Psych Flashcards II

Question

What are folkways?

Answer 1

relatively unimportant norms governing social interactions, like how one uses silverware. Violations of folkways are not typically accompanied by especially intense disapproval.

Answer 2

Mores (pronounced "more-ays") are informal norms that carry major importance for society and, if broken, can result in severe social sanctions. For example, imagine a young woman who is unmarried but decides to live with her boyfriend. Her parents are very religious and belong to a community in which only married couples are supposed to live together. In the parents' eyes, the daughter has broken a more, and the parents will levy sanctions accordingly.

Answer 3

the idea that when social pressure is placed on those who do not have the means to follow it and succeed, they may turn to crime and other deviant behavior.

Answer 4

a phenomenon in which an individual adopts the behaviors of others—typically without a direct request being made—on the assumption that others' behavior must be correct under the circumstances at hand.

Answer 5

minority influence When a new idea arises, it is automatically a minority opinion. This idea can then be spread through the influence of the minority on others accepting this view.

Answer 6

-approach-approach conflicts, two options are both appealing. -avoidant-avoidant conflicts, both options are unappealing -approach-avoidance conflict is observed when one option has both positive and negative aspects -Double approach-avoidant conflicts consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics

Answer 7

In 1951, Solomon Asch conducted an experiment investigating the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform. Asch used confederates who were instructed to give clearly incorrect answers regarding the lengths of various lines. He then measured the number of times each unknowing participant conformed to the majority view. In Asch's study, the confederates never provided an explanation for their choices to the group

Answer 8

0-3 months- an infant will indiscriminately attach to any person and will respond equally to any caregiver 4-6 months-babies will begin to recognize certain caregivers but will still accept care from anyone 6-9 months-a baby will exhibit a strong attachment preference for a single caregiver after 9 months-children slowly develop increasing independence and will slowly form multiple attachments

Answer 9

. According to the theory of differential association, criminal techniques, attitudes, and motives are learned through social interactions, such as those experienced in prison

Answer 10

Labelling theory holds that labels impact how individuals see themselves. Its proponents argue that this can perpetuate the behavior. The internalization of a stigma is part of the process whereby the label "sticks" and the individual adopts or continues the stigmatized behavior.

Answer 11

False positive. There is no difference between groups and you report there IS

Answer 12

False negative- An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable does not have an effect on the dependent variable when it does.

Answer 13

activity in which children play side by side without interacting, they just observe eachother (more common in younger kids)

Answer 14

symbolically and engage in a lot of symbolic play (e.g. a stick is a sword, a plastic toy is a cake, a doll is a person, etc.)

Answer 15

Conflict theory asserts that bias and inequality are underlying aspects of education.

Answer 16

A kinship of affinity is one in which individuals are related by choice, such as through marriage, rather than through blood

Answer 17

primary kinship involves a direct relationship, such as that between a brother and sister or between a father and daughter.

Answer 18

Secondary kinship exists between an individual and "the primary kin of that person's primary kin." For example, the relationship between a grandson and his paternal grandmother would typically be secondary kinship, since the grandson is primary kin with his own father, who is primary kin with his mother (the grandmother).

Answer 19

tertiary kin is one step further removed, and can refer to primary kin of one's primary kin's primary kin (three levels!) or to the secondary kin of one's primary kin, such as one's husband's grandmother.

Answer 20

Harry Harlow examined parent/child attachment, social isolation, and dependency in rhesus monkeys. In Harlow's experiment, the infant monkeys preferred spending their time clinging to the cloth mother. Even when only the wire mother could provide food, the monkeys visited her just to eat. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than milk and that this "contact comfort" was crucial to the psychological development and health of infants. After monkeys were paired with a Wire Mother, they showed abnormal behavior, which could not be corrected later in life by pairing them with a Cloth Mother. -Monkeys paired with Wire Mothers drank similar amounts of milk and grew at a rate comprable to monkeys paired with Cloth Mothers. -Monkeys paired with a Wire Mother sought soothing from their "mothers," but at a rate less than monkeys paired with Cloth Mothers. -When given a choice, monkeys spent more time holding Cloth Mothers than Wire Mothers.

