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Psych Final Exam Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

study how the mind works

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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

started first laboratory for psychological research in 1879

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3
Q

Convenience Sample (A)

A

a group chosen because of its ease of study

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4
Q

Naturalistic Observation (A)

A

a careful examination of what many people or non human animals do under more or less natural conditions

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5
Q

Positive Correlation (A)

A

as one variable increases the other variable increases also e.g.. as height increases weight increases

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6
Q

Negative Correlation (A)

A

as one variable increases the other decreases e.g. as amount of exercise increases body weight decreases.

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7
Q

Independent Variable (A)

A

the item the experimenter changes or controls (the manipulated variable) (tested variable)

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8
Q

Dependent Variable (A)

A

the item that the experimenter measures to determine how it was affected (measured variable )

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9
Q

Control group (A)

A

a group of individuals that did not receive the treatment the experiment is designed to test.

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10
Q

American Psychological association (APA)

A

developed the ethical guidelines for reasearch on humans and animals; also provides malpractice insurance for psychologists

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11
Q

Association for psychological science (APS)

A

broke off from APA to on science

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12
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic material we inherit from our parent (e.g. you have one gene from blood type A and one gene from blood type O)

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13
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable expression of the genotype including bodily characteristic and behavior (e.g. you have blood type A)

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14
Q

Gene

A

sections along each chromosomes that direct the individuals development

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15
Q

Recessive gene

A

A gene that will not be expressed if paired with another recessive gene

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16
Q

Natural selection

A

favorable genes are more likely to survive and be passed down to future generations than those that are less favorable.

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17
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

cells specialized for communicating information

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18
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls voluntary muscles

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20
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary muscles (organs)

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21
Q

Preconscious memories

A

memories accessible to consciousness only after something calls attention to them

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22
Q

Unconscious

A

in classic Freudian theory a part of the mind that houses unpleasant memories feelings and desires outside of our awareness and not easily accessible.

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23
Q

Insomnia

A

The chronic inability to obtain the nessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behavior (a system not a disorder)

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24
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sudden attacks of extreme even irresistible sleepiness even in the middle of the day. Possibly caused by lack of or sensitivity to the chemical hypocretin.

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25
Hypnosis
a condition increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist-subject relationship
26
Tolerance (A)
after someone has taken a drug repeatedly its effects grow weaker and weaker unless the dosage is increased.
27
Physical dependence (A)
someone who feels compelled to take the drug to reduce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
28
Stimulants
drugs that boast energy,heighten alertness increase activity and produce a pleasant feeling.e.g. amphetamine,cocaine, ritalin, caffeine and nicotine
29
Classical conditioning (A)
behavior is acquired (learned) by a process of associations
30
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) (A)
is anything that consistently automatically causes an unconditioned (automatic) response (e.g. food)
31
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
a neutral stimulis that begins to cause a response after being paired with the UCS (food) e.g. song CS
32
Operant conditioning (A)
behavior is acquired and modified response to the consequences of actions (reinforcement & punishment)
33
Positive Reinforcement (A)
something good is presented as a consequence of performing the behavior (here's a new car for your good grades)
34
Negative Reinforcement (A)
something annoying is taken away as a consequence of performing the behavior (ex: clean your room or you're not going out)
35
Variable- ratio schedule (A)
reinforcement is provided after a variable number of responses (e.g. pop quizzes sometimes after 1 chapter sometime after 2 chapters)
36
Variable-interval schedule (A)
reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time has relapsed e.g. pop quizzes, sometimes once a week sometimes twice a week
37
Retroactive interference (A)
forgetting old material when learning new material
38
von Restorff effect (A)
the tendency of people to remember unusual items better the more common items
39
Recall (or free recall) (A)
a retrieval method where you must reproduce info entirely from memory (e.g. essay test)
40
Cued recall (A)
retrieval method where significant hints are given e.g. a fill-in- the blank test uses this method)
41
Short term memory
30 seconds
42
Semantic (A)
memories of general knowledge; including facts and concepts
43
Episodic (A)
memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.
44
Flashbulb memory (A)
extremely stressful or emotionally arousing personal or historical events that leave a vivid lasting and highly detailed memory
45
Zygote
fertilized egg cels 1-2 weeks after conception. Zygote attaches to the uterine lining after 2 weeks and is the size of the period at the end of this sentence.
46
Embryo
3-8 weeks.Major systems organs and structures of the develop. At 8 weeks embryo is about 1 inch long and weighs 1/7 of an ounce
47
Fetus
a developing human from 9 weeks after conception until birth. Rapid growth and further development of the body structured organs and systems
48
Babkin reflex
infaant lying down pressure on both palms causes head to turn straight ahead mouth to open eyes to close
49
Babinski reflex
when side of foot is stroked from heel to toe toes fan out and foot twist inward
50
Babbling
repeating constant vowel combinations such as ma ma ma ma ma
51
Protowards
vocalizations that seem to have consistent meanings for a child and are used in attempts to communicate but do not closely resemble adults words in sound or meaning
52
Overregulations
language errors in which a child applies does not know an exception to the rule
53
Authoritative Parents (A)
set high standards and impose controls, but they are also warm and responsive to the child's communications
54
Authoritation Parents (A)
set firm controls but they tend to be emotionally more distant from the child they set rules without explaining why they are good rules
55
Permissive Parents (A)
permissive parents are warm and loving but undemanding
56
Indifferent or uninvolved parents (A)
spend little time with their children and do little more than provide then with food and shelter.
57
Identity crisis (A)
an adolescents concern with decisions about the future and the quest for self-understanding
58
Identity diffusion (A)
those who have not yet given any serious thought to making any decisions and who in fact have no clear sense of identity
59
Identity moratorium (A)
those who are seriously considering the issues but have nor made any decisions
60
Sensation
is the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system
61
Perception
is the interpretation of that information
62
Pupil
is an adjustable opening in the eye through which light enters
63
Cornea
is a rigid transparent structure on the very outer surface of the eyeball.it focuses light by directing it through the pupil
64
Lens
is a flexible structure that can vary in thickness enabling the eye
65
Accommodate
adjusting its focus for objects at different distances
66
Visual receptors
covering the back surface of the eyeball
67
Cones
utilized in color vision daytime vision and detail vision
68
Rods
adapted for vision in dim light
69
Blind Spot
point where the optic nerve exists the eye and where there are no receptors

Psychology (4 decks)

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