PSYC2061: Wk 4-6 Flashcards by may Obach

Observational method

going out and observing natural behaviour

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Cross-sectional design

Study groups of different ages, compare change in performance with age

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3 advantages of cross-sectional design

Convenient, low attrition, one test pp

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Disadvantages of cross-sectional design

Cohort effect

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Longitudinal design

Measure same individuals of same age at different ages.

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3 advantages of longitudinal design

different aspects of dev, more info, tracks individuals

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Disadvantages of longitudinal design

Historic effects, attrition, practice effects, selective sampling, expensive

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Longitudinal sequential design

Cross sectional design with several aged individuals and tested longitudinally

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Object permanence

Object still exists even when they cannot be perceived directly

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Object permanence relates to ____________ ability.

representational

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OP Stage 1-2 (1-4 months)

Baby believes object no longer exists

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OP Stage 3 (4-8 months)

Baby will reach for partially hidden objects

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OP Stage 4 (8-12 months)

Baby can seek object but only where it was last hidden

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Development is _________ from 0-__ months and passes through substages.

gradual; 19

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Classic study for object permanence

Baby seeks toy after put under a cloth

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A not B Error

Piaget believes baby’s development of OP is incomplete

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Competence-Performance Distinction

Competence is aimed to be inherent knowledge in completing a task

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Diamong (1985): object permanence

Some children make A-not-B error even when target is not concealed

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Bjork & Cummings (1984): location memory

Memory hasn’t developed enough for babies to pick completely correct toy

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Baillargeon: Habituation

Babies at 5mo found impossible event to be more surprising.

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When does “language explosion” occur?

5-6yo

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From ___-___yo, children add __ words per day.

1.5-10; 10

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DeVries (1969: Maynard the Cat

Cat wore dog mask and 3-4yo still changed answer to dog.

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Conservation of number/volume (pre-op)

Children 3-4yo are distracted by perception of reality and cannot perceive conservation

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Piaget's Stages of Development

Sensory Motor stage Pre-operational Concrete operational Formal operational

Classical study of egocentrism

Do you have a brother - Yes | Does Tom have a brother - no

Irreversibility

Children have difficulty transforming/reversing sequences in their head

Gelman (1979): Apply study

Children were confused when numerous apples became spaced apart

What are the basic symbolic abilities?

Language, fantasy, play, drawing

"Classic" limitations of pre-op thought

perceptually bound, irreversibility

Limitation of perceptual pre-op research

May reflect performance as opposed to cognitive competence

3 stages of pre-op thinking for child illness

1. Contagion is overgeneralised 2. Contamination is undergeneralised 3. Justice as causal mechanism

Describe a study depicting overgeneralisation of contagion

Kister & Patterson (1980): Children had to decide whether to sit someone who was ill - cold, toothache, scraped knee.

Describe a study depicting undergeneralisation of contamination

Rozin & Fallon (1987): Come and grasshopper with OJ

Describe a study depicting justice as causal mechanism

Kister & Patterson (1980): Do you think he got a cold because he didn't listen to mother?

Contamination (Siegal & Share, 1990)

Third person; would drinking the OJ make John sick?

Attachment

Strong tie we feel for individuals within our lives

Proximity to attachment figures are associated with what?

Positive emotions

Behavioural drive reduction

Caregiver satisfies a variety of biological primary drives

Process of behavioural drive reduction

Mothers presence becomes a CS capable of drive reduction, through Pavlovian conditioning process

How did Harry Harlow challenge behavioural drive reduction?

Surrogate mothers: monkey would move to blanket mother after feeding from cage mother

Contact comfort

Infant monkey preferred cloth covered "mother" despite no feeding

How many hours did baby monkey spend w "cloth mother"?

22 hours

Sensitive period for human attachment (Bowlby)

6 months to 2 years

Secure %?

60-65%

Insecure-Avoidant %?

2-%

Insecure-Resistant %?

10-15%

Insecure-Disorganised

Attachment longitudinal study (Walters et al., 2000)

Links b/w early attachment style and those 20 years later

Consequence of Secure Attachment

11 yo more confident, socially aware and smarter

Visual paired-comparison task

Familiarisation and test phase, with time looking at each stimulus being the DV

Familiarisation

Participant forms internal representation of target stimulus

Habituation

Attention becomes declined to a predetermined criterion level

High amplitude sucking

Operant conditioning procedure involving infants learning contingency b/w sucking and R+ (e.g. mums voice)

Mobile conjugate R+

Study of memory development across infancy period, through baseline, learning and test phases.

Baseline MCR+

How often baby kicks when foot isn't attached to mobile

Learning MCR_

Infants learn that kicking causes mobile to move (R+)

Test MCR+

Ribbon detached from mobile. If they kick more than baseline, they have learnt.

Deferred imitation puppet task

1. Remove mitten 2. Shake it 3. Replace mitten

What was the findings of puppet task?

6mo exhibit deferred imitation, though they require twice the amount of exposure to the modeled actions.

What develops in memory development?

Encoding, retention, retrieval

Describe how the MCR+ task works

Baby has learnt if they kick more in last min of NR compared to beginning.

How do we know how much baby has retained in MCR+?

Rate at which they kick in Session 3

Baseline ratio

1min NR of: | immediate / baseline

Retention ratio

1min NR of: | long term retention / immediate

Baseline ratio > 1

Infant has learnt the contingency

Baseline ratio = 1

Infant has not learnt the contingency

Retention ratio = 1

Perfect retention, no forgetting

Retention ratio

Some forgetting

What if kick rate at long term retention test do not differ from baseline?

Complete forgetting

Retention rate for 2mo

24 hours

Retention rate for 3mo

1 week

Retention rate for 6mo

2 weeks

Hayne & Rovee-Collier (1995) 2wk MCR+

If baby is reminded of mobile, they can retain memory if conditions are exactly the same.

What is retention rate without reminder (Hayne & Rovee-Collier, 1995)?

0.4

Reactivation in Imitation (Rovee-Collier, 2015)

Recent memories are easier to reactivate, and studies suggest forgetting may be issue of accessibility

Mirror Rouge study

Mark on nose and placed in front of mirror - babies pass test from 18mo.

Praise (Mueller & Dweck, 1998)

Concerns praising ability vs effort, and issues of overpraising

PSYC2061: Wk 4-6 Flashcards

(78 cards)