psych in general Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
Scientific Attitude
A
Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility
2
Q
Critical thinking
A
don’t blindly accept things
3
Q
psychology =
A
philosophy + physiology
4
Q
Socrates and Plato
A
the mind is separable from the body and continues to live after the body dies, knowledge is innate
5
Q
Aristotle
A
Data, observation, knowledge is not preexisting; it grows from remembered experiences
6
Q
Rene Descartes
A
Mind is entirely distinct from the body and able to survive after death, “animal spirits” flowed through brain cavities through nerves into muscles
7
Q
Francis Bacon
A
One of the founders of modern science, common sense
8
Q
John Locke
A
Labula Rasa
9
Q
Empiricism
A
Locke and Bacon, knowledge comes from experience, observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
10
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
A
Birth of psychology
11
Q
G. Stanley Hall
A
Establishes the first formal US psychology lab at John Hopkins
12
Q
Early psych schools
A
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism
13
Q
structuralism
A
Wundt and Tichener, used introspection
14
Q
Tichener
A
promoted structuralism, used introspection
15
Q
Introspection
A
looking inward at yourself to study yourselfWil
16
Q
William James
A
Gen Z Darwin
17
Q
Functionalism
A
promoted by James and influenced by Darwin, how mental and behavioral processes FUNCTION
18
Q
Mary Whiton Calkins
A
First woman to be president of the American Psychological Association
19
Q
Margaret Floy Washburn
A
First female psychology Ph.D
20
Q
Experimental psychologists
A
use experiments to investigate basic behavioral processes in animals
21
Q
John B Watson and BF Skinner
A
Psychology is the scientific study of observable behavior
22
Q
Behaviorism
A
Psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior WITHOUT reference to mental processes
23
Q
Psychoanalytic Psychology
A
Freud’s crap
24
Q
Humanistic psychologists
A
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasized human growth potential, everyone is born good
25
Psychometrics
Study of the MEASUREMENT of our abilities, attitudes, and traits
26
Biological psychologists
explore links between body and mind
27
Developmental psychologists
study the change between our abilities as we grow
28
Cognitive psychologists
experiment how we think
29
educational psychologists
Study influences on teaching and learning
30
Personality psychologsists
investigate our personalities persistent traits
31
Social psychologists
explore how we think about one another
32
Psychometrics and quantitative psychologists
study math-related methods to acquire psychological knowledge
33
forensic psychologists
legal crap
34
Environmental psychologists
study interactions between individuals and their environments
35
Health psychologists
How does psychology promote health and prevent disease
36
Neuropsychologists
investigate relationship between neurological processes and behavior (alzheimers, stroke, adhd)
37
Rehabilitation psychologists
rehabilitate people who have lost optimal functioning
38
School psychologists
#gifted kids
39
Basic research
just science
40
Applied research
science that aims to solve problems
41
Industrial-organizational psychology
using psychology to do your job better, also called I/O psychologists
42
Human factors psychology
allied with I/O psych that explores how people and machines interact and how to make that safer
43
Counseling psychology
Assists people in living
44
Clinical psychology
treats people
45
Psychiatry
medicine
46
Community psychology
studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect people
47
Dorothea Dix
Thearapist
48
Hindsight Bias
Thinking that you would have foreseen the results after the outcome
49
Philip Tetlock
Predictions are right less than 40 percent of the time
50
Overconfidence Effect
Being very sure of a fact, the difference between what you know and what you think you know
51
Confirmation bias
Looking for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignoring stuff that doesn't
52
Hawthorne effect
When participants alter their behavior because they know they're being watched
53
Descriptive stats
ways to organize and describe data
54
Mean
add up the numbers then divide by the amount of numbers, influenced heavily by outliers
55
Median
Place numbers in order and then find the middle, best for representation
56
Mode
Number that occurs most
57
Measures of central tendency
Mean, median, mode
58
Measures of variability / variance
Range, Standard deviation
59
Range
Highest number minus the lowest number
60
Standard deviation
the average distance a score is from the mean, represented by a Z-score
61
Z-score
Standard deviation
62
Normal distributions
68, 95, 99
63
Inferential statistics
draw conclusions from a dataset
64
Statistical significance
P value
65
P value
Statistical significance
66
Neurons
Smallest building blocks of behavior, messengers coded for one specific neurotransmitter
67
Glial cells
Provide support for neurons, processing speed, feeding neurons, clean up remains with dead neurons
68
Sensory neurons / Afferent neurons
senses stuff BESIDES SMELL, carry information to brain or spinal cord
69
Interneurons / Relay neurons
Worker bees, communicate from brain and spinal cord
70
Motor neurons / Efferent neurons
Movement, brain to skeletal muscles
71
SAME
Sensory, Afferent, Motor, Efferent
72
Dendrite
recieve messages from other cells
73
Soma / Cell body
life-support, decides if message is strong enough to pass on
74
Axon
Pathway through neuron
75
Myelin sheath
covers axon, acts as conductor, degenerative
76
Degenerative myelin sheath -->
multiple sclerosis
77
Axon terminals / Axon buttons / Terminal buttons / Axon branches / terminal branches
end of axon, sends messages to other neurons
78
Communication in one neuron is...
electrical
79
Communication between two neurons is...