Answer 21

Sigmund Freud, the "father of psychoanalysis," developed well-known theories focused on unconscious desires. Freud's work centered around his ideas of the id (one's largely unconscious set of primal urges), superego (one's sense of moral purpose), and ego (the logic-based, more conscious balance between the two). Freud put his theories into practice in psychoanalytic therapy, a process in which a psychologist or other therapist converses with a patient one-on-one to address certain mental or emotional issues.

Answer 22

American psychologist B. F. Skinner was an early behaviorist, meaning that he systematically studied behavior in conjunction with other factors (environmental, motivational, etc.). Skinner is best known for his work in operant conditioning, where he used a device called a "Skinner box" to study the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior.

Answer 23

Psychologist Gordon Allport is known for his studies of personality, where he outlined a form of trait theory that included three basic types of traits: cardinal traits, central traits, and secondary traits. Cardinal traits are those around which people organize their entire lives. In contrast, central traits are defining characteristics of a person that can be easily inferred from that person's behavior. Finally, secondary traits are those that only occur sometimes, particularly when a person is in a certain social situation.

Answer 24

John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment involved the use of classical conditioning and stimulus generalization to cause a healthy young boy to fear furry animals and objects.

Answer 25

Solomon Asch's conformity experiment demonstrated that individuals often conform to a group view, even when the group view differs from a clearly correct answer. Asch used a task in which a participant, along with several of Asch's confederates, were told to judge the relative lengths of drawn lines. The confederates would give a clearly-incorrect opinion regarding which line was shorter or longer, causing the participant (who did not know that the others in the room were "in on it") to conform to this incorrect view in some cases.

Answer 26

Albert Bandura, a social cognitive psychologist, famously conducted his "Bobo doll" experiments, which showed that children can display observational learning for aggressive behavior when they watch adults exhibit such behavior.

Answer 27

Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment focused on the effects of power and authority on individuals. Participants designated as "guards" were given power over participants designated as "prisoners," and over time, the guards began to exhibit progressively more abusive and problematic behavior

Answer 28

Milgram's electric shock experiment also relates to authority. This experiment indicated that participants were willing to administer painful stimuli to others if instructed to do so by an authority figure. In reality, the "others" in the study were actors who were simply pretending to be shocked.

Answer 29

Abraham Maslow famously developed Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a schematic of human needs in order from the most basic (food, water, etc.) to the most high-level (self-actualization).

Answer 30

Hans Eysenck studied personality with a strong focus on the biological perspective, which considers personality differences to be the result of biological factors.

Answer 31

Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment examined the intergroup conflicts that arise in response to competition over limited resources.

Answer 32

Anomie refers to the breakdown of social bonds, such as social norms, between individuals and communities. Sociologists use strain theory to study how the social breakdown characteristic of anomie can lead to social deviance and crime, which can in turn reinforce social stratification and dysfunction. associated with high levels of anomie I. Rapid changes in society II. Low levels of income III. High heterogeneity

Answer 33

Social dysfunction may also involve poverty, which refers to the state of having low socioeconomic status and few resources, financial or otherwise. Poverty exists in either absolute or relative terms. Absolute poverty refers to deprivation of basic needs like food, potable water, shelter, and healthcare. Relative poverty (or relative deprivation) refers to the condition in which a person lacks the minimum income or resources needed to maintain the average standard of living for a community or society. So, the poorest people in America, for the most part, suffer from relative poverty: they are still better off than the poorest people in the poorest countries of the world, who suffer from absolute poverty.

Answer 34

Negativity bias is when the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon, not the good aspects.

Answer 35

the nervous and endocrine systems via the pituitary gland

Answer 36

Face validity describes the extent to which a study appears to assess what it is intended to assess—that is, more or less, the degree to which it "seems right" to participants and researchers. Content validity refers to whether a study comprehensively accounts for all the relevant facets of the phenomenon it is intended to investigate.

Answer 37

reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action.

Answer 38

George Mead theorized that one's identity is developed through social interaction. In order to develop a self, an individual has to be able to view his- or herself through the eyes of others, which is a skill that must be learned. Mead proposed two versions of the self: the "me" and the "I." The "me" is the attitudes, roles, meanings, pressures, and values of society and others around the individual that are organized into one's social self through role-taking. The "I" is the part of the self that can be identified with desires, freedom, and creativity. Essentially, the "me" is the social self and the "I" is one's response to the "me." Through socialization, individuals learn to look at the world through others' perspectives.

Answer 39

Role strain involves a problem fitting into an existing role, such as the student's problem with getting good grades. Role conflict involves two roles coming into conflict, such as when the student experiences conflict as a student and worker.

Answer 40

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance For these stages, you can remember the acronym Death Always Brings Definite Acceptance. The stages are sequenced in the following order: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Answer 41

Primary aging describes the aging of biological factors and the physical body. Aging that relates to behavioral factors like diet and exercise is defined as secondary aging.

Answer 42

General adaptation syndrome is a term created by Hans Selye to describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Selye thought that the general adaptation syndrome involved two major systems of the body, the nervous system and the endocrine system. He then went on to outline what he considered as three distinctive stages in the syndrome's evolution. He called these stages the alarm reaction (AR), the stage of resistance (SR), and the stage of exhaustion (SE).

Answer 43

The "theory of cognitive appraisal" explains the mental processes which influence the stressors. According to the theory, stress is a two-way process; it involves the production of stressors by the environment as well as the response of an individual subjected to these stressors. Cognitive appraisal occurs when a person considers the threat posed by and the resources needed to minimize the stressors affecting them. According to this theory, two distinct forms of cognitive appraisal must occur in order for an individual to feel stress in response to an event; Lazarus called these stages "primary appraisal" and "secondary appraisal".[1] During primary appraisal, an event is interpreted as dangerous to the individual or threatening to their personal goals. During secondary appraisal, the individual evaluates their ability or resources to be able to cope with a specific situation

Answer 44

Thaler and Johnson have found that individual risk-taking behavior is affected by prior gains and losses. They found that after a prior gain, people become more open to assuming risk since the new money is not treated as one's own. This is known as the house money effect.

Answer 45

a situation in which two players each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime.

Answer 46

a level of measurement in which numbers serve only to label categories of a variable

Answer 47

A ratio level of measurement is one in which there are a range of quantitative responses, ordered at equally-spaced intervals, and with it being possible to score 0 (complete absence of the quantity).

Answer 48

The view that anomie results when socially defined goals (such as wealth and power) are universally mandated but access to legitimate means (such as education and job opportunities) is stratified by class and status. Anomie theory states that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society.

Answer 49

a theory of social movements that focuses on the actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in the society Relative deprivation theory posits that individuals who perceive themselves as having less resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources.

Answer 50

all of them to an extent

Answer 51

connection between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber The neuromuscular junction, or NMJ, is the synapse that separates a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. This synapse is pictured below. Inside the motor neuron are vesicles that contain neurotransmitter (specifically, acetylcholine) molecules. These vesicles can fuse with the axonal membrane in a calcium-dependent manner to release acetylcholine into the synapse. Binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the muscle fiber membrane initiates the contraction process.

Answer 52

the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors Reciprocal determinism is the theory set forth by Albert Bandura that a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the environment. In this scenario, the skeptic does not believe in the supernatural power of a medium, but attends multiple séances where they may see evidence that could soften their views. It appears this behavior of attending séances, in conjunction with the social environment of others who attend the séances, caused the skeptic's views on supernatural phenomena to shift.

