Psych Disorders

Question 1

Mental Disorder

Answer 1

-Broadly defined as a persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that cause significant distress or impairment.
-Impairment of functioning

Question 2

Comorbidity

Answer 2

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Question 3

Abnormal Psychology

Answer 3

The study of psychological disorders

Question 4

Normal vs. Abnormal

Answer 4

-Society is one of the core influences of perceptions
-Common misperceptions of psychological disorders.
-Strong social stigma attached to having mental illness

Question 5

Classification of Disorders

Answer 5

-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental -Disorders- Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) (2022)
-Formerly known as DSM-5 (2013)
-A classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder.

Question 6

Criticisms of The DSM

Answer 6

-Lacks consistency with the ICD – International Classification of Diseases (WHO)
-Inclusion of conditions that are too “normal” to be considered a disorder
-Uses arbitrary cutoffs for the line between people with and without illness
-Gender bias with diagnosis and treatment

Question 7

Medical model

Answer 7

-A diagnosis in a certain category is likely to have a distinctive cause
-Etiology
-A diagnosis in a certain category is likely to have a common prognosis
-Typical course over time and susceptibility to treatment and cure

Question 8

Causation of Disorders

Answer 8

Most psychologists take a biopsychosocial perspective that explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 9

Bio Factors

Answer 9

Genetic influences, biochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structure and function

Question 10

Psycho Factors

Answer 10

Maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, interpersonal problems

Question 11

Social Factors

Answer 11

Poor socialization, stressful life experiences, cultural and social inequalities

Question 12

Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 12

-Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
-Allows the idea that most disorders have both internal (biological and psychological) and external (environment) causes

Question 13

Dangers of Labeling

Answer 13

Psychiatrist labels can have negative consequences.

Question 14

Negative stereotypes and stigma

Answer 14

-Idea that mental disorder is a sign of personal weakness
-All psychiatric patients are dangerous

Question 15

Anxiety Disorders

Answer 15

The class of mental disorders in which excessive, uncontrollable, and often irrational worry interferes with daily functioning.

Question 16

Phobic Disorders

Answer 16

Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear as well as avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations

Question 17

Specific Phobia

Answer 17

-Irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function.

Question 18

5 Categories of Specific Phobia

Answer 18

-Animals
-Natural Environments
-Situations
-Blood, injections, and injury
-Other phobias

Question 19

Social Phobia (Social Anxiety Disorder)

Answer 19

-Irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed.
-Can be restricted to situations
-Or can be generalized to a variety of social situations that involve being observed or interacting with unfamiliar people

Question 20

Agoraphobia

Answer 20

-A specific phobia involving fear of public places.
-Often times, they are afraid that something bad will happen when they are in a public place (i.e. panic symptoms) and they will not be able to escape or get help.
-Extreme cases -> some with agoraphobia are unable to leave home, sometimes for years.
-Sometimes co-occurs with panic disorder

Question 21

Panic Disorder

Answer 21

A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Question 22

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Answer 22

-A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry, not focused on any particular threat, that is accompanied by 3 or more of the following symptoms
-Restlessness
-Fatigue
-Concentration problems
-Irritability
-Muscle Tension
-Sleep Disturbance

Question 23

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Answer 23

-A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off the those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.
-Compulsions are often used to help calm the anxiety caused by their obsessions.
-Compulsions are often related to unrealistic fears or worries one with OCD may have, especially in children with OCD.

Question 24

Symptoms of OCD

Answer 24

Common Obsessions:
-Fear of contamination
-Needing everything to be even or asymmetrical
-Extreme worry about safety
-Feel that they might do something violent or terrible

Question 25

Biological Cause of OCD

Answer 25

Differences in the brain may include dysfunction in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and striatum have been most strongly impacted.

Question 26

Genetic Cause of OCD

Answer 26

Those with first-degree relatives of adults with OCD, are 2x more likely to have OCD as well.

Question 27

Learning Causes of OCD

Answer 27

Individuals may learn obsessions & compulsions from watching family members or gradually learning them over time.

Question 28

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Answer 28

Relatively common, consists of distressing or impairing preoccupation with imagined or slight defects in appearance

Question 29

Hoarding Disorder

Answer 29

Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, due to a perceived need to save them distress at the thought of getting rid of items excessive accumulation of items regardless of value

Question 30

Trichotillomania (TTM)

Answer 30

Impulse control disorder in which people fail to resist urges to pull out own hair noticeable hair loss

Question 31

Excoriation Disorder

Answer 31

A skin-picking disorder characterized by the repetitive and compulsive picking of skin, which causes tissue damage and lesions

Question 32

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Answer 32

-A disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind -May occur in people who’ve experienced or witnessed a traumatic event; characterized by intense, disturbing thoughts and feelings related to a traumatic or stressful event -Symptoms usually set in within 3 months following a traumatic event

Question 33

PTSD Symptoms

Answer 33

-Re-experiencing symptoms: flashbacks, nightmares, involuntary thoughts -Avoidance symptoms: staying away from people, places, situations, or objects -Cognitive and mood symptoms: inability to remember vital features of event; persistent fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame; anhedonia -Arousal and reactivity symptoms: hypervigilance, tense and edgy, easily startled, irritable behavior; difficulty sleeping

Question 34

Mood Disorders

Answer 34

-Mental disorders characterized by extreme and persistent feelings of despondency, worthlessness, and hopelessness. -Causes impaired emotional, cognitive, behavioral , and physical function.

