Psych 112 Exam 1 Flashcards
(63 cards)
What is Psychic Numbing and how it helps us understand why people don’t help others
Is a phenomenon that occur when people are faced with a large-scale suffering meaning a large number of people are affected. You become less empathic and concerned as the number of people goes up. This can explain why we do not act in regards to famine, diseases around the world or wars.
How do you counteract psychic numbing
Single face cases can help so we identify
Take conscious efforts (effortful thinking)
Understand that one person can make a difference
Put pressure on government. Laws etc.
Schemas
Mental representation organised our knowledge, experiences and beliefs. Provide a framework to navigate and understand our worls
What Happens when we faced information that challenges our schema (Assimilation vs accommodation)
Assimilation: Modify the data to fit our schema (bias) Jean Piaget
Accomodation: Modify the schema to fit the data. (how we learn basically)
Why are Schema Helpful and harmful
Reduce cognitive workload
Help us perceive new information
Retrieve old information
Fills up knowledge gab (ake interpretation)
Helps you prep for the future
Harmful:
Stereotypes are schema and are reducing
Bias perception, simplification of reality
We overlook, ignore and reject.
What is the dual-process theory of thought?
Differences between Controlled-Processing and Automatic Processing
Controlled: Effortful requires attention
Automatic: Effortless doesn’t require as much attention
Different way to problem solve. Define algorithm vs heuristic
Algorithm garantess you will find the solution but might be time consuming
Heuristics are short cut but might be wrong.
What are the barriers to problem-solving
Irrelevant Information: Get stuck on information that are not helpful to solve the problem
Functional Fixedness: See object as single use instead of seeing them as being able to serve multiple use
Mental Set: get stuck on one way to solve a problem because it worked before. (moving from one discipline to another)
Mental shortcuts: Availability Bias, Overconfidence, Belief Perseverance.) Whatever comes to mind first, thinking too fast that you got the solution, refusing to change your biases)
Framing: The way the problem is presented might affect your choice (10% of population dies vs 90% survives)
What are some helpful heuristic
Thinking Backwards from a goal
Forming subgoals: Breaking things down to smaller portion
Searching for analogies: Using former experiences to form new ones (Or birds and planes)
Incubation: Take a break!
What is cognitive miser
We are cognitive misers! We want the path of least resistance.
Define Assimilation bias and how to conteract
Assimilation Bias:
Schema influence how we interpret or perceive new information. We ignore new information because we reframe it to fit our schema) The patient that are labelled with a certain disorder. We only see the symptoms that matches our schema and ignore new information related to health
Garding against:
Do not underestimate the schema that affect your impressions
Become aware of your schema
Use a phenomenological approach (Why do they think that way)
Become aware of what you do with inconsistent information
Study Warm Cold Harold Kelly
Handout a description to group 1 about the speaker (warm personality)
Group 2 Cold personality
People liked the speech better when they were told the speaker was warm. So interpret the speech to fit this schema.
What are the four heuristics seen in class
Assimilation Bias
Confirmation Bias
Belief Perseverance
Availability Bias
Framing
Confirmation Bias, explain and how to counteract.
Seek information that confirm existant belief
When writing a research paper and only looking for papers that confirm our hypothesis. or unintentionally ask leading questions
How to decrease:
Need to look for things that disconfirm the hypothesis/refute your preconceptions
Describe and conteract belief perseverance
You become personally invested in your beief. We cling to our beliefs. We discount, deny or ignore the contrary evidence
Sometimes we interpret contradictory data to support our preexisting belief ( the zombie story)
Takes much more evidence to change beliefs than it take to create them in the first place.
Consider the opposite, argue opposite point.
Availability Bias and how to decrease it
How easily it comes to mind eventhough statistic shows something different
Power of vivid events affect judgment: We ignore statistical base rate info
Decrease: Couscious effort to look at statistics. Dont be fooled by irrelevant info
View anecdotal info with caution
Dont generalize from few vivid cases
How do the availability heuristic, the confirmation bias and framing influence our decisions
and judgments?
Together, these biases can lead to poor decision-making by skewing our perception of risk, reinforcing flawed beliefs, and making us overly sensitive to how information is presented.
How is intelligence defined?
Ability to profit from experience and Adapt to change in the environment
-Capacity to learn
Can you build on your learning
-Acquire knowledge, curiosity
-Think abstractly (outside the box)
-Acting purposely
Problem solve
What are the arguments for and against considering intelligence as one general mental
ability
G-factor: Spearman;
1. When performing well in one task tend to perform well on others.
2. Intelligence score stays the same over lifetime.
3. Link with work performances and school
4. Large part of it is heritiable
Against:
(Gardner and Sternberg) multiple intelligence)
1. There is many type of intelligences
2. Extremely cultural
While the g-factor provides strong evidence for a general intelligence underlying cognitive abilities, the existence of specialized intelligences and contextual factors suggests that intelligence is more complex than a single, unitary construct. Many modern psychologists see intelligence as both general and domain-specific, depending on how it is measured and applied.
How do Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of multiple intelligences differ?
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences theory proposes 9 distinct intelligences, each independent, emphasizing diverse learning styles and educational applications. In contrast, Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory categorizes intelligence into three interrelated types (analytical, creative, and practical), focusing on problem-solving and real-world success. While Gardner sees intelligence as separate abilities, Sternberg views it as interactive components that help individuals adapt to their environment. Gardner’s model is broader and education-focused, whereas Sternberg’s is more applied and success-oriented.
What is emotional intelligence?
Identify your own emotion
Understand other peeps emotions
Express your emotion
Regulate your emotion
Define intelligence today
Genetic, environement, motivation
ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and adapt to new situations. It encompasses cognitive abilities such as reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and processing speed and so much more
What is creativity and what fosters it?
involves the generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful. Creative thinking is fresh, innovative, and inventive
- Divergeant thinking (Come up with as many solution as possible) vs convergent is to narrow down
independant thinking
Openness to new experiences
To what extent is intelligence related to brain anatomy?
Not much.
Wider inferior pariental lobe ( Math and spacial resonning) but what came first?
When and why with who were intelligence tests created?
Binet first invented a test to help identify children and to help them; remedial purposes (memory, vocabulary)
Binet-Simon: Mental Age
Galton: Reaction time and head size
Lewis Terman (eugenist) and Stern (IQ formula) took the IQ test (Standford-Binet test) Works well until 18years old
