psych

Question 1

What is an illusion?

Answer 1

False perception arising from a present stimulus

Question 2

What is a hallucination?

Answer 2

False perception of a stimulus in the absence of a stimulus

Question 3

What are hypnopompic hallucinations?

Answer 3

Hallucinations which occur as you wake up

Question 4

What are hypnogogic hallucinations?

Answer 4

Hallucinations which occur as you fall asleep

Question 5

What are 2nd person auditory hallucinations?

Answer 5

Auditory hallucinations that are directed at the patient, with or without referring to them by name
“You are …”

Question 6

What are 3rd person auditory hallucinations?

Answer 6

Auditory hallucinations that do not refer to the patient, but provide a running commentary
“He is doing …”
“John is…”

Question 7

What are reflex hallucinations?

Answer 7

Hallucination in a different modality to that of the stimulus

Question 8

What are extracampine hallucinations?

Answer 8

Hallucinations which occur outside of the patient’s sensory field
“I can see someone standing behind me”

Question 9

What are pseudohallucinations?

Answer 9

Outdated term.

Person has insight regarding their hallucinations; knows they aren’t real

Question 10

What is a delusion?

Answer 10

Belief that is not linked with reality and is not culturally appropriate, and cannot be shifted.

Question 11

What is an over-valued idea?

Answer 11

Belief that is not linked with reality, but can be shifted

Question 12

What are persecutory delusions?

Answer 12

Delusions linked around persecutory beliefs: pt is being watched/monitored, perceived threat

Question 13

What are grandiose delusions?

Answer 13

Patient believes they have special powers or are on a special mission which elevates them beyond the realms of reality

Question 14

What are nihilistic delusions?

Answer 14

Patient believes that they are dead/dying/decaying, or that their insides are rotting etc.

Question 15

What are Capgras delusions?

Answer 15

Someone in the patient’s life has been replaced by an imposter

Question 16

What are Fregoli delusions?

Answer 16

One person is masquerading as multiple people

Question 17

What is a delusion of subjective doubles?

Answer 17

Patient believes they have a doppelganger that is doing bad things using their image??

Question 18

What is a delusional perception?

Answer 18

A true perception, to which a patient attributes a false meaning.
For example, a perfectly normal event such as the traffic lights turning red may be interpreted by the patient as meaning that the martians are about to land.
Usually preceded by prodromal symptoms?

Question 19

What is thought alienation?

Answer 19

Thoughts are interfered with by an external agent

Question 20

What is thought insertion?

Answer 20

An external agency is putting thoughts into your head that DO NOT BELONG TO YOU

Question 21

What is thought withdrawal?

Answer 21

An external agency is removing your thoughts from your mind

Question 22

What is thought broadcast?

Answer 22

Patient believes that everyone can hear their thoughts

Question 23

What is thought echo?

Answer 23

Person hears their thoughts as if they were spoken out loud

Question 24

What is thought block?

Answer 24

Person’s mind goes completely blank, as if their thoughts have stopped. Cannot pick the thought up again.

Question 25

What is concrete thinking?

Answer 25

Patient with concrete thinking will take phrases and idioms literally

Question 26

What is loosening of association?

Answer 26

Thought process loses cohesion. Thoughts move between unlinked topics. AKA Knight's move thinking

Question 27

What is word salad?

Answer 27

Extreme form of knight's move thinking where the patient says many words which are understood, but they do not make sense

Question 28

What is circumstantiality?

Answer 28

Person takes a very long time to get to the point and answer the question

Question 29

What is perseveration?

Answer 29

Repetition of a response regardless of the absence or presence of stimulus

Question 30

What is confabulation? Which conditions is it most commonly seen in?

Answer 30

Confabulation occurs when the patient cannot form memories and so the brain fills in the gaps. Commonly seen in: - Alcoholism (destruction of mammillary bodies) - Dementia - Schizophrenia

Question 31

What is somatic passivity?

Answer 31

Patient believes that an external force is impacting on them

Question 32

What is "made act/feel/drive"?

Answer 32

External force is making the patient act/feel a certain way, or giving them the urge to do things

Question 33

What is catatonia?

Answer 33

Person is awake, but does not move, talk, or react to anything but pain

Question 34

What is psychomotor retardation?

Answer 34

Person's thoughts/movements are excessively slow

Question 35

What is pressure of speech?

Answer 35

Person speaks so quickly, so forcefully that you cannot get a word in

Question 36

What is flight of ideas?

Answer 36

Patient has many ideas, linked to one another. It is the thought process that is affected.

Question 37

Define anhedonia

Answer 37

Person no longer feels pleasure from activities they used to enjoy

Question 38

Define apathy

Answer 38

Lack of energy/drive to do things

Question 39

What is incongruity of affect?

Answer 39

Exhibition of emotions which are inappropriate to the situation, e.g. person laughing about something that they feel sad about

Question 40

What is blunting of affect?

Answer 40

Person does not express emotions; you cannot tell how they feel about things

Question 41

What is conversion?

Answer 41

Person converts trauma that they have experienced/witnessed into a physical symptom

Question 42

What is Belle Indifference?

Answer 42

Person converts trauma into a physical symptom but does not care about the physical symptom

Question 43

What is depersonalisation?

Answer 43

Person feels detached from themselves and their actions

Question 44

What is derealisation?

Answer 44

Patient feels that everything around them is unreal

Question 45

Define obsession

Answer 45

Patient keeps thinking unwanted thoughts

Question 46

Define compulsion

Answer 46

Patient keeps getting the urge to do things. Often linked with obsession

Question 47

What is akathisia?

Answer 47

A side effect of treatment (antipsychotics mostly, but some antidepressants (SSRIs)) whereby the patient feels restless, cannot keep still

Question 48

What is the acronym for MSE?

Answer 48

``` Always - Appearance Be - Behaviour Sure - Speech To - Thoughts Assess - Affect/Mood Patients' - Perceptions Cognitive - cognition Ideas - Insight ```

Question 49

List 8 questions to ask in suicide risk assessment?

Answer 49

1. Current method 2. Patient's belief in the lethality of the method (what did you think would happen?) 3. Planned or impulsive? 4. Did you leave a note/set your affairs in order? 5. How did you come to A&E? 6. Did you use alcohol/drugs before? 7. What are your thoughts now? (Do you regret it?) 8. Have you ever attempted suicide before?

Question 50

List Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 50

1. Auditory hallucinations 2. Thought alienation (insertion, withdrawal, broadcast) 3. Passivity 4. Delusional perception

Question 51

What is the triad for serotonin syndrome?

Answer 51

1. Neuromuscular excitability 2. Autonomic dysfunction 3. Altered mental state

Question 52

``` MCQ: Mood congruent delusions are seen in: 1. Schizophrenia 2. Delusional disorder 3. Depressive psychosis 4. Dementia ```

Answer 52

Answer: depressive psychosis | Cotard etc.