Psych Midterm II Flashcards
1
Q
Sensorimotor Stage
A
Intelligence in Action: child interacts w environment by manipulating objects
0-2
2
Q
Preoperational Reasoning
A
2-6yrs old
Thinking dominated by perception but more capable of symbolic representation
Language development occurs
Egocentrism
Conservative issues
3
Q
A not B error- fragile mental representations
A
Weaker Memory Attention
Limited Sustained Attention
Rapid Habit Formation and Poor Inhibition
4
Q
Expectation Violations
A
Infant understanding earlier and better than Piaget proposed
5
Q
Expectation Violation Experiments
A
Expectation~~> infants know what is supposed to happen
If impossible outcome, infants look longer
6
Q
Concrete Operational
A
6-12
Logical reasoning limited to real objects or objects that can be seen / present
7
Q
Formal Operational
A
12+
Individual CD an think logically about potential events or abstract ideas
Advanced reasoning
8
Q
Scaffolding
A
Guidance to help perform a task
If to complex break up task into simpler sub components
9
Q
Zone of Proximal Development
A
Training level
Task difficulty between what child can do on their own and what they cannot do even with assistance
10
Q
Early Altruism
A
Just naturally doing it
Earlier in life:
Young children ~> bio source rather environmental
11
Q
Early Morality
A
Early preference for well-behaved puppets
Babies aware of & prefer Justice
12
Q
Attachment: Reciprocal Synchrony
A
Interactive Synchrony
Parental responsiveness
Infant gains confidence, trust that parent will help
Infant has success in organizing interactions
13
Q
Parent-Infant Sunchrony: Signe of Arousal & emotion + attempt at Emo self regulation
A
Look or turn away
Self comfort
Shift attention to something else
Failed self reg: hiccups ~> infant distress
14
Q
Attachment: Physical Touch
A
Strong bond that forms between caregiver and there young
15
Q
Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation
A
Stress the toddler with parental separation-> see how infant reacts
Reunite the parent and child -> see how child reacts
16
Q
Secure Attachment
A
Explores when caregiver is around
Distressed when mom leaves, hapoy when she comes back
17
Q
Insecure Avoidant
A
Explores freely
Learned to be good at Emo self regulation
Minimal distress when mom leaves
Minimal response when mom returns - did not seek out comfort and avoided mom
18
Q
Insecure Resistant
A
Limited exploring - clinging to Mom
Intense distress when mom leaves
Seeks mom when she returns, but resistant to comfort -> difficult to calm down
19
Q
Authoritative
A
High Demandingness
High Responsiveness
Create + Relationship & enforce rules
20
Q
Authoritarian
A
High Demandingness
Low Responsiveness
Obedience & Punishment
Feel bad for mistakes
21
Q
Permissive/Indulgent
A
Low Demandingness
High Responsiveness
No rule enforcement, desire + Relationship
22
Q
Disengaged/Neglectful
A
Low Demandingness
Low Responsiveness
No rule enforcement, no attention, no relationship
23
Q
Sensation
A
Detect external or internal (body) physical energy in receptors in the sense organs
24
Q
Perception
A
Brain process for organizing and interpreting sensory information in combination with prior knowledge
Using pre existing knowledge to give it meaning
25
Primary Visual Cortex
Basic, light, and dark
26
Tertiary Visual Cortex
More complex recognition, recognition of objectd
27
Fovea
Sensitivity to detail
28
Rods
Dark, grayscale, dim light
29
Cones
Colour
30
The Visual Pathway
Optic Nerve —> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (Thalamus) —> Primary Visual Cortex
31
Trichromatic Theory
Retinal cones
Diff. Light frequencies—> diff. Colours
Diff. Wavelength heights —> diff. Brightness
32
Opponent Process
Color vision with ganglion cells
Later visual input processing
33
Monocular Depth Cues
Interposition/Occlusion: one object blocks another
Relative Size & Expectations
Convergence or Linear perspective
Light and shadow
Relative Clarity
34
Synesthesia
Involuntary mix perceptions: sights sound or colour, sounds with smells
35
Context dependent Perception
Colour - X - same objective
Identical but bc of surrounding context light changes them
36
Size Constancy
Automatic adjustment to surrounding contextual input
37
2 people walking
Automatic experience-driven adjustment for the perceived distance away & surrounding context
38
Bottom-Up Processing
Stimulus driven
Individual elements combine to form a unified perceptual experience
Grabs your attention
39
Top-Down Processing
Expectation driven
Open to more than one interpretation
Sensory info interpreted based on existing expectations or ideas
40
Top-Down Blocking Perception
Inattentional Blindness
Focus is elsewhere
41
Gestalt Principles of Perception
1. Proximity - near eachother tend to be grouped together
2. Closure - brain fills in gaps
3. Similarity - things that are alike are perceived together
4. Continuity - line & patterns
5. Common Fate - objects moving together will be grouped together
42
Habituation
Stop responding as intensely with repeated exposure
43
Sensitization
Increase in response with repeated exposure
At first you don’t have a reaction but than you do have an increased response
44
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus
Stimulus elicits a automatic response
E.g food, pleasure, pain
45
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Response
THe automatic response elicited by a stimulus, smiling
46
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimui
A stimulus that was once neutral ( didn’t trigger a response ) but now leads to a response
47
Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Response
Learned response or a response that is created where no response existed before