Question 35

Emotional

Answer 35

Sad, hopeless, guilty, emptiness, disconnected from others, turning away, isolation

Question 36

Cognitive

Answer 36

Difficulty thinking, concentrating or remembering; global negativity; suicidal ideation

Question 37

Physical

Answer 37

Changes in appetite, weight; insomnia; early morning waking; aches and pains; decreased sex drive & mental energy

Question 38

Behavioral

Answer 38

Dejected facial expressions; less eye contact, slowed movement, speech, and gestures.

Question 39

Major depressive disorder [or unipolar depression] (MDD)

Answer 39

-Simply known as depression -Characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance. -Loss of interest in hobbies, interests, etc. -Insomnia or sleeping too much

Question 40

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Answer 40

-Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern. -In most cases, SAD episodes begin in fall or winter and remit in spring. -Occurs in this pattern because of reduced levels of light over the colder seasons -However, summer depressive episodes can happen but winter-related patterns of depression appear to be more prevalent.

Question 41

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 41

-A conditioned characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression). -Named bipolar because people go from one end of the emotional pole (extreme depression) to the other end (extreme mania).

Question 42

Mania

Answer 42

-Distinct period of high energy & increased activity -Elevated, expansive or irritable mood -Extreme euphoria, happiness, and excitement -Rapid thoughts and speech -Increased energy and activity, inflated self-esteem, decreased sleep, racing throughs, pressured speech, risky behavior -Hallucinations and delusions

Question 43

Depression

Answer 43

Marked by sad mood & loss of interest or pleasure in things

Question 44

Bipolar 1

Answer 44

-Characterized by mania (doesn’t require depressive episodes, but can have them) “more highs” than lows -More severe -Symptoms interfere with daily life -1 or more manic episodes or mixed episodes that can lead to: -Hospitalizations -Psychotic Features -Hallucinations, delusions -In order to be diagnosed, must have experienced at least 1 manic episode lasting at least a week long

Question 45

Bipolar 2

Answer 45

-Characterized by Hypomania -Less intense experience of mania that features the same increased energy and activity levels without the same impairment in daily functioning in Bipolar 1. -Elevated mood during hypomanic episodes -Symptoms are shorter and less intense -Often misdiagnosed as depression because one may have not experienced mania just yet.

Question 46

Cyclothymia

Answer 46

-Milder form of Bipolar Disorder -Moderate but frequent mood swings for 2+ years -But not severe enough for bipolar or major depression -Alternation between hypomanic symptoms and mild or moderate depressive moods (like Bipolar 2) -Less severe -Higher functioning

Question 47

Myths about Bipolar Disorder

Answer 47

-Bipolar disorder is rare -Bipolar Disorder has only one type -People with Bipolar Disorder are ALWAYS either manic or depressed?

Question 48

Psychotic Disorder (Psychosis)

Answer 48

-Thoughts and emotions are so impaired that contact is lost with external reality -Can be caused by different triggers such as mental health disorders, medical conditions, or substance use.

Question 49

Schizophrenia

Answer 49

-A psychotic disorder characterized by: -The profound disruption of basic psychological processes -A distorted perception of reality -Altered or blunted emotion -Disturbances in through, motivation, and behavior

Question 50

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 50

Symptoms of Schizophrenia are often separated into positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.

Question 51

Positive Symptoms

Answer 51

Thoughts & behaviors not seen in those without the disorder

Question 52

Delusions

Answer 52

False beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose that are maintained in spite of their irrationality

Question 53

Hallucinations

Answer 53

False perceptual experiences that feel real despite the absence of external stimulation

Question 54

Incoherent/disorganized speech/thought

Answer 54

Illogical thinking, peculiar associations, belief in supernatural

Question 55

Grossly Disorganized Behavior

Answer 55

Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with motor disturbances

Question 56

Catatonic Behavior

Answer 56

Marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

Question 57

Negative Symptoms

Answer 57

Deficits or disruptions to normal emotion and behaviors

Question 58

Flat affect

Answer 58

Diminished emotional expression thru facial expressions, body language, and vocal inflections

Question 59

Avolition

Answer 59

Inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities

Question 60

Anhedonia

Answer 60

Inability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli

Question 61

Alogia

Answer 61

Reduction or lack of speech

Question 62

Asociality

Answer 62

Lack of interest in socializing

Question 63

Cognitive Symptoms

Answer 63

-Deficits in executive functioning, attention, and working memory -Least noticeable symptoms because they are much less bizarre and public than the positive & negative symptoms. -Cognitive deficits play a large role in preventing people w/ Schizophrenia from achieving a high level of functioning, such as maintaining friendships and holding down a job. -May look like disorganized thinking, slow thinking, difficulty understanding, poor concentration and memory, difficulty expressing thoughts, emotions , etc.

