Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Latin 101 > psych exam 2 > Flashcards

psych exam 2 Flashcards

(105 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

A temporary shift in electrical charge found in axons interior from neg to pos and back to neg

A

action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

highly branched thin processes off of cell body
FUNCTION: receive chemical info from the environment when molecules bind

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

holds the nucleus

A

cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

single tube extending from one end of cell body, ends in lots of little branches
FUNCTION: where the action potential takes place

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

around the axon
FUNCTION: helps speed action potential

A

myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

exposed portions of axon between myelin
FUNCTION: where the action potential jumps between myelin on axon

A

nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

at the end of the axon
FUNCTION: store and release neurotransmitters

A

terminal buttons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

terminal button very close to dendrite of another neuron w/ space between

A

synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons - outside of spinal cord, inside of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated axons - center of spinal cord, outside of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

flow of electrical signals through neurons

A

dendrite - cell body - axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

information exchange in a neuron

A

electrical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

info exchange between neurons

A

chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the flow of negative particles moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration

A

electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

state of an axon with negative pole (inside) and positive pole (outside)

A

polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

separation of charged particles w/ membrane in between

A

membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stable, negative charge of axon when cell is inactive

A

resting potential = -70mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ions will move until they are prevented

A

diffusion of molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Species of molecules move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

A

concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

electrostatic gradient

A

like charges repel, opposite charges attract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

critical level to which a neuron must be excited to initiate an action potential

A

threshold = -55mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

phase of action potential where interior of axon is getting less negative and more positive

A

depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

+30mV

A

sodium channels close, no more flow of sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

getting interior of axon more negative
Potassium channels open and potassium leaves the interior of the axon

A

repolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
muscle contractions, related to memory
Acetylcholine
26
excitatory, most common neurotransmitter, flavor enhancer
glutamate
27
counteracts glutamate, inhibitory,
GABA
28
pleasure, movement - low levels correlate w/ Parkinson symptoms, high levels correlate to schizophrenia
Dopamine
29
mood, sleep, appetite, sex drive
Serotonin
30
arousal, sleep-wake cycle, unconscious attention
epinepherine
31
arousal, sleep-wake cycles, unconscious attention
norepinephrine
32
relieve pain, register pleasure, elevate mood
endorphins
33
neurotransmitters transported back into the terminal button
reuptake
34
enzymes break down neurotransmitters - either nothing or most
enzymatic degredation
35
agonists
activates a receptor
36
antagonist
inhibits a receptor
37
Peripheral Nervous System
all nerves in body, not brain or spinal cord
38
Somatic Nervous System
afferent - senses - towards the spinal cord efferent - voluntary movement - away from spinal cord
39
Autonomic Nervous System
involuntary Sympathetic - fight, flee, freeze Parasympathetic - rest and digest
40
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
41
interior of spinal cord
gray matter and interneurons
42
Exterior all the way up the spinal cord
white matter sensory nerves enter dorsal side motor nerves exit ventral side
43
oldest part of brain, most common with other vertebrates
hindbrain
44
Cerebellum
hindbrain motor coordination, balance, posture
45
Medulla
hindbrain swelling at top of spinal cord survival autonomic motor programs Cranial nerves start here
46
Reticular Formation
hindbrain sleep-wake, arousal, orientation
47
Pons
hindbrain relay info from medulla and other parts of brain, some cranial nerves
48
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs
49
Superior Colliculus
relay and process unconscious visual info - visual-spatial sense
50
Inferior Colliculus
relay and process unconscious auditory info
51
Mesolimbic System
pleasure, motivated behaviors, reinforcement, addiction
52
Substantia Nigra
1000 cells on left and right Motor programing - smooth movement
53
most developed part of brain
forebrain
54
thalamus
forebrain dead center of brain, subcortical FUNCTION: processing motor info, sensory(not smell), and memory
55
hypothalamus
forebrain small area near base of forebrain FUNCTION: drive for fear, flight, eating, sex; alters release of pituitary hormones
56
Pituitary
forebrain secrete hormones to control different functions around the body
57
Limbic System
forebrain many different areas networked together for emotion (identifying, expressing), learning ( a change in behavior or thought based on experiences), memory
58
Amygdala
forebrain - part of limbic system emotions
59
Hippocampus
forebrain - part of limbic system learning and short-term memory
60
Corpus Collosum
connects hemispheres. wide myelinated fibers
61
Contralaterality
left hemisphere gets info from and controls right side, right hemisphere gets info from and controls left side
62
Motor cortex
representation of body proportional to motor control Back of frontal lobe
63
Somatosensory Cortex
front of parietal lobe
64
Wernicke's Area
speech comprehension in left temporal lobe
65
Broca's Area
speech production in back left frontal lobe
66
protections of the brain
skull meninges - 3 CSF blood-brain barrier
67
Photoreceptors
specialized cells that can absorb packets of light
68
sensation of amplitude
perceived as brightness
69
sensation of wavelength
perceived as color
70
purity
sensed - idea that there a many different variations of wavelengths, amplitudes, and orientations from a given source
71
Saturation
perceived
72
Wave signature
The unique frequencies and amplitudes which combine into the pattern of a light sources Only a lab can produce a pure waveform
73
pathway of stimulus
Receive stimulus, transduce into electricity, perceive stimulus
74
Sclera
whites of eyes protective, holds eye together
75
Cornea
clear tissue in front of eye bends light to hit retina, protective against UV
76
Pupil
hole in front of eye admit light into eye
77
Iris
bright ring of muscle around pupil changes size and opening of pupil
78
Lens
right behind the pupil bends light more or less to hit retina reverses images right to left and top to bottom
79
retina
lining of inside of eyeball contains photoreceptors
80
Cones
report detail and color low convergence - less sensitive fovea
81
Rods
sensitive to low levels of light high convergence everywhere but fovea
82
Fovea
only has cone photoreceptors best and most acute vision when lens and cornea focus light here
83
Optic Nerve
plugs into retina in back of eye no photoreceptors - blind spot
84
Conscious Visual Processing pathway
optic nerve - cross at optic chiasm - process at thalamus - info primary visual cortex in occipital lobes - association visual cortex
85
Unconscious Visual Pathway
optic nerve - cross at optic chiasm - midbrain - parietal lobe
86
Coding
one-to-one correspondence between the physical stimulus and nervous system activity
87
Perceptual Set
readiness to perceive one interpretation of sensory info more than another
88
Feature Analysis
Process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into more complex form
89
Bottom-up processing
small elements into complex picture Progressing from individual elements to the whole
90
Gestalt
whole picture is different than the parts
91
Top-down processing
informed by higher level functions Formulate perceptual hypothesis about whole Select and examine features to test hypothesis Recognize stimulus
92
figure-ground
perceptual mechanism in which we presume a form depending on which edges, boundaries, and surfaces are grouped together
93
Pragnanz
humans will always group complex scene in simplest way possible
94
Similarity
groups things when they are similar
95
Proximity
group things that are close
96
Continuity
lines are continuous even if they are interrupted
97
Closure
we organize an item in the most ideal and perfect way possible, make any shape more ideal, close up gaps in the lines
98
Symmetry
prioritize things that are symmetrical, group them together
99
Paralellism
parallel contours likely to belong to the same figure
100
Common Fate
elements that have the same outcome get grouped together
101
Familiarity
things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful
102
Uniform Connectedness
elements sharing a uniform visual property appear to be connected to one another than elements without such a uniform property
103
Invariance
humans group items as same even if warped, angled, stretched, or distorted
104
Multi-Stability
ability to group in different ways for meaning
105
Emergence
finding meaning from chaos or random elements

Latin 101 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions