Psych exam 2 pt 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Conditioned reinforcement
occurs when a stimulus has acquired the capacity to reinforce behaviors through its learned association with a primary reinforcer
Ex. Clicker sound paired with food
Variable Ratio schedule of reinforcement
a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.
Ex lottery or gambling
Bobo doll theory
children are able to learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning, through watching the behavior of another person.
Cognition
The mental activities that are involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knoweldge.
Thinking
The manipulation of mental representations of information in order to draw inferences and conclusions
Single feature decision making
hinging your decision solely on a single feature. For example, imagine that you are buying soap. Faced with a wide variety of options at your local superstore, you decide to base your decision on price and buy the cheapest type of soap available.
heuristics
problem-solving methods that are based on practical experience and knowledge. They allow you to use a “quick fix” to solve a minor problem or to narrow down options.
Insight
occurs when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning. It is the sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based on trial and error
Functional fixedness
Functional fixedness describes the difficulty we experience when we attempt to be creative in our problem-solving and our outside of the box thinking
Mental set
the brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and stubbornly ignore alternatives.
availability heuristic
makes assumptions based on recent information or events because it makes a fresh or lasting impression on the mind
Representative heuristic
makes assumptions based on superficial similarities or patterns in events, whether recent or dated.
Confirmation Bias
the human tendency to only seek out information that supports one position or idea
fallacy of positive instances
a cognitive bias where we focus only on the positive instances or examples that support our belief or argument, while ignoring the negative instances or counterexamples that contradict it.
belief-bias effect
if an argument aligns with our beliefs, we tend to accept it.
overestimation effect
he discrepancy between someone’s skills and their perception of those skills. People who overestimate themselves frequently engage in wishful thinking with harmful consequences.
wishful thinking bias
referrers to a situation when an individual’s desire for an outcome inflates their optimism that the desired result will occur.
