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psych midterm 1 > psych ch 3 > Flashcards

psych ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Genes

A

the basic units of heredity, genes are responsible for guiding the process of creating the proteins that make up our physical structures and regulate development and physiological processes throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

a molecule formed in a double-helix shape that contains four nucleotides: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

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3
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an organisation–the unique set of genes that comprises that individuals genetic code

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4
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical traits and behavioural characteristics that show genetic variation, such as eye colour, the shape and size of facial features, intelligence, and personality

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5
Q

chromosomes

A

structures in the cellular nucleus that are lined with all of the genes an individual inherits

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6
Q

Homozygous

A

if two corresponding genes at a given location on a pair of chromosomes are the same

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7
Q

Heterozygous

A

if two corresponding genes at a given location on a pair of chromosomes are the differ

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8
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

come from a single ovum (egg), which makes them essentially identical (approx 100% in common genes)

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9
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

come from two separate eggs fertilised by two different sperm cells that share the same womb; these twins have appro 50% of their genes in common

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10
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

studies that follow the same individuals for many years, often decades

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11
Q

Heritability

A

a statistic expressed as a number between zero and one, that represents the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to individuals differences in a behaviour or trait found in a population

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12
Q

Epigenetics

A

changes in gene expression that occur as a result of experience and that do not alter the genetic code

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13
Q

Altering Genes:
CRISPR-Cas9

A

a technique that allows genetic material to be removed, added, or altered in specific locations of the genome

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14
Q

Natural selection (Darwin)

A

the process by which favourable traits become increasingly common in a population of interbreeding individuals, while traits are unfavourable become less common

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15
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

attempts to explain human behaviours based on the beneficial function they may have served in our species evolutionary history

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16
Q

Neurons

A

one of the major types of cells found in the nervous system, which are responsible for sending and receiving messages throughout the body

All neurons have a cell body: the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus that houses the cells genetic material

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

small branches radiating from the cell body that receive messages from other cells and transmit those messages toward the rest of the cell

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18
Q

Axon

A

transports information in the form of electrochemical reactions from the cell body to the end of the neuron

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19
Q

Axon terminals

A

bulb-like extensions filled with vesicles (little bags of molecules)

These vesicles contain Neurotransmitters: the chemicals that function as messengers allowing neurons to communicate with each other

Synaptic cleft: the small space between the axon terminal and dendrite.

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20
Q

Glial cells

A

specialised cells of the nervous system that are involved in mounting immune responses in the brain, removing waste, and synchronising the activity of the billions of neurons that constitute the nervous system

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21
Q

Myelin

A

a fatty sheath that insulates axons from one another, resulting in increased speed and efficiency of neural communication

22
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

a disease in which the immune system does not recognize myelin and attacks it

23
Q

Action potential

A

a wave of electrical activity that originates at the beginning of the axon near the cell body and rapidly travels down its lengths

23
Q

Resting potential

A

the relatively stable state during which the cell is not transmitting messages

24
Q

Synapse

A

an area consisting of a neuron’s axon terminals and a different neurons dendrites

25
Q

Presynaptic cell

A

the neuron that releases its neurotransmitters into the synapse

26
Q

Postsynaptic cell

A

the neuron that receives neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell

27
Q

Glutamate

A

the most common excitatory neurotransmitters in the brains of vertebrates

28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

one of the most widespread neurotransmitters within the body, found at the junctions between nerve cells and skeletal muscles; it’s important for voluntary movement

29
Q

Dopamine

A

a monoamine neurotransmitter involved in such varied functions as mood, control of voluntary movement, and processing of rewarding experiences

30
Q

Hormones

A

chemical secreted by the glands of endocrine system

31
Q

Endorphins

A

hormones produced by the pituitary gland ad the hypothalamus that function to reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure

32
Q

Testosterone

A

a hormone that serves multiple functions, including driving physical sexual development over the long term

33
Q

The Central Nervous system consists of…

A

the brain and the spinal cord

34
Q

The Peripheral Nervous system

A

a division of the nervous system that transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body and is divided into two subcomponents

35
Q

The Somatic Nervous system consists of…

A

nerves that control skeletal muscles, which are responsible for voluntary and reflexive movement; also consists of nerves that receive sensory input from the body

36
Q

The Autonomic Nervous system

A

the portion of the peripheral system responsible for regulating the activity of organs and glands

37
Q

The Sympathetic Nervous system

A

responsible for the fight-or-flight response of an increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and decreased salivary flow - responses that prepare the body for action.

38
Q

The Parasympathetic Nervous system helps maintain…

A

homeostatic balance in the presence of change; following sympathetic arousal, it works to return the body to a baseline, non-emergency state

39
Q

The brain is divided into ______–nearly symmetrical halves of the brain that contain the same structures

A

two cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a collection of neural fibres connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

41
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a condition marked by major impairments in voluntary movement - is caused by a loss of dopamine-producing cells in this network

42
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

a condition involving uncontrollable movement of the body, head, and face

43
Q

Tourette’s syndrome

A

a condition marked by erratic and repetitive facial and muscle movements, and random ticks

44
Q

The occipital lobes are located at the _______
And are where _______ is processed

A

rear of the brain, visual information

45
Q

The parietal lobes are involved in our _______ as well our bodily awareness

A

experiences of
touch

46
Q

The temporal lobes are located at the_________, near the ears and are involved in _________________

A

sides of the brain; hearing, language, and face recognition/vision

47
Q

The frontal lobes are for _________
(planning, regulating impulses, language production)

A

higher cognitive functions

48
Q

Cortical deafness

A

problems with hearing despite the fact that the patient’s ears work fine

49
Q

Hemispheric specialisation

A

a phenomenon that the two sides of the cortex often perform different functions

50
Q

Split-brain patients

A

individuals with epilepsy who had their corpus callosum served in order to treat their seizures

51
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to change and require itself based on individual experience

psych midterm 1 (10 decks)

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