48
Classical Conditioning
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that doesn’t initially trigger a response on its own
49
Classical Conditioning
Acquisition
Initial stage of learning, when a response is first established and gradually strengthened
Neutral stimuli’s paired with an unconditioned stimulus
50
Classical Conditioning
Extinction
Is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear
Conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus
51
Classical Conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
Learned response can re-emerge Evan after a period of extinction
52
Classical Conditioning
Generalization
For a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned
Has same reaction to similar sound <— eg
53
Classical Conditioning
Discrimination
Ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
54
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Based on what happens when you do it, if something good happens I’ll do it more, if something bad happens I won’t do it or do it less
55
Operant Conditioning
Positive & Negative Reinforcement
Positive & Negative Punishment
56
Positive Reinforcement
Response becomes more likely to occur
Followed by addition or increase in intensity of a desired stimulus
57
Negative Reinforcement
Response becomes more likely to occur
Followed by removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus
58
Positive Punishment
Decrease Behaviour - becomes less likely to occur
Followed by addition of unpleasant or aversive stimulus
59
Negative Punishment
Decreasing Behaviour - becomes less likely to occur
Followed by removal, delay, or decrease in pleasant stimulus
60
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous: particular response is always reinforced
Intermittent (Partial): a particular response is intermittently reinforced
61
Schedules of reinforcements
Intermittent ( Partial) reinforcements
Ratio: number of times a behaviour must me performed before reinforcement occurs
Interval: amount of time that must pass between before reinforcement occurs again
62
Observational Learning
Learn new responses by observing behaviour of others rather than direct experience
63
Taylor sees a snake curled up in the grass and tells his mom that he saw a small snake. Later Taylor sees the same snake slither away. Taylor goes back to his mom and tells her that the snake is now really big. From a Piagetian Perspective, Taylor's two different snake-size estimates are consistent with
magical thinking.
one-dimensional thinking.
a failure in object permanence.
egocentricism.
one-dimensional thinking.
64
There are two coin displays. Display 1 has 5 pennies in a row placed close to each other. Display 2 has 5 pennies in a row placed farther away from each other. Terri believes there are fewer pennies in the short row than the long row. According to Piaget, Terri is demonstrating:
Proximal thinking.
a Formal Operational failure.
a Conservation of number failure.
Fantasy-Play behaviour.
a Conservation of number failure.
65
________ is more relevant to the development of infants than middle-school children.
Comparing sizes or shapes
Physical exploration
Thinking about the world
Playing with puppies or kittens
Physical exploration
66
From a Piagetian perspective, playing peek-a-boo with an infant works (is fun to the infant) because infants have a(n) ________ grasp of _________.
weak; interpersonal attachment
weak; object permanence
morality-based; attachment
strong; object permanence
weak; object permanence
67
Before classes start, your teacher gives everyone a semi-interactive test to see what the students do and do not understand. Your teacher is attempting to learn what you can do without support and what you cannot do even with support. In other words, your teacher is attempting to establish each student's Vygotskian:
Abstract Reasoning capacity.
Concrete Operational skill level.
Zone of Proximal Development.
Learning Autonomy.
Zone of Proximal Development.
68
Kyra is talking to her uncle on the phone (audio only) and asks him if he likes her dress. Kyra's failure to understand that her uncle cannot see her dress is a demonstration of ________ in the Piagetian model of development.
Egocentricism
Concrete Operational thinking
Emotional thinking
All of the other listed answers.
Egocentricism
69
In Piaget's ________ Stage, children perform well when reasoning about real objects that can be seen or touched.
Preoperational
Object Permanence
Concrete Operational
Expectation Verification
Concrete Operational
70
In the early infant-cognition studies by Dr. Renée Baillargeon, the key experimental manipulation was a(n) ________ situation.
emotional
impossible
moral
social
impossible
71
Craig and Lynda like to create stories of how various aspects of life would be different in alternate world scenarios (e.g., humans have wings and can fly). Their ability to be logical and creative in these alternate-world-scenarios is evidence of ________ reasoning in Piaget's model of development.
Abstract
Concrete Operational
Symbolic
Logical Conservation
Abstract
72
Interpreting the presence of a mosquito landing on your ear as a potential irritant reflects:
relative sensation.
a negative bias.
proprioception.
perception.
Perception
73
Yoga practice generates sensations in skin, joints, bones, and tendons when you position your body into different poses. These bodily sensations represent ________ feedback.
endorphin-based
bodily dissonance
vestibular
proprioception
proprioception
74
Across the various basic sensations, only ________ has unique, specific skin receptors.
pain
itching
wetness
pressure
None of the other listed answers.
Pressure
75
Which of the pathways for sound waves is consistent with the structure of the hearing system?
pinna -> auditory nerve -> cochlea
malleus -> stapes -> cochlea
cochlea -> auditory nerve -> tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane -> cochlea -> ossicles
malleus -> stapes -> cochlea
76
With respect to hearing, Pitch detection reflects ________, while Loudness reflects ________.
wave height; wave decibels
wave frequency; wave height
conductive expression; sensorineural expression
Place Theory; Frequency Theory
Correct wave frequency; wave height
77
According to the Gate Control Theory of Pain, the experience of pain is ________by the activation of ________ nerve fibres.
neutralized; endorphin
increased; basilar
decreased; large
unchanged; lateral
decreased; large
78
Sound-source location depends on ________, which reflects differences in how quickly sound waves are processed by the left and right ears.
stereophonic processing
sensorineural processes
vestibular input
proprioception
stereophonic processing
79
Which brain structure pathway is consistent with the visual processing system?
lateral geniculate nucleus -> primary visual cortex -> secondary visual cortex
optic nerve -> hypothalamus -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> tertiary visual cortex
optic nerve -> lateral geniculate cortex -> hypothalamus -> primary visual cortex
left visual field -> right visual field -> optic nerve -> lateral geniculate nucleus
lateral geniculate nucleus -> primary visual cortex -> secondary visual cortex
80
As highlighted in your lectures, ________ rely on detailed visual information and colour detection based on their retinal structure.
pigeons
owls
ostrichs
sparrows
pigeons
81
The hearing term ________ is defined relative to human sound-detection sensitivity levels.
Decibels
Tympanic Threshholding
Cochlear Conduct
Correct Decibels
Pitch
Decibels
82
Given what you learned about the smell-sensation process, if a dog can detect significantly more odours than a human, the dog likely has more:
olfactory receptor neurons.
mechanoreceptors in their noses.
vestibular sacs.
None of the other listed answers.
olfactory receptor neurons.
83
Odour molecules generate the sensations and perception of smell by activating olfactory structures in which order?
olfactory receptor cells -> olfactory bulb -> olfactory membrane
nerve sensors -> olfactory membrane -> olfactory bulb
olfactory bulb -> olfactory membrane -> olfactory receptor cells
olfactory receptor cells -> olfactory bulb -> brain
olfactory receptor cells -> olfactory bulb -> brain
84
Sensitivity to different light-wave lengths by the ________ is the foundation for the ________ Theory of colour perception.
cones; Trichromatic
rods; Relative
ganglion cells; Granger
cones and rods; Retinotopic
cones; Trichromatic
85
To detect a raccoon moving through your yard late at night in dim light levels, you will be relying upon your:
lateral geniculate nucleus.
retinotopic organizational cues.
opponent process bipolar cells.
rods.
rods
86
According to the Opponent Process Theory, a sudden reduction in firing intensity will generate:
a phantom limb experience.
a synesthetic perception.
sensorineural damage to hearing.
vestibular dizziness.
opposing colour perceptions.
opposing colour perceptions.
87
Hearing problems due to damage to the cilia or auditory nerve represent ________ Hearing Loss.
Neuroplastic
Conductive
Absolute
Sensorineural
Sensorineural
88
Children classified as having an Avoidant attachment style as toddlers are more likely to:
have more distant relationships.
be emotionally needy.
depend upon others' views in forming self-evaluations.
persist on challenging tasks.
have more distant relationships.
89
In the lectures, the ________ Parenting Style is associated with academic struggles and obesity problems.
Insecure Attachment
Permissive
Dominant
Performance-focused
Permissive
90
After being left alone in a room and then reunited with his mother, Little Jimmy clings to his mothers' leg, pushes away from her, and then clings again. This pattern of toddler-mother re-engagement represents a(n) ________ type of attachment.
Resistant
Dissonant
Avoidant
Correct Resistant
Sociopathic
Resistant
91
Tyson and his mom have a very warm relationship and they are happy to do things together. But, in terms of discipline, his mom is relatively lax with few rules or expectations. As a result, this mom's parenting style would be classified as:
Neglectful.
Insecure-Avoidant.
Intimate-Stagnant.
Permissive.
Permissive
92
Young infants preferred to play with a puppet that punished a badly behaved puppet rather than play with a puppet that was nice to the badly behaved puppet. This finding was described as evidence of a preference for:
justice.
feedback.
aggression.
all of the other listed answers.
Justice
93
A picture can be seen as one animal or another depending upon what features stand out as you look at it. This phenomenon illustrates the process of ________ perception.
Top-Down
Figure-Ground
Bottom-Up
Seeing is Believing
Figure-Ground
94
Your perception lectures highlight that the perception of our world is not absolute or purely objective; rather our perception is ________, which is more functional.
reliable
purely subjective
relative
socially influenced
relative
95
In class, you reviewed a case of a blind boy who developed the ability to use sounds instead of sights to move about and interact with his world. In terms of brain development, your instructor described this case as a good example of:
hippocampal re-organization.
prefrontal functional mapping.
neuroplasticity.
evolution.
neuroplasticity
96
Automatically perceiving movement-synchronized Tai Chi practitioners as a group rather than as individual practitioners reflects the Gestalt principle of:
Formation.
Common Fate.
Adaptation.
Primacy.
Common Fate.
97
Experience and pre-existing knowledge about the world and the structures around us change how we perceive the world. In your lecture, an image of two creatures running down a brick hallway illustrated this knowledge-dependent perception. One specific perceptual phenomenon illustrated by these running creatures was:
bottom-up processing.
parallel perception.