Answer 53

watching others

Answer 54

A formal positive sanction is an official reward for an action or behavior. For example, individuals who help others in a crisis are often given a reward or a medal for doing so. A formal negative sanction is an official punishment for an action or behavior; for example, a customer who was violent with others may be banned from a store for life - this is a consequence enforced by a group or organization, the business or store.

Answer 55

An ideal bureaucracy will make decisions in accordance with its mission—in this case, to create value for shareholders. Ideal bureaucracies should have a hierarchical structure. Employees should be specialized in an ideal bureaucracy. One criticism of bureaucracies is that employees are promoted until they become insufficiently competent for their positions. The term bureaucracy refers to a rational system of administration, control, and discipline that is characteristic of large organizations. A typical (or ideal) bureaucracy has the following defining characteristics, which were first noted by the German sociologist and political economist Max Weber: it has a formal hierarchical structure; it is managed via a set of defined, specific rules and regulations; it is organized by functional specialty, with different workers performing different, specialized tasks; it has a unified mission that is either "up-focused," that is, to serve shareholders, a board, or some other entity that empowers it, or "in-focused", that is, to serve itself through maximizing profit or maximizing market share; it is purposefully impersonal; and employment is based on technical qualifications, either advanced degrees or training. These characteristics mean that bureaucracies are not very adaptable and that they can be quite inefficient. The British naval historian C. Northcote Parkinson added a seventh characteristic to Weber's six, demonstrating that the management and professional staff of bureaucracies tend to grow at a steady, predictable rate, regardless of what the organization is actually doing. This is known as Parkinson's law.

Answer 56

selecting and highlighting certain aspects of a situation while ignoring other aspects

Answer 57

a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate or try to find reasons for their own and others' behaviors

Answer 58

the phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack of prestige are passed from one generation to the next, aka poverty begets poverty

Answer 59

increases: velocity Doesn't effect: strength of action potential bc neural impulse is all or nothing

Answer 60

Motor neurons are efferent neurons, sensory neurons are afferent neurons, and interneurons are neither.

Answer 61

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure

Answer 62

Ecological validity refers to how findings from an experimental setting can be generalized to the environmental considerations in the real world.

Answer 63

Convergence theory has its roots in the functionalist perspective, which assumes that societies have certain requirements that must be met if they are to survive and operate effectively. The characteristics of these nations effectively converge.

Answer 64

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance According to differential association theory, individuals engage in criminal choices because they are exposed to it, while individuals who don't commit crimes have not been exposed to this type of behavior. Thus, a child going from an area in which he is likely to be exposed to crime to an area where he is not likely to be exposed will reduce the likelihood of this individual committing a crime.

Answer 65

The limbic system includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and several other structures, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and motivation. It is distinct from the mesolimbic pathway (or reward pathway), which is located in the midbrain and plays a role in addiction.

Answer 66

power deriving from one's personal attraction, motivates without using knowledge or logic (so opposite of an expert, relies on peripheral route processing)

Answer 67

Informational power refers to the ability to deploy relevant information to bring about change or influence others' behavior, while expert power refers to the power conferred by the socially symbolic status of being a credentialed expert in a field. The conflict between these two approaches is exemplified by debates about alternative medicine. Informational power is deployed when someone who may not have formal training in a field cites studies in support of their opinion, while expert power is often used by physicians to counteract such claims that may be incorrect.

Answer 68

making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing that those memories are true.

Answer 69

Huntington's disease is a fatal condition characterized by involuntary movements and dementia. It is caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the gene that encodes the huntingtin protein on chromosome 4; this causes the progressive atrophy of brain structures. This disease has autosomal dominant inheritance.

Answer 70

describes a person who is in the midst of an identity crisis, considering changing their identity, and is actively seeking alternative identities

Answer 71

finding out how existing social structures promote social stability. It typically concerns itself with the interaction of macro-level institutions and social structures rather than individuals' beliefs and identities.

Answer 72

B. F. Skinner. It is a school of psychological research that focuses on individual behavior alone, ignoring mental states such as beliefs and identities.

