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Vic Psych 2nd year > psych 201 tri 1 > Flashcards

psych 201 tri 1 Flashcards

(122 cards)

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1
Q

Who believed the ventricles of the brain were the seat of thought

A

Galen.

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2
Q

What role did Luigi Galvani play in neuroscience

A

He demonstrated that nerves use electricity.

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3
Q

How was phrenology flawed despite its contributions

A

It was based on incorrect ideas and used to justify racist ideologies.

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4
Q

What is monism

A

The idea that the mind and body are the same.

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5
Q

What does functionalism suggest about the mind

A

That it performs functions carried out by the brain.

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6
Q

Why are chemical lesions preferred over electrical lesions in animals

A

They avoid damaging fibers passing through an area.

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7
Q

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) do

A

It stimulates or inhibits brain areas noninvasively.

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8
Q

Why is fMRI limited in temporal resolution

A

It measures slow changes in blood flow, not rapid neural activity.

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9
Q

What does PET scan measure

A

Changes in brain chemistry using radioactive tracers.

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10
Q

Why are structural MRIs useful

A

They offer good resolution and help detect structural changes.

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11
Q

What is a key advantage of EEG

A

It has excellent temporal resolution.

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12
Q

What is synaptic pruning

A

The elimination of unnecessary synapses during development.

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13
Q

What is the role of serotonin in brain development

A

It helps guide axons to their targets.

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14
Q

What happens if nerve growth factor is not released

A

Axons degenerate and die.

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15
Q

What is adult brain plasticity

A

The ability of the brain to adapt and rewire even in adulthood.

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16
Q

How can the brain adapt after sensory loss

A

Other senses may become enhanced by using brain areas that were underused.

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17
Q

What causes phantom limb experiences

A

Brain regions for the lost limb are taken over by others.

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18
Q

What did Gregor Mendel discover

A

Basic principles of genetic inheritance.

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19
Q

How does epigenetics relate to cell specialization

A

It determines which genes are turned on or off in different cells.

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20
Q

What are ion channels

A

Protein structures that allow specific ions to pass through the cell membrane.

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21
Q

What is hyperpolarization

A

A state where the cell becomes more negative than resting potential.

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22
Q

What is the refractory period

A

The time after an action potential when the neuron cannot fire again.

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23
Q

How are neurotransmitters released

A

Calcium enters the neuron and triggers release from vesicles.

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24
Q

What is reuptake

A

The reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron.

