Units 3-5 Flashcards
(326 cards)
1
Q
Maturation
A
Learning, relatively permanent change caused by experience or practice
2
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
Pavlovs dog, associating two events together, stimulus and response
3
Q
Operant conditioning
A
Learning by avoiding punishment and repeating reward, reinforced behaviors, learn stuff by accident and remember what you learned
4
Q
Observational Learning / cognitive learning
A
learn by observing and imitating
5
Q
John B Watson
A
Father of Behaviorism
6
Q
Ivan Pavlov
A
Physiologist, wanted to discover digestive properties of saliva but accidentally discovered classical conditioning
7
Q
Neutral Stimulus
A
Stimulus that doesn’t make a response (bell)
8
Q
Unconditioned Stimulus
A
What does make a natural response (food)
9
Q
Unconditioned response
A
the natural response to the US (saliva)
10
Q
Conditioned stimulus
A
same as neutral stimulus (bell)
11
Q
Conditioned Response
A
same as unconditioned response (saliva)
12
Q
Acquisition
A
The first time the CR is caused by the CS, for this to happen CS comes HALF A SECOND before UCS
13
Q
Higher-Order Conditioning / Second-Order Conditioning
A
adding another neutral system to make the process longer, skipping more steps
14
Q
Extinction
A
Conditioning, decreasing response to stimulus by removing the unconditioned stimulus (ex not giving food after ringing bell)
15
Q
Spontaneous Recovery
A
Random moments after reconditioning where the CR comes from the CR
16
Q
Little Albert
A
classically conditioning fear… white rat –> loud noise –> fear
17
Q
Stimulus Generalization
A
Response comes from things similar to stimulus
18
Q
Stimulus discrimination
A
Opposite of stimulus generalization, ability to tell difference between stimulus
19
Q
Systematic Desensitization
A
incremental exposure, slowly exposing you to something so that you normalize it, treats phobias (ex stuffed animals)
20
Q
Thorndike
A
creator of operant conditioning
21
Q
Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
A
starved cats for a few days, placed them in a box with food outside with a button to open the box… trial and error learning
22
Q
Law of Effect
A
if behavior is followed by something SATISFACTORY it will occur more, if its followed by something DISSATISFACTORY it will occur less
23
Q
B.F. Skinner
A
changes law of effect to behaviors followed by REINFORCEMENT occur more, and things followed by PUNISHMENT occur less
24
Q
Skinner Box
A
Rats press bar for food
25
Shaping
Gradual rewards, use successive approximations to shape... rewarding each step at a time
26
Reinforcing Stimulus
Outcome that increases likelihood of a behavior, reinforcement
27
Primary Reinforcement
things we don't have to learn to like: food, air, sleep, water, sex for procreation... anything for survival
28
Secondary Reinforcement
Conditioned reinforcement, anything you learn to like... candy
29
Positive Reinforcement
Add something good so behavior will be repeated... giving candy
30
Negative Reinforcement
Taking something bad away so you will do it again, avoidance behavior... taking meds
31
Avoidence behaviors
enacting a behavior to avoid something bad... putting up an umbrella to avoid the rain
32
Punishing Stimulus
Consequence that decreases behavior, TIME MATTERS
33
Positive Punishment
adding something bad to reduce a behavior... being given a detention slip
34
Negative Punishment
Removal of something good to reduce a behavior... getting grounded
35
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
giving someone reinforcement after every single time... doesn't work long term
36
Partial Reinforcement Schedules
Includes ratio and interval schedules... variable is stronger than fixed
37
Fixed Ratio
set number of behaviors... buy six cups of coffee get a cup free
38
Variable Ratio
varying amount of behaviors... gambling, selling door to door
39
Fixed Interval
Fixed amount of time... taking medicine, getting report cards
40
Variable Interval
varying amount of time, hunting, pop quizzes
41
Observational / Cognitive Learning
Shaping, Modeling, Vicarious reinforcement, happens more in childhood
42
Mirror Neurons
Neurons just for watching what happens in an environment, watching and remembering
43
Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll
teaching aggression, kids would watch an adult beat up a bobo doll and model the behavior
44
People are more likely to imitate actions if...
