PSYC18 Reporter 3

Question 1

a mental process involving the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

The capacity to retain information over time.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

TYPES OF MEMORY

Answer 2

Sensory Memory
- Iconic memory
- Echoic Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
- Procedural Memory
- Declarative Memory
* Sematic Memory
* Episodic Memory

Question 3

Type of Memory that acts as a repository for incoming sensory information. Raw, unanalyzed data that are derived from the senses are held here very briefly.

Answer 3

Sensory Memory

Question 4

Forms of Sensory Memory

Answer 4

Iconic Memory
Echoic Memory

Question 5

Form of Sensory Memory: It is a visual sensory memory. Has a very short duration; it lasts only about 250 to 300 milliseconds (Averbach & Sperling, 1961; Sperling, 1960).

Answer 5

Iconic Memory

Question 6

Form of Sensory Memory: It is an auditory sensory store.It lasts considerably longer than iconic memory, on the order of several seconds longer (Darwin, Turvey & Crowder, 1972).

Answer 6

Echoic Memory

Question 7

Type of Memory that acts as a temporary storage for information under active processing. However, the duration of items residing in working memory is much longer than that of items residing in sensory memory.

Answer 7

Short-Term Memory

Question 8

Type of Memory that is a persistent storage of information for extended periods.

Answer 8

Long-Term Memory

Question 9

Forms of Long-Term Memory

Answer 9

Procedural Memory
Declarative Memory

Question 10

Form of Long-Term Memory: It is
memory for skill, is demonstrated by doing, and arises without conscious recall.

Answer 10

Procedural Memory

Question 11

Form of Long-Term Memory: Contains declarative knowledge. It is memory for facts and events, is demonstrated by speaking, and arises with conscious recall.

Answer 11

Declarative Memory

Question 13

Types of Declarative Memory (a form of long-term memory)

Answer 13

Semantic Memory
Episodic Memory

Question 14

Type of Declarative Memory:
Contains knowledge of facts and general knowledge of the sort learned in school.

Answer 14

Semantic memory

Question 15

Type of Declarative Memory:
Contains episodes, or personally experienced events, for example, what you did on your birthday last year

Answer 15

Episodic memory

Question 16

MODELS OF MEMORY

Answer 16

Modal Model
ACT Model
Working Memory Model

Question 17

The first model to provide a general overview of how information is processed in each of the different memory types

Answer 17

Modal Model

Question 18

A model by John Anderson (1983,1990), proposes a global model of memory function that is similar to the modal model.

Answer 18

ACT Model

Question 19

Three Components of ACT Model

Answer 19

Working memory,
Declarative memory, and
Production memory

Question 20

A detailed model for the components and processes of working memory (Baddeley, 1986; 1992)

Answer 20

Working Memory Model

Question 21

Components of the Working Memory Model

Answer 21

Executive control system
Articulatory loop
Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 22

Primary unit that initiates and controls ongoing processes (Reasoning, Language comprehension, Information transfer to LTM, Retrieval)

Answer 22

Executive control system

Question 23

The place where speech and sound-related information are rehearsed. Sometimes called phonological loop.

Answer 23

Articulatory loop

Question 24

Specialized for the processing of visual information. It is here that visual imagery tasks such as mental rotation or visual search are performed

Answer 24

Visuospatial sketchpad

Question 25

TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF TASKS USED TO MEASURE MEMORY

Answer 25

Recall vs Recognition Explicit Memory vs Implicit Memory

Question 26

One must produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory

Answer 26

Recall

Question 28

Types of Recall

Answer 28

Serial Recall Free Recall Cued Recall

Question 29

Type of Recall: One must repeat the items in a list in the exact order in which they heard or read them

Answer 29

Serial Recall

Question 30

Type of Recall: One must repeat the items in a list in any order in which they can recall

Answer 30

Free Recall

Question 31

Type of Recall: One is first shown items in pairs, but during recall they are cued with only one member of each pair and are asked to recall each mate

Answer 31

Cued Recall

Question 32

One selects or identifies an item that you have been exposed to previously

Answer 32

Recognition

Question 33

One must consciously recall particular information. Participants engage in conscious recollection

Answer 33

Explicit Memory

Question 34

Kindof Explicit Memory: One must recall facts

Answer 34

Declarative-knowledge tasks

Question 35

One must draw on information in memory without consciously realizing that you are doing do. Not consciously aware that we are doing so

Answer 35

Implicit Memory

Question 36

Kind of Implicit Memory: The facilitation of your ability to utilize missing information

Answer 36

Priming effect

Question 37

Type of Implicit Memory: One must remember learned skills and automatic behaviors, rather than fact

Answer 37

Tasks involving procedural knowledge

Question 38

EXCEPTIONAL MEMORY

Answer 38

OUTSTANDING MEMORY: MNEMONISTS

Question 39

Someone who demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement.

Answer 39

MNEMONISTS

Question 40

it is the experience of sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense that has been physically stimulated

Answer 40

Synesthesia

Question 41

A significant decrease in the ability to remember information. It can affect short-term memory, working memory, or the ability to recall events.

Answer 41

DEFICIENT MEMORY

Question 42

A severe loss of explicit memory

Answer 42

AMNESIA

Question 43

Types of Amnesia

Answer 43

Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia - Infantile Amnesia

Question 44

A neurological condition that causes people to lose memories of events that happened before the onset of the condition. It can be temporary or permanent.

Answer 44

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 45

A neurological condition that makes it difficult or impossible to create new memories. The inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event.

Answer 45

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 46

the inability to recall events that happened in our childhood (Spear, 1979)

Answer 46

Infantile Amnesia

Question 47

Amnesia victims perform better in _____________ compared to ___________________.

Answer 47

Procedural Knowledge; Declarative Knowledge

Question 48

________________ is typically impaired in amnesia. _________________ is not.

Answer 48

Explicit memory; Implicit memory

Question 49

“knowing how” (e.g. driving in a normal situation)

Answer 49

Procedural Knowledge

Question 50

“knowing that” (e.g. driving with complex accident sequence)

Answer 50

Declarative Knowledge

Question 51

Disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss (Kensinger & Corkin, 2003)

Answer 51

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE

Question 52

Alzheimer is first identified by _________________ in 1907.

Answer 52

Alois Alzheimer

Question 53

Alzheimer’s leads to an ______ (decrease in size) of the brain; especially in the hippocampus and frontal and temporal brain regions.

Answer 53

atrophy

Question 54

Progression of alzheimer is ____________, but can be slowed.

Answer 54

irreversible