Gestalt Common Fate
Size Constancy
Size Constancy
98
During practice, Leylah was so focused on her tennis strokes that she failed to notice the group of people gathering on the side of the court to watch her. Leylah's lack of awareness of the gathering group reflects ________ processing.
context-dependent
closure
parallel restricted
inattentional blindness
inattentional blindness
99
On a late-night walk, a peripheral movement catches your professor's attention up the hill (about a block away). When he focuses on the area, he cannot recognize anything, and he returns to his conversation with his partner. Although several more movements in the area catch his attention, as they walk up the hill, he cannot detect anything specific. Finally, when they are about 50-feet from the area, he recognizes the source of the movements (a black bear eating the neighbour's garbage!). This scenario of gathering more visual information before recognizing the bear represents the ________ perception process.
bottom-up
top-down
analytic figure-ground
fear-driven
bottom-up
100
According to Freudian Theory, the primary psychological motive is conflict between unconscious drives and____
A. Societal Constraints
B. Biological urges
C. Free will
D. Patterns of reinforcement
Societal constraints
101
When evaluating cultural expectations on interpersonal responsibility you are focused on the ___level of analysis identified in class
A. Environment
B. Humanistic
C. Freudian
D. Emotional
Environmental
102
Your lecturer identified ___ as a fundamental limitation in survey accuracy
Intentional or unintentional information inaccuracy
103
Field of psychology emphasizes the importance of testing these proposals in real world situations. This testing process reflects the importance of the ____ approach in psychology
A. Conceptual
B. Reliable
C. Interpersonal
D. Empirical
Empirical
104
The correlations statistic ranges from
-1 to +1
105
___ research design can establish cause and effect conclusions
Experimental
106
Neurotransmitters communicate two basic forms of input: ____ or ____
A. Excitatory ; inhibitory
B. Excitatory ; diffusion
C. Inhibitory ; action potential
D. All or one ; gradual
Excitatory ; inhibitory
107
___ is a major excitatory neurotransmitter throughout the brain which supports learning and memory. Too much of this neurotransmitter can cause seizures
Glutamate
108
A drug that decreases the reputable of dopamine exemplifies an ___ function - a type of neurotransmitter regulation
Agonistic
109
A set of the same neurotransmitters attach to various dendrites on different parts of the cell body. If these neurotransmitters produce the same type of input signal, the input would lead to__ summation
Spatial
110
___ is primarily an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain associated with Depression
Serotonin
111
The ___ of the neuron computes and determines how to respond to incoming signals from the other neurons
A. Axon hillock
B. Soma
C. Synapse
D. Neuron capacitor
Soma
112
An intracellular state of depolarization is created due to ___ input
Excitatory
113
You meet someone who looks exactly like your sister, but you claim that she is not your sister. The woman and the rest of your family try to convince you that she is, you don’t believe them. You likely are suffering from
Capgras Syndrome
114
Your instructor suggested that face recognition and personal identify identification is primarily due to ___ processing
Facial configuration
115
The ____ lobe of the brain contains the motor cortex which controls intentional body movements
Frontal
116
Impulse control among violent offenders was associated with alterations in the __ brain region
Prefrontal cortex
117
You can recognize a wide variety or objects and structures but you have lost the ability to recognize people based on there facial appearance. You likely have damage in your ___ brain region
Fusiform face area
118
What are the steps in the research process
1. Describe 2. Explain 3. Predict 4. Alter
119
ID
Pleasure principle
120
Ego
Reality principle, other ppl have needs and desires
The mediator
121
Superego
Moral part of us
Right and wrong
122
Modern Psychodynamic Perspective
Early relationship with parents ~> unconscious psychological model of close relationships
Parents responsive and caring ~> secure
Parents unresponsive and self-centred ~> insecure
123
Parent-Toddler attachment Theory
Unconscious psychological expectations of future relationships
124
Behavioural Perspective
Each person starts as a blank slate, environment determines how we develop and act
125
Human Nature: Classical conditioning
Reactions to the environment
Learning from experience
Environmental stimuli ~> consequences
Pairs a behaviour with a stimulus
126
Humanistic Perspective
Free will, can go against conditioning
Finding meaning in one’s existence
127
Cognitive Psychology
How we process information
Human Nature: focused on the thinking process
128
Operational Definition
Someone can replicate precisely your measurement of the variable
129
Quantitative Variable
Use a number to represent variables meaning
130
Qualitative Variable
Need words to represent variables meanings
131
Design types: Case studies
Historical documents
Interviews
Direct assessments
132
Design types: naturalistic observation
Go into real world, watch and learn
133
Design types: participant observation
Join a group to observe group members
134
Design types; surveys
Subjective
135
Quasi-Experiment
Real world constraints on examining important factors
136
Dendrites
Receive messages and initiate/ suppress electrical activity
137
Cell body
Integrates / evaluates incoming information from other neurons
138
Axons
Conduct electric activity
139
Axon
Axon Terminal
Reslesse chemicals (neurotransmitters) in sysnapse - communicate
140
Neurotransmitter
Chemical substance alters activity of receiving neuron
141
Myelin sheath
Speeds up electrical activity
142
Neuron communication: Electrical Details
Resting potential ~> polarized - natural neuron state
-70
143
Neuron Communication : Depolarized
If sufficiently excited (excitatory)
Action potential ~> increase + 40 millivolts
144
Neuron Communication: Hyperpolarization