Someone is in authority, person is similar in age sex or interests, someone we admire, someone of a higher social status, someone we perceive as warm or nurturing, someone who receives rewards for behavior, when you've been rewarded for imitating behavior in the past, if you lack confidence in yourself, or if the situation is confusing or unfamiliar
45
Modeling
Showing how something is done
46
Vicarious learning
Model shows behavior and viewers observe and then imitate (ex watching a makeup tutorial and doing it yourself)
47
Vicarious reinforcement
Watching someone else be reinforcement (ex watching a makeup tutorial and at the end someone else tells the person doing the tutorial they look good)
48
Vicarious
watching someone else do something and learning... think of youtube tutorials
49
Social Cognitive Theory
You need to have four things to learn by observing: Attention, Memory, Imitation/Reproduction, and Motivation (MAIM)
50
Self-Efficacy
How much do you believe you can reach a goal, what do YOU think your limits are... this is the key to successful navigation of goals
51
Reciprocal Determinism
there's a triangle of effects between personal factors, environments, and behavior (PFEB)
52
Memory
Learning that persists over time
53
Information-Processing Model
encoding memory is like a computer... encode, store, retrieve
54
Encoding
How do you input and process information (no such thing as multitasking)
55
automatic processing
unconscious processing, three types space time and frequency, things can become automatic processing
56
Effortful Processing
Conscious effect that requires attention to process
57
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating something to remember it
58
Spacing Effect
Space your rehearsal out so you remember better
59
Primacy Effect
You remember the first term more
60
Semantic Distinctiveness
you remember special terms that mean something different than anything else
61
Chunking
you remember a phrase of multiple terms
62
Recency effect
you remember the last word
63
Constructive memory
remembering something that didn't happen
64
Visual encoding
encoding pictures
65
Acoustic encoding
encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
66
semantic encoding
encoding meaning, like the meaning of words
67
Implicit / Non declarative Memory
Remembering how to do something without being aware of it, automatically translating the actions
68
Procedural memories
memories that include movement, ex riding a bike or brushing your teeth (habits)
69
Conditioned memories
starts as something that you did need to remember than then turned into something you don't... learned emotional responses to stimuli
70
Eididic Memory
Photographic memory, mostly seen in kids, can also be sound or taste
71
Explicit / Declarative Memory
Effortfully encoded and processed memories
72
Semantic Memory
Remembering facts and knowledge (ex your multiplication tables), includes scripts of what happens in certain situations (ex only the bride wears white)
73
Episodic Memory
Memories for personal events at a specific place and time (ex where and when your first kiss was)
74
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
how memories go from short to long term, which happens when you're sleeping in the hippocampus
75
Amygdala
Explicit and Episodic Memory, primary processor for emotional memories
76
Flashbulb memories
memories of things that happened that were incredibly emotional
77
Cerebellum
Procedural Memory
78
Basal Ganglia
Memory retrieval and procedural memory (habits)
79
Frontal Lobes
Working memory
80
Retrograde Amnesia
retro=old, when you can't remember anything before the event, but you would remember your alphabet and how to walk, you can get these back depending on the cause
81
Anterograde Amnesia
antero=new, damage to the hippocampus where you can't form new memories, you don't get these back
82
Source Amnesia
forgetting the source of a memory (ex when you dream something and you're not sure if you dreamt it or if it actually happened)
83
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Debunked cramming with disturbed practice, storage decay and forgetting curve, and much more
84
Storage Decay / Forgetting Curve
the loss of information after you learn it, as time goes on you'll remember less and less information
85
Disturbed Practice
spacing out studying with breaks, cramming doesn't work
86
Massed Practice
Cramming
87
State Dependent memory cues
being in the same biological state as when you learned something makes you better at recalling it (caffeine, hunger, etc)
88
Mood congruent / Mood dependent memory cues
You are more likely to retrieve info if you're in the same mood you were in when you learned it, can't be faked
89
Context Dependent
you're more likely to retrieve info if you're in the same context of environment as when you learned it (ex smelling the same smell)
90
Interference Theory
P.O.R.N. (Proactive interference is when Old information interferes with new, Retroactive interference is when New information interferes with old
91
Superstitious Beliefs
Actions that are only incidentally tied to good results (lucky socks)
92
Effects of Severe Punishment
May cause child to avoid punisher instead of avoiding behavior, may encourage lying to avoid punishment, creates fear that doesn't promote learning, models aggression
93
Latent Learning
You can learn something without showing the behavior right away (ex knowing the way to school but storing it until you can drive)
94
Abstract Learning
Understanding complex cognitive concepts rather than concrete stimuli
95
Insight Learning
(Wolfgang Kohler), sudden realization, light bulb moment
96
The Premack Principal
You will do a less desirable activity in order to do a more desirable activity as a consequence
97
Martin Seligman
Dogs in cage with partially electrified floor either gave up or kept going based on knowledge of how to turn electrification off... helplessness
98
Learned Helplessness
A mental state where someone gives up and keeps experiencing something bad after learning that they have no ability to change anything
99
Julian Rotter
Behavior is influenced by social context, locus of control
100
External locus of control
outside forces control your fate
101
Internal locus of control
you control your own fate
102
Self-Control
control your own impulses, especially delaying short term rewards for long term rewards
103
Synesthesia
Two senses are sensed at the same time where one evokes the other
104
Sensation
Passively taking in sensory stimuli
105
Perception
Organizing sensory input into patterns and filing it away, happens in cortices
106
Transduction
Transforming stimuli to electric neural impulses
107
Bottom Up Processing
Starting at the bottom at every individual sense and then working your way up to the full picture... putting a puzzle together without knowing the final product
108
Top down Processing
Drawing on context and expectations, using prior knowledge to find small things
109
Psycophysics
study of relationships between physical energy and psychological experiences
110
Absolute threshold
Lowest level at which you can get a stimulus 50 percent of the time
111
Signal Detection Theory
Predicting how and when you can predict a stimuli's presence depending on experience, expectations, motivation, and sleep
112
Subliminal Messages
Messages below threshold for conscious awareness
113
Priming
unconscious activation of certain associations to predispose your perception, memory, or response
114
Difference Threshold
"Just noticeable difference" the minimum difference between two stimuli to see the difference 50 percent of the time
115
Weber's Law
Bigger stimuli have larger difference thresholds vs smaller stimuli, there's a percentage difference instead of a constant difference
116
Sensory Adaptation
After constantly feeling a stimulus you don't sense it as much (ex not feeling the clothes touching your skin)
117
Selective Attention
Focusing your awareness on one stimulus, can't multitask
118
Cocktail Party Effect
Your ability to focus your attention on one sound (someone talking) while filtering out others (music)
119
Change Blindness
When you can't see changes in your environment or objects because your attention is directed elsewhere
120
Inattentional Blindness
When your focus is directed at one stimuli and you are blind to others
121
Visual Transduction
Transforming light energy into neural messages, happens in rods and cones
122
Wavelength
Distance from peaks of waves, affects Hue and pitch/frequency (measured in hertz for sound)
123
Hue
Dimension of color that's determined by wavelength
124
Amplitude
From the bottom to the top of a wave, affects brightness / intensity and loudness (loudness measured in decibels)
125
Cornea
Transparent tissue in the front of your eye
126
Iris
The colorful bit, a muscle that pulls the pupil open or closed
127
Pupil
Adjustable opening where light enters the eye, the black bit in the center
128
Lens
Behind the pupil that changes shape to focus light / images onto retina
129
Retina
Light sensitive inner surface of eye, containing rods and cones plus neurons that process information
130
Visual Accommodation
How your lens changes shape to accommodate close vs far objects
131
Cones
Light detecting cells, concentrated near center of retina, functions well in well lit conditions, perceives color