Answer 73

Long-term potentiation Strengthening of synapses with repeated use over time

Answer 74

balance and an individual's sense of his body in the world.

Answer 75

intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, or individuals.

Answer 76

is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol.

Answer 77

a need for social isolation, anxiety in social situations, odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs

Answer 78

the two hemispheres of the brain are joined

Answer 79

mean values of two different groups

Answer 80

ability to reason about what other people know or believe

Answer 81

1. Sensorimotor 0-18 months 2. Peroperational 18 mo-7years 3. Concrete Operations 7-11 4. Formal Operations 11-18

Answer 82

hypothalamus

Answer 83

4 -also called delta sleep due to delta waves -During this "deep sleep," there is no eye movement or muscle activity. This is when some children may also experience sleepwalking, or night terrors.

Answer 84

additive In other words, two variables may impact the dependent variable much more when presented together than one would expect if the effects of each variable alone were added.

Answer 85

the tendency, in making judgments, to rely on the first piece of information encountered or information that comes most quickly to mind

Answer 86

making a judgment based on emotions that are evoked

Answer 87

occurs when an individual's behavior changes based on perceived negative stereotypes about himself or herself.

Answer 88

increased recall when the subject is in a similar environment as the one in which the original learning took place.

Answer 89

expectations of others

Answer 90

resemble each other. A species with low sexual dimorphism contains males and females that look mostly identical. High sexual dimorphism signals intense competition for mates, while animals from species with low sexual dimorphism typically form pair bonds and mate for life.

Answer 91

caretaking of offspring by individuals other than the biological parents

Answer 92

the desire for stimulation A stimulus motive is defined as a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity. For example, imagine a cat who lives inside an apartment. One of the cat's stimulus motives is the desire to explore his environment (for example, walk around the apartment, jump inside cupboards or cabinets, etc.). This is not necessary for survival — the cat could easily survive simply by sitting in one place and moving only to acquire food or water. Instead, this motive can be thought of as primarily for the cat's stimulation or entertainment.

Answer 93

knows that the others are incorrect, but still feels pressure to not dissent from the rest of the group.

Answer 94

a period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions

Answer 95

Psychologist Edward Thorndike originally observed what he came to term the law of effect when observing cats placed inside a box. Within the box was a lever which, when stepped on, would open the box, allowing the cat to obtain food. Initially, the cats would step on the lever by accident, but in subsequent trials, the time it took them to step on the lever lessened with each trial. Thorndike generalized this behavior by surmising that actions which lead to desirable consequences are likely to be repeated.

Answer 96

Social control describes the ways in which society can prevent and sanction behavior that violates social norms.

Answer 97

Awake, but fatigued and less than fully alert

Answer 98

awake and fully alert

Answer 99

delta waves

Answer 100

delta waves

Answer 101

operant conditioning involves changing the frequency of a behavior, whereas classical conditioning involves changing the cues that a behavior is associated with.

Answer 102

a process being transmitted across groups ex. low SES stuendts could learn new learning methods by going to a high SES school system

Answer 103

Conflict theorists call economic conditions "substructure" and everything else "superstructure." While Marx (who is considered the founder of conflict theory) focuses purely on economic gain, conflict theorists in general do not necessarily limit their analysis to material gain.

Answer 104

. He created a taxonomy of 16 different personality traits that could be used to describe and explain individual differences between people's personalities

Answer 105

Gordon Allport established trait theories describing cardinal, central, and secondary traits that contribute to an individual’s personality.

Answer 106

- was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to "grow", they need an environment that provides them with genuineness - known for client-centered therapy

Answer 107

Anhedonia is a difficulty feeling pleasure

Answer 108

Anomie is a social condition in which there is a disintegration or disappearance of the norms and values that were previously common to the society. The concept, thought of as “normlessness,” was developed by the founding sociologist, Émile Durkheim. He discovered, through research, that anomie occurs during and follows periods of drastic and rapid changes to the social, economic, or political structures of society. It is, per Durkheim's view, a transition phase wherein the values and norms common during one period are no longer valid, but new ones have not yet evolved to take their place

Answer 109

a more subtle form of depression

Answer 110

Interposition is a monocular cue that occurs when one object obscures another, which causes the object that is partially covered to appear more distant. Because we only see part of what we expect, we interpret the object that is partially covered as being further away.

