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PSYC2061: Developmental > PSYC2061: Wk 1-3 > Flashcards

PSYC2061: Wk 1-3 Flashcards

(100 cards)

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0
Q

Palmar grasp reflex

A

When object is placed in infants hand and strokes their palm, fingers will close and grasp

Reversed by stroking back/side of hand

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1
Q
  • De Casper & Spence (1986) *
A

Mother would read Cat in the hat to foetus

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2
Q

American research for determining preterm infant

A

Birth weight
Gender
Multiple/singleton
Steroids

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3
Q

Prenatal 24 weeks

A

Foetus can respond to light

They can hear sounds in the uterus at 75dB - mothers voice and heartbeat are heard best

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread like structure found in nucleus of all cells within the body

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5
Q

Fetal period

A

Last 7 months, organ growth, responsive foetus, regular behaviour

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6
Q

Until what age can babies completely discriminate novel monkeys

A

6 months

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7
Q

Kangaroo care (98% US NICU)

A

Involves skin-to skin contact and leads to sleep development, feeding/growth and earlier discharge, reduced stress

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8
Q

E.g of environmental impact on development in Africa

A

Mothers allow babies to practice standing earlier, and therefore walk at younger age

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9
Q

What temperature determines sex of turtles?

A

29 degrees

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10
Q

Newborns’ development of audition

A

Overproduction of synapses

This is pruned away - less brain connections at 2 years compared to 6 months

Synapses are “use it or lose it”

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11
Q

Preterm statistics in Australia

A

7% of babies born under 37 weeks

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12
Q

In embryonic period, layers of cells differentiate to become

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

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13
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic blueprint inherited from parents

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14
Q

Sex determination in turtles

A

Temperature of egg incubation affects gender of offspring

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15
Q

If you have AIS, are you generally raised as girl or boy?

A

Girl due to female external genitalia

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16
Q

Example 1: IQ, FADS2 and Breastfeeding

A

Children who were breastfed on average has higher IQ, but only if they had the C allele.

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17
Q

Higher risk of preterm infant if you are…

A

Indigenous
Young 40
Multiple birth
First time

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18
Q

Pascalis, de Haan & Nelson (2002)

A

6mo pass human and monkey face task. 9mo and adult only pass human face task.

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19
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Double stranded molecule that makes up the chromosome

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20
Q

Infants prefer to look at…

A

Patterned, complex, red, face

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21
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer

Forms nervous system, skin and hair

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22
Q

Prenatal 12 weeks

A

Foetus moves and displays sucking motions

Shows movement of hands/feet

Sex of baby however not completely accurate

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23
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

