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Psych Final Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

_____ is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes

A

Psychology

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2
Q

Shadowing an occupational; therapist to meet the requirements of a degree program is n example of ___

A

naturalistic observation

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3
Q

In a correlational research, if both variables are increasing (moving in the same direction) this would be what type of a correlation

A

Postitive

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4
Q

The variable that is manipulated in experimental research is the ____ variable

A

independent

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5
Q

Which group is not exposed to the independent variable (treatment condition)

A

Control group

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6
Q

Which of the following is not a goal of science

A

capitulate

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7
Q

Which of the following research designs establishes cause and effect

A

experimental research

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8
Q

a descriptive record of a single individualā€™s experiences, behaviors or both

A

case study

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9
Q

nonscientific compiling of data that shapes our expectations, beliefs and directs our behavior

A

commonsense psychology

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10
Q

true or false: observation tends to alter the behavior of the observed

A

true

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11
Q

research that finds the statistical relationship between two or more variable but does not establish causality

A

correlation

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12
Q

research that is done by observing behaviors as they happen in natural settings

A

naturalistic observation

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13
Q

true or false: the correlation coefficient ranges from -1.00 - +1.00

A

true

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14
Q

_____ is when a person only listens to information that supports what they already believe to be true. Any evidence to the contrary is ignored.

A

confirmation bias

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15
Q

Which type of correlation can establish cause and effect

A

no correlation establishes cause and effect

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16
Q

asking a series of questions, specifically written to elicit and assess responses

A

survey

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17
Q

True or False: the autonomic nervous system is beyond control of cognitive processes

A

false

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18
Q

the division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord

A

central

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19
Q

neurons that carry sensory information from sense organs of the body to the central nervous

A

afferent neurons

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20
Q

subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for relaxing the body as stress

A

parasympathetic

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21
Q

Target organs receive signals from either subdivision of the autonomic nervous system