Inhibitory input
Decrease intracellular level to below normal resting. Potential
145
Spatial Sumamtion
Verious dendrites receive same input at the same time
146
Temporal Summation
Same dendrites receive the same input repeatedly over time
Same input = all excitatory or all inhibitory
147
Neurotransmitter: GABA
Inhibitory, anxiety and motor control
Tremors and loss of motor control
Personality change
148
Neurotransmitter: (Ach) Acetylcholine
Excitatory esp. memory and muscle control
Problem: black widow venom
- muscle contractions, convulsions and desth
149
Neurotransmitter: Serotonin
Inhibitory most brain: mood, arousal, sex, sleep
Problems : depression sleep and eating disorders
150
Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine
Excitatory or inhibitory
Learning and memory
Wakefulness and esting
Problems: depression (too little)
Stress and panic ( too much)
151
Neurotransmitter: Dopamine
Excitatory or inhibitory
Experience of pleasure
Emotional arousal, motivation
Learning
Voluntary movement
Problems: depression (to little)
Schizophrenia ( to much)
Parkinson’s loss of motor control (too little)
152
Agonist
Enhance NT activity
153
Antagonist
Reduce or interfere with NT activity
154
Depolarized
If sufficiently excitatory
Action potential ~> increase +40 volts
155
Hyperpolarized
Inhibitory
Decrease intracellular level to below normal
156
Neurotransmitter: Glutamate
Excitatory - learning and memory
Too much - seizures and schizophrenia
157
Frontal Lobe
Motor Control
Concentration, Planning and Problem Solving
Speech
Smell
158
Parietal Lobe
Touch and Pressure
Taste
Body Awareness
159
Temporal Lobe
Hearing
Facial Recognition
160
Occipital Lobe
Vision
161
The shit in parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
Language
Reading
162
n class, ________ was identified as the most common specific phobia.
dogs
cats
snakes
spiders
Snakes
163
Professor Arnocky 😊 spends 30 minutes before each class cleaning the whiteboard. He is preoccupied by the idea that previous markings are dirty and will contaminate him. Over the past month, his inability to stop washing the board has led to increasingly delayed class start times. Professor Arnocky's anxious thoughts represent:
thought-action fusions.
compulsions.
dissociations.
obsessions.
obsessions
164
Abdul is a child who recently emigrated to Canada from a war-torn country where he lived in several refugee camps. Before arriving in Canada, he witnessed many atrocities and was frequently worried about his safety and the safety of his family. After immigrating, he was constantly anxious during school and suffered from frequent nightmares. A school psychologist would most likely conclude that Abdul has:
a personality disorder.
panic disorder.
agoraphobia.
post-traumatic stress disorder.
post-traumatic stress disorder.
165
If you have an intense fear of social embarrassment and social rejection, you likely have:
an anxious, insecure attachment.
generalized anxiety disorder.
panic disorder.
social anxiety disorder.
social anxiety disorder.
166
Braden has intense symptoms of anxiety that seem to come on suddenly and unexpectedly. When assessed by the psychologist, Braden cannot identify any object or event that triggers his anxiety. These intense experiences are not common, and most of the time, Braden does not feel anxious. As well, Braden has not been exposed to any life-threatening traumas. Braden's pattern of symptoms best represents:
:
situational anxiety disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
panic disorder.
specific phobia.
panic disorder
167
Last year, Dean's house was destroyed by a tornado, while he was in the basement. On occasion, he seems to lose touch with his current reality and "finds himself back in his basement during the tornado. These episodes represent ________, as a primary symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder.
hypervigilance
avoidance
flashbacks
thought-perception fusion
flashbacks
168
The arachnophobia treatment class video was based on ________ therapy.
cognitive behavioural
real-life exposure
virtual reality exposure
interactive dialectic
virtual reality exposure
169
Kara is late for work everyday because she thinks that she left the garage door open and must drive back to close it. Kara cannot stop thinking that the garage door is open and makes an average of three trips back to her house every morning. Kara's likely has the ________ subtype of OCD.
:
impulse control impaired
checking
order
irregular
checking
170
In studies of Social Anxiety Disorder, many studies have focused on the ________ brain response system associated with fear.
temporoparietal junction
medial prefrontal cortex
limbic
fusiform gyrus
limbic
171
As summarized in class, ________ is one of three risk-factors associated with developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
exposure to prior psychological traumas
a poor memory capacity
a pattern of negative reinforcement as a child
an insecure attachment style
exposure to prior psychological traumas
172
Someone who is afraid to leave their house because they are afraid of being in public places would most likely be diagnosed as having:
generalized anxiety disorder.
agoraphobia.
environmental phobia.
social phobia.
agoraphobia
173
Which of the following is NOT clinically relevant and NOT diagnostic of a mental health disorder? Or, in other words, which example reflects natural variation in behaviour?
a sudden impairment in maintaining one's interpersonal relationships
an inability to perform one's job
prolonged psychological suffering
impulsive behaviour and poor decision-making
impulsive behaviour and poor decision-making
174
Abigail's university program is very demanding, and she is struggling financially. Abigail constantly feels restless, edgy, and irritable, but she cannot identify any single cause. Abigail decides she needs to see a therapist. She is having trouble concentrating in her classes. She also is not sleeping well, even though she's tired all of the time. The therapist will probably diagnose Abigail with
a phobia.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
generalized anxiety disorder.
panic disorder.
generalized anxiety disorder.
