowledge, preferences, skills, and other aspects of cultural capital
125
back stage self
a presentation of self that can occur when the individual no longer feel the need to confirm to certain expectations (occurs usually in private)
126
maladaptive criterion of disorders
takes into account whether the behavior negatively impacts the person’s life or poses a threat to others
127
distressed criterion of disorders
takes into account whether the behavior demonstrates unusual or prolonged levels of stress
128
statistical deviancy criterion of disorders
takes into account whether the behavior is statistically rare
129
Violation of social norms criterion of disorders
takes into account whether the behavior violates social norms
130
Trust vs Mistrust
erikson's 1st stage during infancy (0-1)
131
Autonomy vs shame/ doubt
eriksons 2nd stage during early childhood (1-3 yrs)
132
initiative vs guilt
eriksons 3rd stage during play age (3-6)
133
industry vs inferiority
eriksons 4th stage during school age (7-11)
134
identity vs confusion
eriksons 5th stage during adolescence (12-18)
135
intimacy vs isolation
eriksons 6th stage during early adulthood (19-29)
136
generatively vs stagnation
eriksons 2nd to last stage during middle age (30-64)
137
integrity vs despair
eriksons last stage occurs during old age (65+)
138
habituation
the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequent/ reoccurring stimulus
139
cognitive component of attitude
the way people think and interpret their attitudes
140
three components of an attitude
cognitive, behavioral, and affective
141
behavioral component of an attitude
how one acts towards a person, place, thing, etc based on their attitude
142
affective component of an attitude
the emotional reaction one has towards an attitude object
143
cross sectional design
the researcher measures the outcomes and exposures in the study participants at the same time
144
experimental design
planning a set of procedures to investigate a relationship between variables (not too common of an answer in psych/ soc as it can be unethical to do these on people)
145
longitudinal design
researches collect data on individuals over a long period of time
146
historical design
to collect, verify, gather evidence from the past to establish evidence that can support or refute a hypothesis
147
procedural memory
form of implicit memory; a type of long term memory associated with the performance of different actions/ skills
148
implicit memory
memories that we unconsciously or intentionally store/ memorize (aka unconscious/ automatic memory)
tested by observing a participants performance on a task that does not involve any recall or recognition
149
big 5 of personality
extraversion; agreeableness; openness; conscientiousness; neuroticism
150
the naming explosion
a stage in language develupment usually occurring in a child's 2nd year when they show an increased rate of word acquisition (capacity increase)
151
bootstrapping
refers to the initial stages of grammatical development (children learning the application of their native language through the pairing of hearing it and its meaning)
152
shaping
involves reinforcing successive approximations of a behavior. It is utilized to establish a novel behavior
153
Elaborative encoding
combining new (to-be-remembered) information with existing memory representations, which enhances the probability of retrieving that new information
154
Spontaneous recovery
the process by which a previously extinguished behavioral response returns after a delay (i.e., a rest period) following extinction
155
Systematic desensitization
a classical conditioning technique in which the intensity of an unconditioned stimulus is gradually increased until it no longer elicits the conditioned response
156
monocular depth cue
depth cues that are able to be perceived without the use of both eyes (aka using only one)
ex. retinal height, occlusion, or texture gradient
157
occlusion
Objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as being farther away than the objects that overlap them
158
retinal height
Objects that are higher up in the visual field are perceived as being farther away than the objects that are lower in the visual field.
159
texture gradient
Objects that have more detailed textures are perceived as being closer than objects that have less detailed textures
160
retinal disparity
Objects that are to the front of the point of focus are perceived as being closer than objects that are behind the point of focus (binocular depth cue)
161
binocular depth cue
a depth cue which requires both eyes to be processed (ex. retinal disparity)
162
Culture lag
when norms and values have yet to catch up with technological advances
163
globalization
the spread of technology and ideas across the world
164
microsociology
a subset of sociology that deals with people and their daily societal interactions, including those in small groups
165
macrosociology
a subset of sociology which deals with larger global issues/ interactions
166
role conflict
involves tensions stemming from the balancing of MULTIPLE social roles
***not to be confused with strain which is just one role
167
role strain
involves tensions in the demands from a SINGLE social role
***not to be confused with conflict which is multiple roles
168
relative depravation
the perception that the amount of a desired resource (money/ social status/ etc) an individual has is less than some comparison standard
169
mechanoreceptors
receptors (like the auditory hair cells) that respond to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound
170
proprioceptors
type of sensor that helps an individual determine where their body/ body part is in space (found in the vestibular system; muscles and/or tendons)
171
chemoreceptors
specialized receptors that transduce chemical signals and create an output/response (ex. taste buds or smell)
172
osmoreceptors
(usually located in the hypothalamus) detect changes in osmolality (blood concentration)
173
egocentrism
viewing the world only from their own perspective (Piaget pre operational stage 2-7)
174
object permanence
understanding that items and people still exist even when you can't see or hear them
(Piaget sensorimeter stage 0-2)
175
conservation
understanding that altering a substance’s appearance does not change its properties
(Piaget concrete operational stage 7-11)
176
centration
tendency to focus on one salient portion of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant, events
(Piaget pre operational stage 2-7)
177
role exit
quitting a role
178
Reproductive memory
the process of storing a memory and "reproducing" it during recall at a later time
179
flashbulb memory
an accurate and very vivid long lasting memory for the circumstances surrounding learning about a dramatic event (affected by our emotional state)
180
prospective memory
a form of memory that involves remembering to recall information to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at a later time (ex. remembering to take a medication later in the day)
181
eidetic/ iconic memory
the ability to vividly recall an image you are exposed to but only briefly (photographic memory?)