Answer 111

place theory posits that one is able to hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane.

Answer 112

Drives the whole system (e.g., the boss of working memory) and allocates data to the subsystems: the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. It also deals with cognitive tasks such as mental arithmetic and problem-solving.

Answer 113

Stores and processes information in a visual or spatial form (ex navigation)

Answer 114

Part of working memory that deals with spoken and written material. It can be used to remember a phone number. It consists of two parts 1. Phonological Store (inner ear) – Linked to speech perception. Holds information in a speech-based form (i.e., spoken words) for 1-2 seconds. 2. Articulatory control process (inner voice) – Linked to speech production. Used to rehearse and store verbal information from the phonological store.

Answer 115

dopaminergic pathway in the brain.

Answer 116

Observational learning has 4 stages – attention to the behavior, memory of the behavior, ability or capability to behave similarly and motivation or drive to behave similarly.

Answer 117

cquiescence bias is a category of response bias in which respondents to a survey have a tendency to agree with all the questions or to indicate a positive connotation. Acquiescence is sometimes referred to as "yea-saying" and is the tendency of a respondent to agree with a statement when in doubt.

Answer 118

another test that is used most often in the field.

Answer 119

Content validity is different from face validity, which refers not to what the test actually measures, but to what it superficially appears to measure. ... In clinical settings, content validity refers to the correspondence between test items and the symptom content of a syndrome.

Answer 120

Content and Construct Validity. ... Construct validity means the test measures the skills/abilities that should be measured. Content validity means the test measures appropriate content.

Answer 121

Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure?

Answer 122

Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure? To confirm: Consult an expert to determine whether the questionnaire measures all facets of empathy equally

Answer 123

Does the content of the test appear to be suitable to its aims?

Answer 124

Do the results correspond to a different test of the same thing?

Answer 125

that underlying stress, when exacerbated by current stressors, can lead to disturbed functioning.

Answer 126

experiences at an early age can impact a person throughout his life.

Answer 127

affect subsequent relationships.

Answer 128

internal aspects of an individual’s psyche, and is associated with psychoanalytic theories of personality. Such theories are based upon the idea that our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories both determine our personalities and motivate our choices and actions. The most famous and notable proponent of psychoanalytic theory was Freud.

Answer 129

the context of an individual, including interpersonal factors (relationships with others), social/cultural factors, and community-level factors.

Answer 130

the respondent’s way of construing the world according to the personal construct theory. This test if often used to determine an idiographic (the effort to understand the meaning of contingent, unique, and often subjective phenomena) measure of personality.

Answer 131

A Weber test has a patient report a sound that ideally should be heard equally on both sides. In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the Weber tuning fork louder, the finding indicates a conductive hearing loss in the defective ear. This is very similar to a diagnostic application of Weber’s law.

Answer 132

is a statistical calculation performed before a study to determine the minimum sample size needed for the study to have enough power. In other words, it determines the minimum number of participants you need to have in your study.

Answer 133

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion The alarm stage represents the initial reaction to the stressor, when the body interprets a threatening situation and begins to respond. This may take place at the beginning of the semester, when the students take their first exam. During the resistance stage , the body has responded to the stressor but is still on guard if the stressor has only been reduced. Students experience the resistance stage as the semester goes on and they continue to experience exam stress. According to this model, their ability to manage the stress decreases as time goes on. Finally, during the exhaustion stage, the stress has been present for a long time and the body has lost its ability to combat stressors and reduce their impact. By the end of a semester, students have had exam-related stress for months; they no longer feel able to manage their stress. This is considered exhaustion.

Answer 134

is deviance from a norm that is considered “acceptable” by society and does not result in any aggressive reactions that could cause ostracism.