132
Fovea
Center of the retina, contains a lot of cones
133
Rods
Work well in low light, peripheral vision, perceive black and white
134
Optic Nerve
Carries neural impulses to the brain
135
Blind spot
Where the optic nerve makes a hole in the rods and cones, so we have no vision there
136
Feature Detectors
In visual cortex, specialized neurons for reacting to shapes, angles, edges, lines, and movement in vision
137
Parallel Processing
Ability for the brain to do multiple things at once... color, motion, shape, and depth are processed simulaneously
138
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
Three color theory, all colors are a combination of a red, green, and blue
139
Opponent-Process Theory
Opposing processes enable color vision, (red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black)
140
After image
When you can see the opposite of a visual image after removal of the stimulus
141
Audition
Sound
142
Sound waves
vibrations in the air
143
Pinna
The outer, visual part of the ear designed to catch sound waves
144
Tympanic Membrane
the eardrum, sound waves make the eardrum vibrate (conduction)
145
Hammer
Malleus, the first of the tiny unbreakable bones in the middle ear
146
Anvil
incus, the second tiny unbreakable bone in the middle ear
147
Stirrup
Stapes, the last of the tiny unbreakable bones in the middle ear
148
Cochlea
Inner ear, coiled fluid-filled tube where auditory transduction occurs, contains corti (tiny hairs)
149
Place Theory
The pitch of a sound relates to where in the coiled cochlea the sound is recieved by the corti, Hermann von Helmholtz
150
Frequency Theory
How fast a sound is going into the auditory nerve affects the frequency / pitch
151
Sound Localization
Sound waves strike one ear before another, and based on that our brain can tell where its coming from
152
Conduction Hearing Loss
Hearing loss caused by structural damage to the outer and middle ear (could be determined by age, genetics, environment, exposure to noise, and certain illnesses), could be cured by hearing aids
153
Sensorineural Hearing loss / Nerve Deafness
Damage to corti or auditory nerve, so transduction doesn't happen, cured by cochlear implant
154
Cochlear Implant
Hearing aid that translates sounds into electrical signals that stimulate auditory nerve
155
Gestalt Psychologists
Brains tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes, completing patterns
156
Figure-Ground Pattern
Different images if you focus on the background / figure
157
Proximity (Gestalt Principal)
object close together are part of the same group
158
Similarity (Gestalt Principal)
Similar objects are in the same group
159
Continuity (gestalt principal)
Objects that form a continues thing are part of the same group
160
Closure (gestalt Principal)
top-down processing, we fill in gaps if we can recognize them
161
Depth Perception
The ability to see objects in 3d
162
Binocular Cues
Cues that depend on both eyes
163
Retinal Disparity
The way we can see depth using the difference in each eye image
164
Convergence
Using both eyes to focus on an object, moving closer together for close objects and vice versa
165
Monocular Cues
Depth cues that only need one eye
166
Linear Perspective
parallel lines get closer together the farther on they go
167
Interposition
if something is blocking something else, the blocking thing is closer than the blocked thing
168
Relative Size
Depth cue that things closer are larger and things farther are smaller
169
Relative Height
Higher things in your vision are farther
170
Relative Clarity
Closer objects are clearer, farther objects are blurry
171
Light and Shadow
Dimmer objects are farther away
172
Texture Gradient
Closer the object the more detail, the farther the object the less detail
173
Relative Motion
Objects that are still may appear to move, far objects move with you, close objects move backward
174
Motion Parallax
Objects closer to you move faster than objects that are far away
175
Perceptual Set
Predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
176
Context and culture effects
Bias to percieve some aspects of stimuli and ignore others which is influenced by emotions, motivation and culture
177
Perceptual Constancy
Shape constancy and size constancy, objects are unchanging even though our retinal image could change
178
Lightness Constancy /
An object has constant lightness even while its illumination varies
179
Perceived lightness
Depends on relative luminance, the amount of light an object reflects based on its surroundings
180
Color Constancy
objects have constant color, even as senses change
181
Parapsychology
Paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
182
Gustation
Taste, chemical molecules in the mouth sense taste using taste buds
183
Olfaction
Smell, chemical molecules breathed through the nose
184
Olfactory receptor cells
Located in mucous membrane at top of nose, small hairs serve as sites for odor molecules dissolved in mucus to interact with chemical receptors
185
Path of a smell
Dissolves into mucus, mucus interacts with olfactory chemical receptors, signals sent to olfactory bulb, info is sent to limbic system
186
Olfactory Bulb
Structure at tip of frontal lobe where olfactory nerves begin
187
Pheromones
Airborne chemical signals that send info about reproductive status of a potential mate, illicit emotions in hypothalamus like attraction, sexual desire, arousal
188
Somesthetic Senses
skin senses, touch, pressure, pain, cold, warmth
189
Pain
Bodies warning sign something isn't right, brain can stop it if it needs to
190
Gate Control Theory
there's a gate in the spinal cord that switches pain on and off
191
Phantom Limb Sensations
Amputees feeling pain or movement in nonexistent limbs, brain can create pain
192
Kinesthesis
sensing the position and movement of body parts
193
Vestibular sense
sense that monitors your body and head's position and movement
194
Change deafness
When people aren't focusing on change or something they don't notice it
195
popout
stimuli that are powerfully, strikingly distinct
196
Gustav Fechner
Absolute thresholds
197
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
perception can occur apart from sensory input, telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
198
Tabula Rasa
"black slate", at birth the human bind is black that we build upon, John Locke
199
Epigenetics
Someones environment and experience can change at the level
200
Replicate
Researchers communicate details of what they did and other researchers try to replicate it, if they can the reliability grows
201
Descriptive research
Measurement of behaviors and attributes through observation rather than experiments, doesn't test relationships
202
Case Study
interviews, observation, and records to understand something
203
Meta-Analysis
Researchers gaining access to large amounts of data that already exist without interacting with a signal participant to look for patterns or relationships
204
Observer effect
People being watched don't behave normally
205
Observer Bias
observers overemphasize behavior they expect to find and don't notice behavior they don't expect
206
Correlational Studies
research used to see if two variables are related, don't involve manipulation of variables, don't show causation
207
Correlation Coefficient
the measure of how close two variables are, ranges from -1 to +1, REPRESENTED BY R, closer to zero = weaker relationship
208
Illusory Correlation
a perceived but nonexistent correlation
209
Population
all individuals who could potentially be in a study
210
Confederate
individuals who seem like participants but are impostors who are actually researchers
211
Experimenter Bias
error resulting from having unconscious expectations of results
212
Descriptive Statistics
techniques for organizing and describing data sets, mean, median, mode, range
213
Standard Deviation
the average distance from the mean for a set of score
214
Z-Score
number of standard deviations from the mean
215
Normal distribution
Bell Curve shape, 68, 95, 99
216
Percentile Rank
percentage of scores in a distribution that a particular score falls above
217
Statistical Significance
How likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance, most psychologists look for 5% or less
218
Inferential statistics
Being able to draw conclusions from the dataset (analyzing it)
219
Ethical guidelines
participants must be protected from harm, don't use vulnerable populations, they must have a signed informed consent, they must have the right to withdraw, keep deception as little as possible and justified, data must remain confidential, animals are better than humans
220
APA guidelines for animal use
justification, personnel, care and housing of animals, acquisition of animals, experimental procedures, field research, educational use of animals
221
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
reviews studies to determine if its ethical and follows legal guidelines
222
Glial Cells
Cells that provide physical support for neurons to grow on (glue), the more glial cells the smarter you are
223
Sensory / Afferent Neurons
Neurons that carry senses from receptors to brain and spinal cord
224
Interneurons / Relay Neurons
Communicate from brain and spinal cord, worker bees
225
Motor / Efferent Neurons