182
reconstruction of memory
the way memory is encoded is affected by various other processes including emotion, perception, motivation, imagination, etc (can explain why intrusion errors occur when recalling memories)
183
prospective studies
look forwards in time (type of cohort study)
184
retrospective studies
look backwards in time (type of cohort study)
185
proactive interference
memories from someones past interfere with the creation of new memories
186
retroactive interference
new memories change/ affect old memories
187
sclera
a protective layer/ covering that wraps over most of the eyeball (gives it the white coloring)
188
general anxiety disorder
characterized by a pervasive sense of worry and unease around commonplace situations, as well as feelings of unease, irritability or difficulty concentrating and sleeping
189
panic disorder
a type of anxiety in which people are experiencing panic attacks (sudden terror); common symptoms include: Chest pain, pounding heart, shortness of breath and feeling dizzy
190
illness anxiety disorder
illness anxiety disorder is characterized by a pervasive sense that one is ill or at high risk of becoming ill. Another name for illness anxiety disorder is hypochondriasis
191
somatic symptom disorder
characterized by a hyper-focus on a particular physical symptom, such that that person is unable to perform other functions of daily life
192
personality disorder cluster A
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
193
personality disorders cluster B
antisocial, borderline, histrionic (excessive emotions/ attention seeking), narcissistic
194
personality disorders cluster C
avoidant, depressive, obsessive compulsive
195
schizophrenia
disorder of psychosis in which individual's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are out of touch with reality
196
dissociative disorders
pathological separation from conscious awareness (ranges from mild detachment from immediate surroundings or more extreme detachment from emotional/ physical experiences)
197
REM rebound
after experiencing sleep deprivation (in which REM sleep has been limited) the individual will experience more REM sleep then usual once able to sleep (only affects following night not days after)
198
stage 1 NREM sleep
theta waves-- characterized by lower brain activity, blood pressure, and muscle tone
199
wake state of consciousness
alpha waves
200
stage 2 NREM sleep
theta waves-- includes sleep spindles and K complexes
characterized by decreased muscle activity and decreased conscious awareness of external environment
201
stage 3 NREM sleep
Delta waves- night terrors and GH release
occurs 30-45 minutes after falling asleep- characterized by regular breathing and slow brain waves (body no longer shows response to many external stimuli)
202
stage 4 NREM sleep
delta waves (sim to stage 3 in night terrors, deep sleep, and GH release)
203
REM sleep
characterized by sleep paralysis, dreams/ nightmares, waves similar to awake state (alpha waves)
***more time spent in REM at the end of the night
204
elaboration likelihood
refers to the process by which an individual is more likely to elaborate, or become engaged with, an issue that directly affects them
205
self fulfilling prophecy
process by which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation (ex. worrying about lack of sleep and then getting poor sleep)
206
cognitive dissonance
discomfort one feels when their behavior does not align with their values or beliefs
207
three main components of SES
occupation, income, and education
208
correlation coefficient
a statistical measure of the linear relationship between two variables (ranges from -1 to 1) negative values show inverse relation ships and positive values show direct relationships the larger the magnitude from 0 the stronger the correlation (very strong typically >I.7I moderate is I.3I to I.7I)
**usually just have to distinguish if relationship is pos or neg and distinguish extreme coefficients
209
medulla oblongata
lower most part of brainstem; involved in autonomic functions (like breathing, heart rate, etc)
210
pons
involved in unconscious processes (like sleep wake cycles and breathing); links medulla oblongata to the thalamus
211
dichotic listening task
can be used to test selective attention; involves sending two alternating messages to the test subjects left and right ears and test the subjects ability to attend one side at a time (repeat what you hear in one ear while ignoring other)
212
extinction
occurs in operant conditioning when a reinforcement frequency is decreased the established behavior starts to decrease as well (low-key unlearning)
213
life course perspective
each life stage influences the next, and together the social, economic and physical environments in which we live have a profound influence on our health and the health of our community
214
social construction of race
refers to the idea that there is little biological basis for race or ethnicity; instead results from history, culture or, society
215
PET scan
imaging tool designed for measuring brain activity/ activation in particular regions (uses beta decay positron release-- gamma ray visualization by glucose consumption)
216
MRI scan
looks at structural anatomy using highly specialized magnets (shows 3d structure of bone/ fluids/ cartilage/ etc with lots of detail)
217
fMRI scan
measures blood flow to certain regions of the body; provide information as to which areas are most activated by showing which receive the most blood
218
CT scan
similar to MRI; gives structural but in less detail; uses radiation (very similar to an X-ray)
219
EEG scan
measures electrical activity in the brain rather than the function of specific areas/. structures of the brain