Answer 135

is not considered acceptable and often results in the individual being excluded from a group.

Answer 136

hen the brain interprets multiple stimuli at once

Answer 137

artistic behaviors.

Answer 138

analytical behavior also language**

Answer 139

right brain hemisphere and vice versa.

Answer 140

observing others

Answer 141

occur when participants behave in a way that they believe is expected in a study, based on the observation of others. This would occur if opposing groups were present and participants reported being less biased as a result of having these participants there.

Answer 142

is the attribution of others’ actions to internal factors and one’s own actions to external factors.

Answer 143

the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed.

Answer 144

a belief by individuals that doesn’t reflect the reality of the system. Believing in mobility when there is actually little mobility is an example.

Answer 145

frontotemporal strucutures The processing of auditory information is conducted in the brain structures within the frontal and temporal lobes (primarily the latter).

Answer 146

is when immigrants merge new and old customs.

Answer 147

reinforcement is provided as the individual more closely approximates a target behavior. This occurs in this experiment when individuals receive feedback as they come closer to the target gait.

Answer 148

postulates that some people are born with genetic or biological traits that predispose them to depression. When they are in certain environments, these traits are activated and depression emerges.

Answer 149

optimistic individuals tend to interpret negative events as external, temporary, and non-global

Answer 150

violate norms, but this violation does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others. He still feels like he belongs in society and conforms to norms during all other experiences.

Answer 151

occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begins to change after his actions are labeled as deviant. For example, if the customer were violent and aggressive every time he went shopping, he would develop a reputation as a “bad customer,” which may make him even more violent and aggressive.

Answer 152

is a consequence of secondary deviance; when a person is labeled as a deviant by society for a long time, he tries to normalize or rationalize his behavior by relabeling it non-deviant. It becomes his master status, or a normal and central part of who he is as a person.

Answer 153

The principle of good continuity holds that humans tend to perceive each of two or more objects as different, singular, and uninterrupted object even when they intersect. (look up pic) *key word is overlapping* ex. When observing two intersecting lines of different colors, instead of noticing four separate lines, we perceive two.

Answer 154

Binocular cues are those that require both eyes; these cues include convergence, or the way the eye muscles coordinate to view images at different distances. The brain determines the extent of the eyes’ inward turning, allowing us to obtain information regarding the depth of an object.

Answer 155

Relative size relates to the brain’s interpretation of larger objects as closer.

Answer 156

motion parallax is the interpretation of faster-moving objects as closer

Answer 157

relative height is the brain’s perception of objects that are higher in our field of vision as farther away

Answer 158

during stage 1 sleep and when a person is drowsy

Answer 159

in alert individuals along with in rem sleep

Answer 160

Treisman’s attenuation model proposes that we “turn down,” or attenuate, the intensity of less important stimuli to focus on other tasks. Treisman’s model explains that, even after the intensity of a perceived stimulus has been attenuated, it can increase and claim more of our attention if it continues. The Broadbent model states that some distracting stimuli are selectively filtered out at a “bottleneck,” preventing them from ever reaching the subject’s higher-level processing.

Answer 161

Reconstructive bias is a type of bias related to memory. Most research on memories suggests that our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think, especially when we are remembering times of high stress.

Answer 162

1. reciprocity 2. consistency 3. social proof (people rely on social cues from others on how to think, feel and act in many situations) 4. liking-if they like you 5. authority (like expert influence) 6. scarcity

Answer 163

Sternberg’s triarchic theory posits that three distinct components contribute to a person’s overall intelligence. Analytical intelligence does refer to problem-solving aptitude, and practical intelligence does relate to the ability to notice and respond to one’s surroundings. However, while the third component is termed creative intelligence, it relates to novel situations, not new ideas.

Answer 164

explicit remember that episodic memory is a type of explicit memory, and that explicit and declarative memory are synonymous.

Answer 165

operant conditioning

Psych Flashcards II

(195 cards)