Neurons that carry outgoing info from the brain to the muscles
226
Dendrites
branch like extensions from soma that receive electrical messages from other cells
227
Soma
Cell body of neuron
228
Axon
Fibers that extend from cell body to terminal endings, carry messages out to buttons
229
Myelin Sheath
Layer around axon to protect from damage, degenerative myelin sheath is multiple scerosis
230
Axon Terminals / Axon Buttons / Terminal buttons / axon branches / terminal buttons
end of axon, sends messages to other neurons by releasing neurotransmitters
231
Neural Transmission
Process where information travels from neuron to neuron
232
Action Potential
When a neuron is going to fire, positively charged, sodium enters
233
Resting potential
state of an inactive neuron when not firing, negatively charged, potassium and chloride inside, sodium outside
234
All or None principal
a message either goes or it doesn't
235
Depolarization
sodium enters, mixes with potassium and chloride and changes from negative to positive
236
Refractory Period
a brief period after firing where a neuron can't fire again, gates close, repolarization
237
repolarization
Everything inside a neuron goes back to how it was before it fired
238
Sodium Ion Pump
When a neuron is going to fire sodium comes in through gates, and after it fires sodium exits
239
Synapse / Synaptic Cleft / Synaptic gap
the space between two neurons where the chemical message travels
240
Receptor sites
at the end of dendrites the little things that catch neurotransmitters
241
Reuptake
Biological basis of depression, stops serotonin from moving on by taking it back up into the buttons
242
SSRI
antidepressant, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
243
Brainstem
Base of brain that connects to spinal cord
244
Medulla Oblongata
brainstem, top of spinal cord, controls life sustaining functions, damage = death, involuntary movements
245
Pons
brainstem, Facial expressions, facial muscles, relaxation
246
Reticular Formation
brainstem, tube that runs through spinal columm, pathway for interneurons, pain perception, comas
247
Thalamus
midbrain, sensory information goes here and is sent to the correct place to be percieved, except smell
248
Cerebellum
midbrain, Muscle movement, coordination, balance, works off of inner ear vibrations, helps judge time
249
Hypothalamus
Limbic System, homeostasis, controls endocrine system, works with parasympathetic system
250
Hippocampus
Limbic system, Memory formation while you're asleep through neural connections
251
Amygdala
Limbic System, emotion, impulse control, FIGHT OR FLIGHT, extreme emotions, emotional memories
252
Cerebral Cortex
develops back to front, isn't fully developed until around 25, higher order functioning
253
Lobes
where perception happens
254
occipital lobes
process vision
255
Parietal lobe
sense of touch, gauge pressure, understand temperature, gain perception
256
Somatosensory Cortex
Sense of touch
257
Temporal Lobes
Responsible for sound and being able to meaningfully respond
258
Wenicke's area
Left temportal lobe, language components and understanding the meaning of words
258
Broca's Area
Controls the ability to speak words, left frontal lobe
259
Frontal Lobes
everything that makes us human, higher order functions, personality, creativity, problem solving abilities
260
Prefrontal cortex
judging right from wrong, socially acceptable behavior
261
Motor Cortex
Ability to move
262
Functional plasticity
Ability to move functions from damaged area of brain to other undamaged areas
263
Structural plasticity
Ability to change physical structure of brain due to learning
264
Consciousness
State of alert, how aware you are
265
Subconscious
memories and stuff in your mind you can't access but still effect behavior
266
Unconscious
hidden memories that influence behavior that can't be ever known to the conscious mind (psychodynamic perspective)
267
Preconscious
Items we can access from long-term memory
268
Nonconscious
Biological functions that occur without your awareness (digestion)
269
paradoxal state
opposing things happening, brain is conscious but body is shut down, altered state
270
Pineal gland
melatonin
271
Circadian Rhythm
16 hours awake, 8 hours asleep
272
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Runs off daylight, when daylight ends it starts producing melatonin, keeps you awake with the sun
273
Sleep cycle
90 minutes total, 3-5 cycles a night
274
Beta Waves
Awake, 15 to 30 hz, alert, anxious
275
Alpha waves
Light sleep, 7-12 hz, relaxed, ready for sleep
276
Theta Waves
Early sleep, 4-7hz, stages 1 and 2 of NRem sleep
277
Delta waves
Deep sleep, up to 4 hz, stage 3 of NRem
278
NREM stage 1