175
During a funeral, situational constraints and the power of social roles are likely to ________ the expression of personality differences.
suppress
accentuate
have no effect on
suppress
176
Which of the following is NOT a defining feature of personality?
widespread influence
long-lasting effects
mood-based fluctuations
distinctive differences between people
mood-based fluctuations
177
Which trait of the five-factor model of personality is exemplified by a person who is an excitement seeker and expresses a lot of positive emotionality in various social situations?
Openness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Charisma
Extraversion
178
In class, five evolutionary-based questions about a person's behaviour were linked to the Big-Five personality factors. The question, "How quickly can X learn and adapt?" reflects the __________ Big-Five personality factor.
Neuroticism
Intellect
Openness
Stability
Openness
179
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Carl Rogers' fully functional person?
Trusting your instincts and gut-reactions
Moving Against People (MAP)
Strong social monitoring tendencies
Following your unconscious drives
Trusting your instincts and gut-reactions
180
In your lecture, ______ was one of the important life events predicted by personality traits.
the ability to write well
the likelihood of divorce
a larger brain size
the likelihood of divorce
181
As described in your lecture, the marshmallow personality test was used to measure:
adult's conscientious level.
creativity and openness.
children's levels of self-control.
children's reward-seeking behaviours.
children's levels of self-control.
182
From an evolutionary perspective, the ________ Big-Five factor was linked to levels of interpersonal predictability and safety.
Need for Achievement
Honesty-Humility
Neuroticism
Openness
Neuroticism
183
According to Carl Rogers, often the ________ -self is the image people project to others.
ideal
conscious
interdependent
purposeful
ideal
184
Among the big-five personality traits, ________ reflects a process focus and style which emphasizes how things are done and how they are evaluated by the person.
Competence
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Honesty
Conscientiousness
185
If I show you a series of ambiguous scenes and ask you to interpret them because I hope to figure out your underlying expectations and beliefs, I am using a ________ test.
behavioural
projective
multiphasic
situational
projective
186
Kristina does not tend to trust people, and she sometimes comes across as "cold" or unfriendly. These tendencies of Kristina reflect the ________ big-five personality trait.
Agreeableness
Openness
Honesty
Insecure Attachment
Agreeableness
187
One of the early personality researchers, Walter Mischel, emphasized:
the Principle of Aggregation.
underlying brain-function patterns.
the importance of situational influences.
the Lexical Hypothesis.
the importance of situational influences.
188
Amir was frightened by a growling dog. For about a month, Amir started to sweat whenever he saw a dog. But, Amir's neighbour adopted a very friendly dog. Gradually, Amir started playing with the neighbour's dog. Now Amir no longer gets tense and sweats when he sees dogs. In this scenario, Amir's more relaxed, non-sweaty response to seeing dogs represents ________ from a classical conditioning perspective.
negative reinforcement
positive reinforcement
extinction
stimulus discrimination
extinction
189
Establishing operant conditioning is dependent upon:
feedback on one's action choices.
detecting environmental predictors of physiological impact.
automatic, naturally occurring associations.
cognitive information-processing systems.
feedback on one's action choices.
190
You watched a video of Dave classically conditioning his roommate Bryan. In this video demonstration, ________ was the unconditioned response.
flinching from the pain of being shot
the noise of the trigger click
the taste of brownies
the smell of brownies
flinching from the pain of being shot
191
You watched a video of Dave classically conditioning his roommate Bryan. If Bryan did not notice the unconditioned stimulus delivered by Dave, this failure to notice would reflect a direct failure in the ________ factor needed for classical conditioning.
intensity
interpersonal
reward
discrimination
intensity
192
According to operant conditioning theory, being paid for every lawn you mow reflects a __________ schedule of reinforcement.
partial interval
continuous ratio
discriminant
generalized
continuous ratio
193
Tammy went out with her friend, and they had a blast. Tammy was surprised and impressed with how her friend could talk and joke with strangers they met. But, Tammy cannot remember any of the specific things her friend said or how her friend initiated the encounters. According to Albert Bandura's Social Learning Model, based on this scenario, Tammy will not be able to demonstrate observational learning because of ________ problems.
attention
retention
negative reinforcement
retention
194
In order to reduce your coach's criticism of your play, you begin to practice on your own. From an Operant Conditioning perspective, beginning to practice on your own is an example of ________ in action.
aversive stimulus conditioning
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
interpersonal modelling
negative reinforcement
195
According to operant conditioning theory, hourly pay reflects a(n)__________ schedule of reinforcement.
ratio
partial ratio
interval
automatic
interval
196
Billy watches his mom who likes to draw. Although Billy would like to draw like his mom, he is too little to gather, arrange, and use the drawing materials like his mom. According to Albert Bandura's Social Learning Model, Billy is unable to demonstrate observational learning due to:
retention problems.
reproduction problems.
reinforcement patterns
reproduction problems.