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25
What do metabotropic receptors do
They trigger slower, more complex responses inside the cell.
26
What does an ionotropic receptor do
It opens directly when a neurotransmitter binds.
27
How can a single neurotransmitter have multiple effects
It can bind to different receptor types.
28
What does Hebb’s rule suggest
Neurons that fire together wire together.
29
What is a real-life example of long-term potentiation
Classical conditioning like Pavlov's dogs.
30
What does the Stroop task test
Cognitive control and attention.
31
What does error monitoring involve
Detecting mistakes and adjusting behavior.
32
What are the advantages of animal studies in neuroscience
They allow for controlled lesions and stimulation.
33
What is the main weakness of patient studys
Small sample sizes and atypical brains.
34
Why is the fovea important
It has the highest visual acuity.
35
Why do rods function better in dim light
They are more sensitive to low light.
36
What is the function of bipolar cells
They relay signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
37
Where do optic nerves partially cross
At the optic chiasm.
38
What does the LGN do
Relays visual signals to the visual cortex.
39
What causes amblyopia
Poor visual input during the critical developmental period.
40
What is blindsight
The ability to respond to visual stimuli without conscious awareness.
41
What does damage to V4 cause
Loss of color vision (achromatopsia).
42
What does damage to V5 cause
Loss of motion perception (akinetopsia).
43
Why are faces processed holistically
The brain perceives them as unified wholes.
44
Why do babies prefer faces
They are drawn to configurations resembling faces.
45
What are super recognizers
People with exceptional face recognition abilities.
46
What types of cues help with hemispatial neglect
Strong, goal-directed cues.
47
What is the phonological loop
Stores verbal and auditory information.
48
What is the visuospatial sketchpad
Holds visual and spatial data.
49
What type of memory is not consciously accessible
Implicit memory.
50
What is retrograde amnesia
Loss of past memories before brain damage.
51
What is anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories after damage.
52
What brain area degenerates in semantic dementia
Anterior temporal lobe.
53
What brain area is affected in Korsakoff’s syndrome
Typically the mammillary bodies and thalamus.
54
How is Alzheimer's disease different from normal aging
It involves neurodegeneration and memory loss.
55
What is classical conditioning
Learning through association of two stimuli.
56
What is operant conditioning
Learning through consequences of behavior.
57
What brain structure is essential for procedural memory
The striatum.
58
How does the LIN contribute to conditioning
Required for acquiring classical conditioning.
59
What happens if the red nucleus is damaged during conditioning
Performance is impaired, but the memory remains.
60
What did Wilhelm Wundt contribute to psychology
He is considered the father of experimental psychology.
61
What did Ebbinghaus study
Memory.
62
What major book did William James write
The Principles of Psychology.
63
What metaphor is commonly used to describe the brain
The brain is like a computer.
64
What is the default mode network involved in
Internal thinking and mind-wandering; it deactivates during external focus.
65
When does brain development begin
Around 3 weeks after conception.
66
What is myelination and where does it finish
It is the process of forming a myelin sheath, finishing in the prefrontal cortex.
67
What do homeobox genes control
They determine where certain body parts will grow.
68
What is the role of nerve growth factor
It strengthens axons during brain development.
69
How does chronic stress affect dendrites
It reduces their growth and retraction, impacting memory formation.
70
What causes phantom limb sensations
The brain region for the lost limb is taken over by other areas, causing sensation.
71
What is receptor supersensitivity
An increased response in remaining receptors after brain damage.
72
Why don't brain axons grow back easily
The brain lacks the same regenerative capability as the rest of the body.
73
What is epigenetics
The study of gene expression changes that do not involve altering the DNA sequence.
74
What makes brain cells unique in terms of genes
They express genes like voltage-gated Na+ channels, which other cells do not.
75
What is resting membrane potential
The electrical charge across the cell membrane, typically around -70mV.
76
What is the threshold for triggering an action potential
-55mV.
77
What causes depolarization
Sodium ions rushing into the cell.
78
What is the role of potassium in action potentials
It flows out to repolarize the cell.
79
What does the sodium-potassium pump do
It restores resting potential by pumping 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in.
80
Who discovered chemical neurotransmission
Otto Loewi and Thomas Elliott.
81
What is an EPSP
Excitatory postsynaptic potential – it makes the neuron more likely to fire.
82
What is an IPSP
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential – it makes the neuron less likely to fire.
83
What is an agonist
A drug that enhances neurotransmission.
84
What is an antagonist
A drug that inhibits neurotransmission.
85
What is long-term potentiation
Strengthening of synapses based on simultaneous activity.
86
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for
Attention control.
87
What is the anterior cingulate cortex involved in
Error monitoring.
88
What did Donders discover using reaction times
The time taken to make decisions.
89
What is a double dissociation
Two patients with opposite impairments, showing distinct brain functions.
90
What does fMRI measure
Blood flow as a proxy for neural activity.
91
What are ERPs in EEG
Event-Related Potentials – brain responses to specific events.
92
What does DTI map
White matter tracts using myelinated axons.
93
What is psychophysics
The study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience.
94
What is transduction
Conversion of sensory input into neural signals.
95
What is lateral inhibition
Inhibition of neighboring neurons to enhance contrast.
96
What part of the retina has only cones
The fovea.
97
Which cells carry signals from the eye to the brain
Ganglion cells.
98
What is V1 responsible for
Basic visual features like orientation.
99
What is V2 responsible for
Orientation regardless of location.
100
What is achromatopsia
The inability to perceive color.
101
What is akinetopsia
Motion blindness – inability to perceive movement.
102
What is the dorsal stream for
Vision for action (where).
103
What is the ventral stream for
Vision for perception (what).
104
What is apperceptive agnosia
Impaired perception of objects.
105
What is associative agnosia
Inability to recognize objects despite seeing them.
106
What is prosopagnosia
Face blindness – inability to recognize faces.
107
What is top-down processing
Goal-directed attention based on prior knowledge.
108
What is bottom-up processing
Stimulus-driven attention.
109
What is hemispatial neglect
Ignoring one side of space, often due to right-brain damage.
110
What is the central executive in working memory
Controls attention and coordinates other components.
111
What is the episodic buffer
Temporarily holds events and integrates them.
112
What is declarative memory
Memory for facts and events.
113
What is procedural memory
Unconscious memory for skills and actions.
114
Where is procedural memory stored
Striatum, including the basal ganglia.
115
What brain area is key for episodic memory
The hippocampus.
116
What does the law of mass action state
More brain damage leads to worse learning performance.
117
What is semantic dementia
Loss of conceptual knowledge due to ATL degeneration.
118
What factors affect memory consolidation
Time, repetition, elaboration, emotion, and sleep.
119
What is the default mode networks role in memory
It activates during memory retrieval and imagining future events.
120
What is the hub-and-spoke model
Semantic knowledge converges in the anterior temporal lobe.
121
What is the LINs role in conditioning
Essential for classical conditioning.
122
What happens when the red nucleus is damaged
It disrupts performance but not learning memory.

Vic Psych 2nd year (3 decks)

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