A

simutaneously

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22
Q

Sympathetic nervous system changes are experienced psychologically as ____

A

arousal

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23
Q

the voltage of a neuron at rest resting potential is

A

-70mV

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24
Q

_____ is when neurotransmitters in the synaptic gap are pulled back into the sending neuron

A

reuptake

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25
the body of a neuron
soma
26
the short processes that emanate from the soma that receive most of the synaptic contacts and transmissions from of the neurons
dendrites
27
long narrow process that protrudes from the soma that is sometimes coated in myelin
axon
28
____ break down proteins in the cell as well as clean debris within the cell
lysosomes
29
Which organelle synthesizes proteins and neurotransmitters
ribosomes
30
_____ is when ions want to go into areas of lesser concentration
diffusion
31
the _____ is the transport mechanism that maintains the balance of sodium and potassium in the neuron
Na+/K+ pump
32
Myelin sheath has what impact on neural firing
it increases the speed of the action potential
33
the cerebral cortex divided into hemispheres
2
34
the specific area of the brain that is primarily responsible of language production
Broca's Area
35
The primary visual cortex is located on the ____ lobe
occiptial
36
The part of the frontal lobe that is involved in judgement, delayed task response, and working memory is the
prefrontal cortex
37
on which lobe of the brain will one find the primary motor cortex
frontal
38
forebrain structure involved in regulation of body temperature and basic motivators ( the four F's)
hypothalamus
39
The ____ is system of interlinked structures involved in emotions, memory and basic motivations
limbic system
40
_____ is the structure in the brain that is directing your focus
reticular formation
41
structure that is responsible for the consolidation of memeory
hippocampus
42
The _____ is a limbic system structure involved in the regulation of what we would describe as aggression and fear
amygdale
43
the neurotransmitter ____ is the morphine of the body
endorphins
44
decreased levels of serotonin has been linked to what kind of behavior
aggression
45
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in pleasure
dopamine
46
_____ is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
47
Alcohol interacts with glutamate by _____ it's effects
blocking
48
Glutamate is the most prevalent__neurotransmitter in the brain
excitatory
49
True or False: Spontaneous recovery might occur f, after extinction has been established, and the organism is reintroduced into the same or similar situation as before
true
50
unintentional, unlearned behavior that is a consistent and automatic response to a stimulus is called a ____
reflex
51
the Russian neurologist who discovered Classical Conditioning
Pavolv
52
An unconditioned stimulus prvokes
an unconditioned response
53
_____ is when things that are similar to the conditioned stimulus also provoke the conditioned response
stimulus generalization
54
A young child makes serval trips to the doctors for vaccinations and the needle hurts. Soon the child dries at the very sight of the doctor as she walks into the room. This would be an example of which type of learning?
Classical conditioning
55
repeated exposer to the conditioned stimulus without the reintroduction to the unconditioned stimulus will eventually lead to ____ of the conditioned response
extinction
56
After extinction has been achieved, and time passes, the reintroduction of the conditioned stimulus may results in
spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response
57
_____ is defined as relatively permanent changes in the potential for behavior
leaning
58
An event in the environment that effects an organisms
stimulus
59
The formation of the stimulus response association is also called
acquisition
60
____ is when a conditioned stimulus conditions a new stimulus to provoke the conditioned response
higher order conditioning
61
The effects of GABA id augmented by
benzodiazepines
62
Most sensory information is processed at the _____ first
Thalamus
63
The introduction of an adverse consequence to suppress of a behavior is a type of punishment known as _____
positive punishment
64
True of False: punishment creates an emotional states that suppresses many response, not just the targeted one
true
65
a problem with punishment is it
is temporary, it does not generalize, can damage relationships
66
The presence of _____ alerts an organism as to what reinforcers are available in a situation
discriminatory stimuli
67
Skinner's view of cognition is that
it is irrelevant, it is only a byproduct of operant conditioning
68
punishment, although ineffective, continues to be used because it acts as a ____ for the punisher
reinforcer
69
true or false: the promise of a reinforcer can be enough to sustain a behavior in humans
true
70
____ is the process of providing reinforcement little by little until the desired behavior has been learned
shaping
71
spanking a child for doing something wrong would be an example of
positive punishment
72
money is what type of reinforcement
positive generalized secondary
73
____ is when the learner watched a model perfom the task, and then can often perform the behavior without having ever done so in the past
observational leraning
74
hostile or aggressive behavior tends to be
imitated to a high degree
75
according to Bandura, the more _____ the model is to the learner the more imitation increases
similar
76
reinforcement that is not directly received but comes from watching someone else being reinforced is called
vicarious reinforcement
77
the more complex the skill the
lower the degree of imitation
78
i have observe someone being punished for their behavior, After witnessing this I decided that I will not engage in that praticular behavior. this is an example of the ___ effect of the observational/social learning
inhibitory-disinhibitory
79
in the _____ process of observational learning the learner must be able to remember what was observed
retentional
80
The ___ effect is when a person engages in a behavior that is related to or similar to the model's behavior
eliciting
81
attractive, powerful, and seemingly trustworthy are three qualities that _____
people who tend to be imitated seem to have
82
a child is more likely to imitate
another child
83
in observational learning a model can be
any representation of a pattern of behavior
84
according to Piaget construct that organize our thoughts or ideas are called
schemata
85
true or false: every experience is assimilated through our existing schemata
true
86
_____ is when new information or experiences adjust or change schemas, or create new ones
accommodation
87
the research of ____ established operant conditioning as a major factor in animal (human and nonhuman) behavior
skinner
88
_____ is any stimulus that increases the probability of a response
reinforcer
89
_____ is when something is removed from the situation that increase that probability of a response (behavior)
negative reinforcement
90
witholding a reinforcer until a behavior pattern cease is called
extinction
91
______ is when so,ething is added to the situation to increase the probability of a response (behavior)
positive reinforcement
92
A reinforcement schedule where every emitted response is followed by a reinforcer
continuous
93
when you receive a pay check every two weeks, this is an example of reinforcement schedule
fixed interval
94
the most extinction resistant reinforcement schedule is
variable ratio
95
every schema happens through sensory & motor actions (focus whats in front of them)
sensori motor (birth -18 month)
96
idea that you understand that something still exists even though you can't see it ot hear it
object permanence
97
language becomes developed and understanding of time, imagination becomes way more developed & memory
preoperational (18months -7 years)
98
if they see it you see it
ecocentric thinking
99
tribute human qualities to non-living things
animistic thinking
100
don't see that somethings work in more than one direction
reversibility
101
just because you change the form of something dosen't change the amount
conservation
102
kids have a hard time with abstract thinking
concrete operational (7-11 years)
103
whatever hits the window it breaks
if-then
104
function is hypothetical thinking understand symbols & symbolic meaning
formal operational (11+)
105
you think everybody watched you and notices you
imaginary audience
106
idea that it won't happen to you, think that you are an exception to the rule can go into your 30s-40s
personal fable
107
a range of development, support system to play & development; it is not limited to Piaget study
zone of proximal development: Vygotsky
108
hypothesize that as you mature intellectually than your sense of right & wrong grow
Kohlberg (stages of moral development)

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