220
conformity
act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms
221
in group
social groups to which an individual feels they belong
222
out group
a social group the individual does not identify with
223
group think
the practice of thinking or making decision as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility
224
social loafing
what happens when someone puts in less effort when they're judged as part of a group
225
assimilation
the process by which an individual or group becomes part of a new culture
226
bystander effect
refers to cases where an individual does not offer any means of help to a victim in an emergency when there are more people present or when they believe that others are present (incr number of other decr individuals response-- inverse relationship)
227
associative learning
learning principle that states ideas and experiences reinforce each other can be mentally linked to one another (recall of information in one associative memory)
**contains classical and operant learning
228
social solidarity
emphasizes the interdependence between individual in a society which allows individuals to feel that they can enhance the lives of others (founded on shared values and beliefs among different groups in society)
229
sociological perspective
concerning the development, structure, and functioning of human society
230
if a neurotransmitter stays in the synapse longer...
it will have a greator impact on the neuron; increasing the nt diffusion rates causes less time in the synapse and would produce less response
231
structural mobility
happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder (changes in society as a whole not individual changes)
232
self verification
the tendency to seek out and agree with information that is consistent with one's self concept
233
self efficacy
ones own beliefs in ones own competence and effectiveness (how capable we believe we are of doing things)
234
Myers briggs type indicator
an introspective self report questionare; involves 16 personality types
Extroverts vs Introverts
Thinkers vs Feelers
Senors vs iNtuitives
Judgers vs Perceivers
235
psychodynamic/ psychoanalytical perspective
emphasizes the systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions (how they may relate to early experience)
ex. Freuds iceberg (ego, superego, id)
236
id
unconscious desires (ex selfishness or urges etc)
kept in check by our ego
237
ego
part of the psyche responsible for our sense of self and our ability to interact with the outside world (reality)
238
super ego
part of unconscious that is the voice of conscience and self criticism (morality)
239
biopsychosocial perspective
considers the psychological, biological, and social factors and their complex interaction in understanding health, illness, and health care delivery
240
serotonin
regulation of mood (esp. aggression), sleep, and appetite (also reg intestinal movements)
241
Neuroticism
trait that reflects a persons level of emotional stability (includes insecurity and anxiety)
242
conscientiousness
personality trait of being careful or diligent (includes responsibility and planning)
243
drive reduction theory
idea that motivation comes from the result of biological needs (we do something to satisfy these needs and keep the body in homeostasis)
244
incentive theory
theory of motivation that states external rewards and punishments are the primary cause of an individuals behavior as opposed to internal factors (theory evolved from behaviorism and classical conditioning)
245
Expectancy–value theory
theory of motivation that describes the relationship between an individuals expectancy for success on a task/ goal in relation to the value they associate with theses tasks/ goals
246
role confusion
involves individual not being sure of themselves or their place in society
247
role engulfment
how a persons identity becomes based on a role the person assumes superseding other roles
248
latent functions
aspects of a social institution that may serve an unacknowledged purpose
249
motion parallax
type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer appear to be moving faster than objects that are far away (monocular cue)
250
sensory interaction
idea that one sensory modality (ex vision) may influence another (ex balance)
251
vestibular sense
vestibular system provides sense of balance and the information about body position (senses body rotation of gravitation and movement-- occurs in inner ear)
252
perceptual maladaptation
a trait that is more harmful than helpful
253
Gestalt principle: proximity
people tend to group objects close to each other rather than seeing individual
(ex lots of circles in lines will be seen as lines rather than lots of circles)
254
Gestalt principle: similarity
people will perceive similar elements and group them (helps us distinguish between adjacent/ overlapping objects based on texture and resemblance)
255
Gestalt principle: figure ground
visual field can be separated into two regions the figures (prominent objects) and ground (objects in background)
256
Gestalt principle: closure
our perception will complete incomplete objects (ex seeing C as an O)
257
Gestalt principle: continuity
explains that lines are seen as following the smoothest path (ex an X will not be seen as 4 small lines meeting at the center it will be 2 lines overlapping)
258
Gestalt principle of symmetry
describes how people perceive symmetrical elements as part of a unified group
259
animus
Jung theory on how you see your self
260
persona
Jung theory- the face you put on for society
261
shadow
jung theory- typically repressed; includes all the repulsive desires/ instincts