hallucinations, light sleep, hypnagogic sensations
279
Hypnagogic sensations / jerks
When your body jerks when you're sleeping, almost like if you're falling, NRem stage 1
280
NREM stage 2
body temperature drops, sleep spindles, sleep talking
281
Sleep spindle
Sudden burst of energy in theta waves, NRem stage 2
282
NRem stage 3
Deep sleep, slow waves, memory being processed, growth hormones being produced, immune system refreshes, sleepwalking
283
REM sleep
beta waves, brain looks like its aware, dreaming
284
R.E.M
rapid eye movement
285
REM paralysis
inability to voluntarily move muscles during rem sleep, your brain wakes up but your body is still sleeping
286
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Measures electrical currents in the brain, and records on an encephalogram, used for sleep studies often
287
Histogram
Bar graph
288
infrential statistics
data that allows us to generalize sample data to an entire population
289
Confirmation Bias
attention to information that confirms our beliefs and ignoring info that contradicts them
290
Participant Bias
participants try to fit into what they think the researcher wants to find
291
Expectancy Bias
Distorting your memory to recall events to fit your expectations
292
Positive transfer
old information promotes the learning of new information
293
Repression
Psychoanalytical, defense mechanism that says we unconsciously repress painful or unacceptable memories, thoughts, and feelings, motivated forgetting
294
Reconsolidation
Previously stored memories are retrieved, and altered, before being stored again
295
Elizabeth Loftus
memory construction, false memories, how memories are changeable and not always accurate, misinformation effect
296
Misinformation effect
When misleading information distorts your memory of an event
297
Recall
Retrieving information that isn't in your conscious awareness
298
Recognition
Identifying items previously learned
299
relearning
learning something a second time more quickly
300
Memory forming process
1. Sensory memory - immediate, brief recording of sensory information
2. Short-term memory - activated memory that holds a few items briefly
3. Long-term memory - relatively permanent storehouse of memories
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
301
Working memory
Short term memory plus consciousness and incoming auditory and visual information
302
Iconic memory
for a few tenths of a second we have photographic memory in great detail
303
Echoic Memory
Even if your attention is elsewhere you can recall the sound and words from the last 3 or 4 seconds
304
George Miller
Miller's magic number, we can store 5-9 pieces of information in our short term memory
305
Millers magic number
we can store seven, give or take two, pieces of info in our short term memory
306
Hierarchies
Knowing info by knowing a few broad categories that divide up into smaller categories
307
Shallow Processing
Encoding on an elementary level, just the words letters or just its sound (their vs there), memorizing things without attaching much meaning
308
Deep Processing
encoding semantically
309
Memory Consolidation
The neural storage of long term memories
310
glutamate
LTP enhancing neurotransmitter
311
Encoding specificity principal
cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be the best help in recalling it
312
Serial Position Effect
The ways in which you recall the first and last terms in a list
313
Haptic Memory
brief memory of sensations, decays after 2 seconds
314
Short-Term Memory (STM)
a small capacity of info in an active, readily available state for a brief period of time
315
Memory span
number of items a person can remember and repeat back in short term memory... George Miller's rule of two
316
Elaborative Rehearsal
Transferring information from the Short-Term to Long-Term memory by making it meaningful in some way
317
Encoding Failure
When a memory was never formed in the first place
318
Retrieval Failure
Failing to recall a memory due to missing stimuli or cues that were there when it was encoded
319
Tip of the Tongue State
The feeling when a memory is available but not quite achievable
320
Trace Decay Theory
Memories leave a physical or chemical trace in the nervous system
321
Suppression
Conscious process of trying to forget something that's distressful
322
Memory Reconstruction
Approach that memory is a cognitive process and error can occur, and people update their memories with logical processes, reasoning, new information, perception, imagination, etc
323
Pseudo-Memories
False memories we think are true
324
Nocicepters
pain receptors
325
Tinnitus
Phantom Ringing noise to those who have hearing loss or otherwise