197
Albert Bandura demonstrated that children beat up a Bobo doll after watching adults engage in Bobo-doll beating acts. The children's behaviour is an example of:
shaping.
vicarious learning.
indirect conditioning.
systematic desensitization.
vicarious learning.
198
Daria takes off her jacket whenever she starts to get too hot. What is the operant response in this example?
getting too hot
taking off her jacket
Daria recognizing her jacket is the heat problem
It has not occurred yet.
taking off her jacket
199
When needing to give a presentation in class, Drew has found that when he breathes deeply, he feels more relaxed. From an Operant Conditioning perspective, what is the Reinforcer in this scenario?
breathing deeply
feeling more relaxed
needing to give a presentation
None of the other listed answers.
feeling more relaxed
200
Amir was frightened by a growling dog. Now whenever he sees a dog, he starts to sweat. In this scenario, ________ is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and ________ is the conditioned response (CR).
being frightened; sweating
the growling dog; seeing any dog
prior negative experiences with dogs; the growling dog
the growling dog; sweating
the growling dog; sweating
201
In October, you attend a weekend party instead of studying for your upcoming exam. You really enjoyed yourself; the party was lit. But, you also did poorly on your midterm the following Monday. You now plan to limit your partying near exam times. In this scenario, from an Operant Conditioning perspective, _______ represents ________ punishment.
doing poorly on the midterm; positive
doing poorly on the midterm; negative
enjoying the party; positive
not studying on the weekend; negative
doing poorly on the midterm; positive
202
While writing your exam, the person next to you keeps cracking their knuckles. At first you find it quite distracting, but after a while, you stop noticing it. This reduced distraction is an example of:
Habituation
extinction.
sensitization.
negative reinforcement.
Habituation
203
Personality
distinctive and stable pattern of thoughts(thinking) emotions (feeling) and behaviour (acting)
Widespread, long lasting, predictable effects across situations and time
204
Personality predicts
educational attainment
occupational outcomes
Likelihood of divorce
Likelihood of when you will die
205
Conscientiousness High
Competent, efficient
Orderly, precise, organized
Dutiful, follows rules
Self-Disciplined, Achievement
Deliberate, goal-directed
206
Conscientiousness Low
Inefficient
Disorganized
Irresponsible, ignore rules
Uncontrolled, unfocused
Impulsive
207
Agreeableness High
Trusting
Straightforward
Altruistic
Generous
Compliant
Modest
Tender-minded
208
Agreeableness Low
Suspicious, skeptical
Selfish
Resistant
Bragger
Cruel
209
Neuroticism High
Anxious, insecure, vulnerable
Emotional Instability
Self-conscious
Impulsive
210
Neuroticism Low
relaxed, secure
Emotional stability
thoughtful
211
Openness High
fantasy, imaginative, artistic
independent
curious, new ideas, beliefs
Intellectual Explorer
212
Openness Low
See the world as it is, no need to imagine things
conform
focused ideas, values, beliefs, habits
Don't mess with what works
213
Extraversion High
Sociable
Warm, affectionate
Assertive, dominant
Active
Excitement seeking
Positive
214
Situational Moderation
Strong Situations --> Personality is suppressed
Weak Situations --> personality is unconstrained
215
Walter Mischel
How you act depends on the situation not their personality
216
Seymour Epstein
Principle of Aggregation - look for common response patterns across a wide variety of situations and times
217
Carl Rogers Humanistic Perspective
your natural tendencies & feelings --> Actual/ True Self
Your socially constructed preferences based on parental feedback --> ideal self
218
Unconditioned Positive Regard UPR
treat children as inherently worthy of love, regardless of accomplishments or behavior
bahavior bad not the person
ppl need acceptance, sympathy and love
219
UPR
Fully funcitoning person
choices, actions, beliefs are unconstrained
220
Conditional Positive Regard CPR
acceptance & love conditional upon appropriate behav
label ppl as bad or good vs their behaviour
221
CPR non-fully functioning person
suppress natural responses, cannot act like yourself
do not freely choose career, hobbies, partners
222
GAD
worry, dread, apprehension
difficulty in concentration and signs of motor tension
No specific anxiety producing event
Sleep diff, irritability, relationships, occupational success
223
Panic Disorder
recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death
rapid breathing and dizziness
224
Agoraphobia
fear of experiencing panic symptoms - spec. in public places
avoids public places, not being able to drive or go to work
225
Cynophobia
dogs or cats 75 women
226
Acrophobia
heights 5%
227
Ophidiophobia
snakes 33%
228
Arachnophobia
spiders/scorpions 30%
229
Social Anxiety Disorder
fear of rejection and social embarrassment
high amygdala + responses
230
How do we detect consciousness
Self-report - only direct method
231
Types of Consciousness
Awake
Dreams
Drug-altered
Hypnosis
232
Sleep
Circadian Rythyms - bio clock
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Influence hormones and neurotransmitters SCN -> Pineal Gland --> Melatonin Levels
233
Why Sleep?
