Psych #1 - Learning Flashcards

Question

What was the evil Dr. Zilstein's experiment(Schacter)?

Answer 1

He created two groups by manipulating levels of fear and anxiety. Then see if they differ in tendency to affiliate with others. Fearful group told that the shocks would be very painful and the other group was told that the shocks were no big deal.

Answer 2

They found that more of the non-anxious group answered that they wanted to wait alone than the anxious group. More anxious people said that they would rather wait with others.

Answer 3

A change in behavior that exhibits, a new way in which a person thinks, perceives or reacts to the environment in a new way. The change is a result of experience, from repetition, study, and practice rather than something hereditary. The change is also relatively permanent.

Answer 4

A simple form of learning in which an organism eventually stops responding to a stimulus that is repeated over and over.

Answer 5

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social-cognitive learning

Answer 6

The conditioned stimulus is a substitute stimulus that triggers the same response in an organism as an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 7

When a dog sees food (Unconditioned stimulus) the dog salivates which is an unconditioned response. Then the bell is introduced which is a neutral stimulus and the dog has no response to just the bell. During conditioning, he repeatedly presented the dogs with the sound of the bell first and then the food (pairing) after a few repetitions, the dogs salivated when they heard just the sound of the bell. The bell had become the conditioned stimulus and salivation had become the conditioned response.

Answer 8

Forward pairing, the conditioned stimulus (bell) comes before the unconditioned stimulus (food)

Answer 9

Backward pairing, where the conditioned stimulus (bell) comes after the unconditioned stimulus (food) is presented.

Answer 10

Conditioned stimulus (bell) and unconditioned stimulus (food) get an unconditioned response (salivating). Then if you add a black square (neutral stimulus) and bell (conditioned stimulus) you get a conditioned response of salivation. Then over time when the dog just sees the black square that's the second order stimulus you get the conditioned response of salivation.

Answer 11

Just as we learn a response or learn an association with it we can unlearn it.

Answer 12

A response conditioned to a particular CS tends to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the CS.

Answer 13

The organism will learn the different associations if similar stimuli are paired with different unconditioned stimuli.

Answer 14

He believed that babies were a blank canvas. He thought he could raise a group of children to specifically be all doctors for example.

Answer 15

There is treatment for phobias. The steps would be to teach relaxation techniques, create anxiety hierarchy from least to most feared stimulus, work though hierarchy while maintaining calm.

Answer 16

Can any two things be associated? Biological preparedness - not all associations are created equal. Species are predisposed to learn some kinds of associations and not others.

Answer 17

When you add a desirable stimulus. Example getting a hug or watching TV

Answer 18

When you remove an aversive stimulus. Like fastening a seatbelt because the alarm sound is beeping. Only stops when you buckle it.

Answer 19

Learning occurs rapidly, which makes it the best choice for acquiring behavior however extinction also occurs rapidly.

Answer 20

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Answer 21

It reinforces behavior after a set number of responses. For example, coffee shops may reward us with a free coffee after every 10 purchases.

Answer 22

Provide reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses. This produces higher rates of responding. Reinforcers increases as number of responses increases. Ex. slot machines and fishing

Answer 23

The unpredictable reinforcement is what slot-machine players and people who fish experience. Reinforcers increase as the number of responses increases and they produce higher rates of responding.

Answer 24

Reinforces a response after a fixed time period. There is rapid responding near time for reinforcement. For example, a pigeon would peck a key more rapidly as the time for reinforcement draws closer. This produces a choppy stop-start pattern rather than a steady rate of response

Answer 25

They reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. At unpredictable times, a food pellet rewarded Skinner's pigeons for persistence in pecking a key. It's like a longed-for message that finally rewards persistence in checking our phone. They produce slow, steady, responses.

Answer 26

Variable-ratio schedule because they are receiving a response after sending a varying number of emails

Answer 27

Fixed-interval schedule because there is a rapid response close to the time of reinforcement (the cookies).

Answer 28

That would be a fixed ratio schedule. Because it's reinforcing behavior after a set amount of time.