A

Genetically XY (boy), but body does not detect or respond to male hormones

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24
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Girls with XX chromosome, however exposed to excessive levels of testosterone in prenatal phase
25
What happens if PKU is left untreated?
Cognitive deficits, seizures, shortened lifespan
26
What is developmental psychology?
Scientific approach to how children and adults change over time.
27
Prenatal 6 weeks
Gestational features begin to form Brain takes up 50% of foetus' total volume
28
Germinal period | L
Zygote travels down uterus, and divides (16-64) to form blastocyst
29
Endoderm
Inner layer Digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and other organs
30
What happens at 12 weeks, in terms of sex determination for humans?
Sex differentiation is complete
31
Plantar reflex (Abnormal) Babinski reflex
Plantar: Toes curl down (negative) Abnormal: Toes fan out (positive Babinski)
32
Prenatal 8 weeks
organogenesis, bone, facial structure, sex, brain fills w neurons
33
Zygote
Single cell that forms when sperm meets egg. 46 chromosomes = 23 mum + 24 dad
34
Prenatal 18 weeks
Head and body only make up 1/3 body composition
35
Preterm infant
Born at 36 weeks or earlier, and low birthweight (
36
During first 7 weeks, both XX and XY foetuses have _______ and ________ ducts.
Mullerian; Wolffian
37
What happens between 7-8 weeks for XX, in terms of sex determination for humans?
MS develops into female external and internal genitalia, and the WS is absorbed
38
What determines the extent to which we get a particular phenotype as the result of a genotype?
Whether gene is dominant/recessive
39
Genes
Basic units of life passed down through generations
40
Heterozygous
Bb
41
Walk/stepping reflex
Present at birth Attempt to walk/step if feet touch flat surface
42
Homozygous
BB or bb
43
Example 1: IQ, FADS2 and Breastfeeding
Children who were breastfed on average has higher IQ, but only if they had the C allele.
44
Germinal period is from _____ to _______. How many days?
Conception; implantation; 14
45
When do babies put on weight, through fat under the skin?
7 months (third trimester)
46
What period does XX and XY look the same?
0-7 weeks
47
Rooting reflex
Turn its head toward anything that strokes its cheek/mouth Assists with breastfeeding
48
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Inability to metabolize phenylalanine which, if untreated, causes brain and nerve damage. E.g. neutrasweet
49
Sucking reflex
Baby will suck if roof of mouth is touched
50
Tonic neck reflex
If head is turned to side, arm on that side will straighten and other arm will bend. Precursor to hand/eye coordination and voluntary reaching.
51
Huntingtons Disease
Rare degenerative disease which has onset in midlife (30-50yo)
52
Moro reflex
Up to 2 months If head moved abruptly, baby extends arms/legs
53
Tactile-kinaesthetic stimulation (massage)
38% U.S. NICU Findings of study: both groups ate same amount but massage group grew at higher rate
54
What does Huntingtons Disease affect?
Muscle coordination and cognitive function
55
If parents do not have PKU but they are both carriers, what is likelihood that you will get it?
25% or 1/4
56
What organs do people with AIS have?
No internal organs, without ovaries
57
What can be given to mothers/infants to speed lung development for preterm infants?
Steroids
58
Foetuses can ____ and _____in the womb
Hear; learn
59
Perceptual narrowing
Gradual loss of ability to distinguish between faces, sounds and language over the first year of life Believed to be due to synaptic pruning
60
Case study: Hopi Indian babies
Babies were strapped to bed all day unless on mothers back. This shows experience is not important.
61
Phenotype
Behavioural genetics E.g. foot on chair at dinner
62
Where is Huntingtons first noticed?
Physical movement
63
Mesoderm
Middle layer Forms muscles, bones and circulatory system
64
NICU
Neonatal intensive care unit
65
Case Study: SIDS and Tummy Time
Babies slept on backs to reduce SIDS rate, leading to delay in gross motor development. Compensate with allocated "tummy time"
66
Limit of viability for preterm infant
24 weeks They will have 50% survival rate
67
When is AIS detected?
Puberty
68
What were the findings of Walton et al's rat study (1992)?
Swimming: Suspension disrupted swimming, and impacted on development but only mildly (sensitive period) Walking: suspension disrupted walking abilities permanently (critical period)
69
E.g of environmental impact on development in Northern China
Sandbag for toilet training impedes their locomotor development (walking)
70
* Walson et al. (1992) *
Rats suspended on back legs during swimming and walking.
71
Recessive genes ONLY express phenotype when seen in the ___________ state.
homozygous E.g. grey/blue/green eyes: bb
72
Swimming relex
Infant will paddle and kick if placed face down in water
73
Which gene has Huntingtons been isolated?
Chromosome 4
74
What study shows infants will recognise mothers milk?
They will turn their head to pad
75
If both parents have Huntingtons, what is the likelihood that you will get it?
75% Punnets square: HH Hh Hh hh
76
Do newborns prefer salty or sweet?
Sweet
77
What does Huntingtons target?
Basal ganglia
78
Atypical development: depression, stress and 5-HTT Transporter
Life stress predicted depressive episode, but only in carriers of the short allele
79
Galant reflex
Infant swings towards side of body that is stroked
81
What happens between 7-8 weeks for XY, in terms of sex determination for humans?
Testosterone makes the WS develop into male external and internal genitalia. MS is absorbed.
82
Chromosomes are made of... __ pairs of autosomes and; Sex _ and _ chromosome.
22 | X Y
82
Babies acuity
40x worse than adults
83
What does XY foetus need to develop male genitalia?
Testosterone
84
Embryonic period is formation of _____. How many weeks?
Major organs; 3-8
85
Embryonic period
Blastocyst implants in the uterine wall
86
What is the only sense that develops postnatally?
Vision
87
Difference between Mullerian and Wolffian ducts?
``` Mullerian = precursor to female organs Wolffian = precursor to male organs ```
88
Babkin reflex
Pressure on palms of both hands leads to opening of infants mouth
89
If one parent has Huntingtons, what is the likelihood that you will get it?
50%
90
What is one of the first senses to develop in utero?
Olfaction (smell)
91
Babies outperform adults in which perceptual discrimination tasks?
Face perception Speech perception Intermodal perception
92
Name disorder caused by: dominant gene, and recessive gene
``` Dominant = Huntingtons Recessive = Phenylketonuria (PKU) ```
93
What conditioning procedure was used in De Casper & Spence (1986) - Cat in the Hat?
Operant conditioning - sucking is reinforced by certain sounds
94
Most reinforcing sounds in Cat in the Hat study?
Similar to those heard in utero - Cat in the Hat story
95
Kelly et al. (2007)
- 3mo Chin, ME, Cauc - 6mo ME, Cauc - 9mo Cauc
96
Kelly et al. (2009)
- 3mo Af, Cauc, Chin - 6mo Cauc, Chin - 9mo Chin
97
Conditioned Head Turn (Werker, 1997)
R+ is rabbit for new sound. They discriminate sounds - lah and rah (Japan)
98
Werker & Tees (1984)
Discriminating 'kuh' and 'queh'
99
Intersensory perception
Babies can discriminate language from lipreading, until 8mo

PSYC2061: Developmental (2 decks)

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