PSYC2307 Midterm

Question 1

Human Neuropsychology

Answer 1

Scientific Study

Brain-Behaviour Relationship

Question 2

Clinical Neuropsychology

Answer 2

Diagnosis, Rehabilitation, planning, long-term prognosis of abnormal brain-behaviour relationships

Question 3

Goals of Neuropsychology

Answer 3

How NS relates to experience and behaviour

Functional relationship amongst brain structures

Question 4

Rostral

Answer 4

Towards the Nose

Question 5

Caudal

Answer 5

Towards the Tail

Question 6

Dorsal

Answer 6

Towards the Back of Spine or Top of Head

Question 7

Ventral

Answer 7

Towards the Front of Spine or Bottom of Head

Question 8

Coronal Plane

Answer 8

Brain split with Front Anterior and Posterior

Question 9

Anterior

Answer 9

Infront of

Question 10

Posterior

Answer 10

Behind

Question 11

Lateral

Answer 11

Side

Question 12

Medial

Answer 12

Midline

Question 13

Superior

Answer 13

Above

Question 14

Inferior

Answer 14

Below

Question 15

Horizontal (Axial) Plane

Answer 15

Brain split with Ventral and Dorsal

Question 16

Sagittal Plane

Answer 16

Brain split with two lateral sides (Left and Right)

Question 17

Nucleus

Answer 17

Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

Question 18

Ganglion

Answer 18

Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

Question 19

Ipsilateral

Answer 19

Structures on the same side

Question 20

Contralateral

Answer 20

Structures on the opposite side

Question 21

Bilateral

Answer 21

Structures in both hemispheres

Question 22

Nerve

Answer 22

Collection of neuron axons in the PNS

Question 23

Tract

Answer 23

Collection of neruon axons in the CNS

Question 24

Efferent

Answer 24

Directed away from the brain (motor nerves)

Question 25

Afferent

Answer 25

Directed towards the brain (sensory nerves)

Question 26

Convention for compounding terms?

Answer 26

Prefix = Origin of nerve signal - Suffix = termination of nerve signal

Question 27

Corticospinal Tract

Answer 27

Descending spinal tract which starts in the cortex and synapses in the spine

Question 28

Nuclei

Answer 28

Gross Anatomy: well-defines group of neuron cell bodies

Question 29

Neurons

Answer 29

The functional cell of the nervous system for information transfer

Question 30

Sensory Neuron

Answer 30

Carrying information from receptors to the brain

Question 31

Motor Neurons

Answer 31

Carrying signals from the brain to muscles

Question 32

Interneurons

Answer 32

Convey information between different types of neurons

Question 33

Graded Potential

Answer 33

Signal amplitude proportional to stimulus intensity

Question 34

Action Potential

Answer 34

Signal frequency proportional to stimulus intensity | All-or-none

Question 35

Signals between neurons are ___________

Answer 35

Chemical

Question 36

Properties of a Neurotransmitter

Answer 36

``` Synthesized in neuron Released into synaptic cleft Bind to receptors Decomposed by enzymes Bind to autoreceptors ```

Question 37

Result of Synaptic Transmission

Answer 37

Post Synaptic Potentials | Change in electrical properties of the receiving neuron

Question 38

Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential - EPSP

Answer 38

Created in the dendrites of neuron and increase likelihood of an Action Potential

Question 39

Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential - IPSP

Answer 39

Created closer to the soma of a neuron and decrease the likelihood of an Action Potential

Question 40

Glial Cells

Answer 40

Astrocytes - Supporting cells Microglia - Immune cells Ependymal - Line ventricles Myelin - Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

Question 41

Brain Blood Supply

Answer 41

Left and Right Carotid Arteries and Vertebral Arteries ascend in the neck and enter the skull through the foramen magnum to supply blood to the brain parenchyma

Question 42

Telencephalon

Answer 42

Cerebral Hemisphere - Cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter tracts, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei

Question 43

Diencephalon

Answer 43

Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Question 44

Mesencephalon

Answer 44

Cerebral Peduncles, Midbrain Tectum, Midbrain Tegmentum

Question 45

Metencephalon

Answer 45

Pons, Cerebellum

Question 46

Myelencephalon

Answer 46

Medulla

Question 47

Forebrain

Answer 47

``` Neocortex Basal Ganglia (subcortical) Limbic System (subcortical) ```

Question 48

Neocortex

Answer 48

``` Part of the Cerebral Cortex Expanded the most during evolution 80% of human brain 6 neuronal layers Two hemispheres ```

Question 49

Allocortex

Answer 49

3 layers Smaller area of the cerebral cortex Hippocampus, olfactory bulb

Question 50

Fissure

Answer 50

Cleft in the cortex that is deep enough to indent the ventricles

Question 51

Sulcus

Answer 51

A shallow cleft in the cortex

Question 52

Gyrus

Answer 52

Ridge in the cortex

Question 53

Layers of the Cerebral Cortex

Answer 53

Layer VI and V - Send axons to other brain areas, particularly large and distinctive in the motor cortex Layer IV - Receives axons from sensory systems, small densely packed cells Layer III, II, I - Receive input from layer IV