Question 64

Brain Abnormalities

Answer 64

People who tend to have more negative symptoms of schizophrenia also tend to show lower levels of brain activity in key brain areas

Question 65

Dopamine Hypothesis

Answer 65

Schizophrenia is caused by an abundance of dopamine activity.

Question 66

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Answer 66

-Condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities -As defined in the DSM-5, ASD includes a range of conditions: -Autism -Asperger's Syndrome -Childhood disintegrative disorder

Question 67

Difficulty interacting with others

Answer 67

May have reduced interest in other people, poor eye contact

Question 68

Difficulty communicating

Answer 68

Delayed or no speech, may echo words or expressions

Question 69

Restricted or repetitive behavior or interests

Answer 69

Unusual interests, rituals, hand-flapping

Question 70

Understanding the Spectrum

Answer 70

-There is a wide-range of skills possible with autism -Some people with autism have an excellent vocabulary and high IQ, but limited conversational and social skills, and restricted interests. Others may be nonverbal with a very low IQ. -Not all people with delayed language or behavior issues have autism

Question 71

Common Behaviors (ASD)

Answer 71

-Not respond when name is called -Not share enjoyment -Have repetitive, self-stimulatory or “stimming” behaviors (e.g. hand flapping, spinning, rocking, screaming, humming, etc.) -Have difficulty shifting from one activity to another -Get upset with a change in routine -Over-react to things -Act unexpectedly

Question 72

Communication Challenges (ASD)

Answer 72

-Have poor eye contact -Have difficulty expressing him or herself or have no language (non-verbal) -Use physical contact to get needs met -Not use gestures such as pointing, nodding yes, shaking head no -Have difficulty following directions -Express themselves by crying or screaming -Repeat something that was heard earlier -Be unable to identify common objects

Question 73

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Answer 73

Persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning

Question 74

Conduct Disorder

Answer 74

A condition in which a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.

Question 75

Personality Disorders

Answer 75

-Rigid and unhealthy pattern of cognitions, functioning, and behaviors -Trouble relating to situations and other people -An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates significantly from expectations one holds based on cultural norms -Behavioral patterns tend to be fixed and consistent across situations 🡪 significant distress and impairment -Broken into 3 clusters: Cluster A, Cluster B, & Cluster C -Difficulty in social relationships & social expectations

Question 76

Cluster A

Answer 76

Odd & Eccentric

Question 77

Schizoid

Answer 77

Detachment from social relationships, limited emotional expression – not related to schizophrenia -Loners, prefer solitary activities; rarely express strong emotion

Question 78

Paranoid

Answer 78

-Suspiciousness and general mistrust; always on guard -Believes people are constantly out to harm, demean, or threaten -Habits of blame and distrust in others -Unforgiving, hypersensitive, belief that others are using them

Question 79

Schizotypal

Answer 79

-Discomfort with close relationships, cognitive/perceptual distortions, eccentricities -Inability to understand how and why relationships form, or how their behaviors impact other people -Misinterpret motivations of others\significant mistrust

Question 80

Cluster B

Answer 80

Dramatic, Erratic, & Overly Emotional

Question 81

Borderline

Answer 81

-A serious mental disorder characterized by extreme emotional reactions, impulsivity, attention-seeking, unstable relationships & self-image -Ongoing feelings of emptiness, intense displays of anger; seeking reassurance

Question 82

Antisocial

Answer 82

-Disregard for morals, feelings, or needs of others; manipulation -Aggression and violent behavior, lack of remorse, irresponsibility, lying, stealing -Sociopaths (sense of morality but deviant, criminal acts) and psychopaths (no morality) -Deceive, manipulate, or harm others for personal gain (including therapists)

Question 83

Histrionic

Answer 83

-Excessive emotionality and constant attention-seeking -Shallow, changing behaviors, concern with appearance

Question 84

Narcissistic

Answer 84

-Inflated sense of self, need for attention, lack of empathy -Failure to recognize others’ needs and feelings; arrogance, unreasonable,

Question 85

Cluster C

Answer 85

Anxious & Fearful

Question 86

Dependent

Answer 86

-Submissive and clingy behavior, excessive need to be taken care of and dependence on others -Fear of having to fend for own self, lack self-confidence -Tolerance of poor/abusive treatment

Question 87

Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

Answer 87

-Preoccupation with orderliness, details, perfection, and control -Rigid, stubborn, neglectful of relationships, desire to be in control -Distress and dysfunction when perfection is not achieved; frugal/tight budgeting

Question 88

Avodiant

Answer 88

-Extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to criticism and rejection -Avoidance of activities that require interpersonal contact -Socially inhibited, timid, avoids new activities or new people -Fear of disapproval, embarrassment, or ridicule