Answer 29

Rats were exposed to X rays (UCS) which caused nausea (UCR). Three different CS (light, clicking sound, and sweetened water). They found that rats learned on one trial sometimes to avoid the sweetened water but not light or sound. If rats were exposed to electric shock. The rats kept drinking the water but learned to avoid light and sound. Adaptive to pair nausea to something you eat or drink meant it was more likely to form an association. Whereas with pain or shock it was more likely to be related to external stimuli.

Answer 30

Actions have consequences. These consequences can shape future behavior.

Answer 31

B.F. Skinner and Thorndike.

Answer 32

when a stimulus receives a positive response the behavior is more likely to be repeated, and when a stimulus receives a negative response the behavior is more likely to happen less frequently

Answer 33

Cats were placed in a puzzle box and tried to get out. They didn't have any noticeable patterns but when the fish (reward) was placed outside the cat would experiment many different ways to get out of the box. When they found the fish the next time they became even faster at pressing the lever to the fish.

Answer 34

Operant condition was behavior followed by reinforcement would increase chances of that behavior.

Answer 35

Primary reinforcers - bring about a pleasant state of affairs by fulfilling some biological need. Secondary reinforcers are pleasing because of their association with some primary reinforcer.

Answer 36

When you present a stimulus it decreases behavior.

Answer 37

When you remove a stimulus it decreases behavior.

Answer 38

When you get a ticket for not wearing a seatbelt. Because it presents a stimulus that decreases behavior.

Answer 39

Going on a diet and then losing weight. You are removing food from your diet to increase good behavior.

Answer 40

Your parents ground you for a week for an infraction.

Answer 41

You have a headache so you take advil and it decreases your behavior or headache.

Answer 42

Social modeling. Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation.

Answer 43

A species-species behavior that is built into an animal's nervous system and triggered by a specific stimulus.

Answer 44

Advantages - if environment is stable, evolution can build in useful knowledge. Avoid potentially costly trial and error. Don't need as lengthy "training" period (like our long childhood). Don't need as sophisticated a brain

Answer 45

a third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables in a study, potentially distorting the observed relationship between them and making it difficult to accurately determine the true cause of an effect.

Answer 46

Imagine studying the effect of a new study method (independent variable) on test scores (dependent variable). If students' prior academic abilities are not controlled for, this could be a confounding variable, as students with higher prior abilities might perform better regardless of the study method used

Answer 47

a statistical index of the direction and strength of the relationship between two things (from −1.00 to +1.00).

Answer 48

A positive correlation (above 0 to +1.00) indicates a direct relationship, meaning that two things increase together or decrease together. For example, height and weight are positively correlated. A negative correlation (below 0 to −1.00) indicates an inverse relationship: As one thing increases, the other decreases. A coefficient near zero is a weak correlation, indicating little or no relationship.

Answer 49

the reappearance, after a pause, of a weakened conditioned response.

Answer 50

Extinction is diminished responding that occurs when the CS (tone) no longer signals an impending US (food). But if Pavlov sounded the tone again after several hours’ delay, the dogs drooled in response (FIGURE 21.6). This spontaneous recovery—the reappearance of a (weakened) CR after a pause—suggested to Pavlov that extinction was suppressing the CR rather than eliminating it.

Answer 51

Wanted to be able to cause a fear reaction (intense fear of white rat because when he touched the white rabbit they played a really loud noise→ therefore he would then fear white rats or something that looked similar)

Answer 52

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias.

Answer 53

Innate fears of certain things that were dangerous in our species’ past (snakes, heights, etc.). * Elicit “automatic” fear reactions. * Hard to consciously control or avoid. * Controlled by specialized neural circuits in the limbic system: amygdala and hippocampus.

Answer 54

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

Answer 55

1. Rewarding successively closer approximations of a desired behavior 2. Useful for teaching new behaviors

Answer 56

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

Answer 57

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

Answer 58

Learning by observing others. (Also called social learning.)

Answer 59

Social Modeling – Attention: Does behavior capture our attention? – Retention: Is behavior memorable? – Reproduction: Can we copy the behavior?(watch professional basketball player or a singer). – Motivation: Do you expect to be reinforced or punished for this behavior?