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Latin 101 > psych 201 exam 3 > Flashcards

psych 201 exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

indications of waking conscioussness

A

awareness of internal and external stimuli
typical conscious thoughts
ability to direct attention

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2
Q

why is it hard to define states of consciousness?

A

self-reports are subjective, physiological and behavioral measures require interference

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3
Q

circadian rhythm

A

natural daily cycle of physical, mental, and behavioral changes

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4
Q

molecular clock

A

the average rate at which a species’ genome accumulates mutations

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5
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

A

master clock of all mammalian cells

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6
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

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7
Q

melatonin

A

hormone associated with sleep/wake cycle

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8
Q

activity of the SCN

A

active SCN - inactive pineal gland - no melatonin - FEEL ALERT
inactive SCN - active pineal gland - make melatonin - FEEL SLEEPY

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9
Q

length of typical sleep cycle

A

90 mins

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10
Q

order of sleep stages in cycle

A

1, 2, 3, 4. 3. 2. rem and cycle

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11
Q

Stage 1

A

small irregular waves
Go in and out of sleep
Easily awakened
Hypnogogic hallucinations

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12
Q

Stage 2

A

sleep spindles
Moderately low amplitude
Moderately high frequency
Breathing, HR slow, muscle tension, and temp decline
Eye movement stops

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13
Q

Stage 3

A

delta waves appear
Difficult to awaken
Less than 50% delta waves
No eye, muscle movement
Disoriented if awakened
Lower frequency
Higher amplitude

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14
Q

Stage 4

A

mostly delta
Stage 3 & 4 = Slow Wave Sleep
>50% delta waves
Not paralyzed, but difficult to wake
Parasomnias occur

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15
Q

Parasomnias

A

sleep talking, sleep walking, night terrors

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16
Q

REM

A

dreams
occurs after 2

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17
Q

agonist

A

facilitates at least one neurotransmitter

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18
Q

antagonist

A

inhibits at least one neurotransmitter

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19
Q

cocaine is an agonist for…

A

norepinephrine and dopamine (interferes w/ reuptake)

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20
Q

nicotine is an agonist for…

A

ACh (binds w/ receptors)

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21
Q

opiates agonize…

A

endorphins

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22
Q

factors affecting drug effects

A

Genes
General health
Physical and social setting of drug use
Beliefs and expectations
Personality factors
Culture

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23
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

the branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body

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24
Q

stages of pharmacokintetics

A

administration, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

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25
administration
Release from dosage form and route into the body
26
absorption
Movement from administration to blood stream
27
distribution
Movement from blood to tissues
28
metabolism
break down of chemicals to metabolites
29
elimination
removal of intact drug or metabolites (through lungs, feces, sweat, urine, etc.)
30
Stimulant effects
Activates sympathetic nervous system, arousal, alertness, elevate mood, decrease fatigue
31
stimulant examples
cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, Ritalin, technically ecstasy
32
acute effects of large doses of cocaine
all effects intensified, agitation, impulsiveness, anxiety, paranoia, sensation of things crawling under skin; pick at and produce wounds
33
general effects of depressants
Activate parasympathetic nervous system, take you way beyond homeostasis - decrease arousal, alertness, decrease mood, inhibit neural signal signals (GABA)
34
examples of depressants
alcohol, ether, barbiturates, general anesthetics, benzodiazepines
35
uses of depressants in medicine
general anesthetic,
36
alcohol metabolized in liver per hour
14 g
37
alcohol agonizes...
GABA
38
alcohol antagonizes...
glutamate
39
medical use of opiates
pain, cough, diarrhea
40
hallucinogen examples
Ketamine PCP LSD
41
psychoactive
affects how the brain works and causes changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior
42
dissociative anesthetic
causes people to feel separated or detached from their body or physical environment
43
effects of hallucinogens
alter consciousness by inducing sensory, perceptual, and cognitive disturbances
44
language
Symbol or string of symbols designating a referent
45
evolutionary explanation of language
human need to communicate with each other in order to hunt, farm and defend themselves successfully from their harsh environment
46
functions of language
When expressed to another person allows a response, an interaction Efficient means of communication Allow listener to learn the speaker’s intention in order to respond Humans understand and respond using different types of language
47
direct utterance
state about something, to ask someone to do something, and to propose an idea
48
indirect utterance
don't say what they necessarily mean
49
aphasia
Pathological loss of language
50
Broca's aphasia
Impiared speech production Production delayed and slow, missing words Agrammatical speech Problems with past tense, number agreement
51
Wernicke's Aphasia
Impaired speech comprehension Fluent speech production but... Content of responses doesn’t make much sense Phonemic and substitution errors Neologisms - made up words Difficulty with repetition Poor comprehension Poor short term memory
52
learning
a change in thought or behavior based on previous experience
53
memory
storage of learned information over time
54
associative learning
two events become connected in the mind
55
classical conditioning
simple form of associate learning in which an involuntary reflex is elicited when two stimuli become associated
56
operant conditioning
complex form of associated learning in which voluntary behavior is emitted in response to learned consequences
57
social learning
new behaviors can be learned by observing and imitating others
58
extinction in classical conditioning
the breaking apart of the association of NS and US in classical conditioning
59
generalization in classical conditioning
we will get a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the one trained
60
reflex arc
Receptors in skin - afferent neuron - interneuron in spinal cord - efferent neuron - effector
61
what becomes associated in classical conditioning
NS becomes associated with US which triggers UR
62
US
physiological cue in the environment that elicits a reflex
63
UR
whatever reflex is triggered by US
64
NS
stimulus that at first elicits no response
65
CS
some previously neutral environmental stimulus that elicits a reflex
66
CR
whatever reflex follows a conditioned stimulus
67
Little Albert
conditioned to fear rat as loud bang happened when presented w/ rat generalized to other small fuzzy things
68
reflexes that can be classically conditioned
limbic flexions, startle responses, heart rate, blinking, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
69
antecedent
cue in the environment
70
behavioral response
chosen behavior
71
consequence
follows behavior and increases or decreases likelihood of a future response
72
positive reinforcement
adding something to increase a behavior
73
negative reinforcement
remove something to increase behavior
74
positive punishment
adding something to decrease behavior
75
negative punishment
removing something to decrease behavior
76
extinction in operant conditionig
weakens because responses are irrelevant
77
generalization in operant conditioning
learned behavior applied in a similar context
78
declarative memory
Mental system that handles factual information; contains recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas
79
non-declarative memory
System that houses memory for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories; contains procedural memories of how to execute such actions as riding a bike, typing, and tying one’s shoes
80
episodic memory
System of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences
81
semantic memory
System that contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned
82
procedural memory
aids the performance of particular types of tasks without conscious awareness of these previous experiences
83
prospective memory
remembering to perform actions in the future
84
retrospecitve memory
remembering events from the past or previously learned information
85
difference between declarative and nondeclarative
recall of factual information generally depends on conscious, effortful processes, whereas memory for conditioned reflexes is largely automatic, and memories for skills often require little effort and attention
86
difference between nondeclarative and procedural
able to learn and remember new motor skills, even though he couldn’t remember what he looked like as he aged
87
acute effects of cocaine
increased heart rates; increased blood pressure; vasodilation and bronchodilation; increased body temp; increased; blood glucose and blood flow to muscles; increased energy, alertness, and libido; “freeze”/rush; may reduce fatigue and improve performance/endurance of well-practiced behavior

Latin 101 (8 decks)

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