chemical
80
Resting potential
the state of an inactive neuron when not firing an impulse, negatively charged
81
All or none principal
a message either fires or it doesnt
82
Action potential
When a neuron is gonna fire, positively charged, depolarization
83
Depolarization
sodium enters, mixes with potassium and chloride, changes from negative to positive
84
Refractory Period
Brief period after firing where a neuron can't fire again, repolarization
85
Repolarization
everything goes back to how it was, negative charge
86
Sodium ion pump
the bull crap that happens with sodium going in and out of a neuron
87
Synapse / synaptic cleft / synaptic gap
the space in between two neurons that the chemical message has to travel
88
Receptor sites
the things at the end of the dendrites that catch the neurotransmitters
89
Reuptake
Biological basis of depression, Serotonin is sucked back into the buttons, stopping it from moving on
90
SSRI
antidepressant, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
91
Nervous system
bundles of neurons, message system, electrical wiring
92
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain and spinal cord, coordinates actions and interactions, largest section
93
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Connects CNS to the rest of the body, includes Motor pathways, sensory pathways, Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, and parasympathetic nervous system
94
Motor pathways
part of PNS, signals brain's thoughts to muscles
95
Sensory pathways
Part of PNS, signals senses to brain
96
Somatic Nervous System
Brain to muscles, deciding to do stuff
97
Autonomic Nervous System
Automatic crap, includes sympathetic and parasympathetic
98
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fight flight or freeze system, emergency response, things shut down to give you energy
99
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Calms person, resets after emergency is over
100
Consciousness
State of alert, how aware are you
101
Subconscious
Memories and stuff you can't access without help
102
Unconscious
Psychodynamic crap, hidden memories you can't access no matter what
103
Altered state
Paradoxal (opposing things are happening, brain is conscious but body is shut down)
104
Pineal gland
melatonin
105
Circadian rhythm
16 hours awake, 8 hours asleep
106
Supra chiasmatic nucleus
runs off of daylight, when daylight ends it starts producing melatonin, wakes you up when the sun rises
107
Sleep cycle
90 minutes, 3-5 times per night
108
beta waves
awake, 15-30 hz, alert, anxious
109
Alpha waves
7-12 hz, relaxed, ready for sleep
110
theta waves
4-7hz, stages 1 and 2 of NRem, early sleep
111
Delta waves
up to 4hz, deep sleep, stage 3 of NRem
112
NRem stage 1
light sleep, hallucinations, hypnagogic sensations / hypnagogic jerks
113
hypnagogic sensations / hypnagogic jerks
when your body jerks when you're sleeping as if you're falling, NRem stage 1
114
NRem stage 2
Body temp drops, sleep spindles, sleep talking
115
Sleep spindles
sudden burst of energy in theta waves, NRem stage 2
116
NRem stage 3
Deep sleep, slow wave sleep, memories being processed, human growth hormones being produced (which is why babies sleep a lot), immune system refreshes itself, sleepwalking
117
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement, beta waves, brain looks like its awake, dream sleep
118
REM / sleep paralysis
inability to voluntarily move muscles during REM sleep, your brain wakes up but your body is still sleeping
119
sleep deprivation
condition of not having enough sleep, chronic or acute; causes irritability, lack of motivation, anxiety, sleep-deprivation psychosis, depression, aging, cardiovascular disease
120
REM sleep rebound
increase in REM sleep after you have a night of just a little REM sleep
121
Sleep-deprivation psychosis
break in reality caused by sleep deprivation
122
Microsleep
30 seconds where your brain is asleep, usually when you're in a routine on autopilot
123
Insomnia
inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get good sleep, can be acute (reason) or chronic (no reason)
124
Sleep Apnea
disorder where a person stops breathing for 30 seconds, usually happens to overweight people
125
Narcolepsy
person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning, genetic
126
Somnambulism
sleepwalking, NRem stage 1-3, more common in children than adults, motor cortex is awake but hippocampus isn't, genetic, amygdala is also asleep (makes them fearless)
127
Nightmares
bad dreams during REM
128
Night terrors
relatively rare disorder where someone is really scared of something during deep sleep, combines with sleepwalking, don't remember it
129
REM sleep behavior disorder
body isn't asleep, so a person can act out of dream behavior, Neurodegenerative disorder
130
Wish fulfillment dream theory
dreams represent things you would like to do that are socially unacceptable, focuses on Latent (unconscious wishes) and Manifest (symbolic version of that wish) content, lacks scientific support
131
Information-Processing Dream Theory
We dream to file away memories, your dreams focus on the memories that you're going through and filing away
132
Activation-Synthesis Dream Theory
Your brain has so much computing power that it spends time creating stories for you, most widely accepted
133
Cognitive Development Dream Theory
You dream to enhance cognitive development, people don't like this because it doesn't offer much, ex doing math homework in a dream
134
Dream Theory 5
We dream to develop and preserve neural pathways, use it or lose it, like playing an instrument so it doesn't get out of tune
135
Maturation
Learning, relatively permanent change caused by experience or practice
136
Ivan Pavlov
accidentally discovered classical conditioning
137
Classical conditioning
associating one event with another... stimulus and response
138
Acquisition
First time the conditioned response is caused by the conditioned stimulus
139
Higher-Order / Second-Order conditioning
adding another neutral stimulus to make the process longer
140
Extinction
Deconditioning, decreasing response to stimulus, removing the unconditioned stimulus
141
Spontaneous Recovery
Random moments of the connection happening again after deconditioning
142
Little Albert
Conditioned fear, didn't decondition
143
Stimulus Generalization
when the fear extends to things that are similar to the original thing
144
Stimulus Discrimination
Opposite of stimulus generalization
145
Systematic desensitization
incremental exposure of the thing you fear to make you not afraid of it
146