Somatic and Neural repair
Clean out brain garbage --> flushes out waste products
Learning and memory
Ecolutionnary - conserve energy
234
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
Chronic difficulty in falling asleep, or experiencing restful sleep
235
Sleep Disorders
Nightmares (REM)
like other dreams only scary and unpleasant
236
Sleep Disorders
REM Stage: Sleep Behaviour Disorder
REM paralysis is missing
so ppl move in response to their dreams
237
Sleep Disorders
Sleepwalking
Unresponsive to ppl, but aware of environment - avoid things
more common in children
238
Sleep Disorders
Night Terrors
Frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a near panic state
more intense than nightmares
239
Sleep Disorders
Narcolepsy
extreme/excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks
240
Sleep Disorders
Cataplexy
sudden loss of muscle tone and REM paralysis
241
Dreams
Mostly during REM
Subjective experience of events, images and actions
- simple to complex
- mundane to the bizarre
- sometimes repeatedly experiences
242
The Function of Dreams - Theories or Models
Activation-Synthesis Dream Model
REM- brain produces random electrical energy
stimulates memories & experiences in various brain regions
Dream interpretation imposed on randomly generated memories & images
interpretation may reflect dreamer’s emotions or concerns
blend past experiences & current concerns
243
The Function of Dreams - Theories or Models
Problem-Focused Dream Model
Dreams represent problems of concern
Need a holiday & a better work-life balance?
Empirically dreams often contain material related to our current concerns (e.g., relationships, work, sex)
May aid in the resolution of psychological problems (e.g., grief, depression)
244
The Function of Dreams - Theories or Models
Cognitive Dreams Model
Akin to Prob. Focused, but more general
Dreams can represent any form of thinking - not just for problem-solving purposes
modified form of awake-related topics
Went away on a trip; it wasn’t that fun
Key difference: no sensory input & external feedback
so dreams -> more diffuse & unfocused than awake
Age -> Cog Sophistication parallel Dream Sophistication
245
The Function of Dreams - Theories or Models
Cognitive & Activation Synthesis combines
Cognitive:
flexible dream content
everyday, bland, emotional, or problems
coherent or non-coherent - diffuse
Activation Synthesis:
acknowledges the role of random brain activity
246
Consciousness-Altering Drugs
Psychoactive drug
A substance that alters perception, mood, thinking, memory, or behaviour by changing the body’s biochemistry
247
Types of Consciousness-Altering Drugs
Depressants
- Slows down CNS activity
Stimulants
- Speeds up CNS activity
Hallucinogens
- Altered (distorted) sensory experiences
Marijuana
- Mild euphoria, relaxation, cognitive impairments
248
Depressants
slow activity in the CNS
Alcohol, Opiates, Tranquilizers, Barbiturates
↑ Relaxation
Alcohol:
Initial upper phase downer brain phase
↑ GABA (major inhibitory NT)
↓ glutamate (major excitatory NT)
To a lesser extent, ↑ dopamine
249
Depressants
Opiates
Morphine, Codeine, Heroin
Pain relief, mood changes, euphoria, increase dopamine
250
Depressants
Barbiturates
Depress nervous system, sleeping pills, anti-anxiety, increase GABA
Quick Tolerance --> Need ↑ for = effect
But dangerous dosage level stays the same
251
Stimulants
speed up activity in the CNS
Caffeine & Nicotine
Cocaine & Crack
Amphetamines & Methamphetamines
Ecstasy
252
Stimulants
Caffeine & Nicotine
Caffeine: low doses ↑ energy, creativity
Nicotine: ↑ sustained arousal & attention
Inhaling rapid effects on brain
253
Stimulants
Cocaine and Crack
Cocaine: sensation of grandeur, euphoria, & heightened alertness
↓ Hunger & Fatigue
Blocks Reuptake of Dopamine & Norepinephrine
Long-term problems
- Hallucinations, Paranoia
- Impairment of existing (endogenous) dopamine production
Crack: faster & more intense effects!
chemically converted cocaine
254
Hallucinogens or Psychedelic Drugs
Distort or Intensify sensory experience
- Blur boundaries between reality & fantasy
- Distorts perceptions of time & space
Inhibits Serotonin
Many derived from natural sources
- LSD, mescaline, salvia divinorum, etc
255
Hallucinogens or Psychedelic Drugs
Marijuana
Unique drug category
mild euphoria, relaxation, intense sensations, reduced pain, & various cognitive deficits
2 key psychoactive ingredients
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
stimulation & distortion
cannabidiol (CBD)
anti-psychotic properties & tends to reduce anxiety and panic reactions
Many Modern Versions: ↑ THC & ↓ CBD
calm demeanor (relaxed)
poor motor coordination
altered sensory perceptions (intense sensations)
reduced pain – pain control med. now
mild euphoria
various (mild) cognitive deficits
& eventual munchies attack
↑ GABA (Inhibitory) & Dopamine (?)
256
Hypnosis
One person influences another person to act, (possibly feel, think, or perceive) through suggestion
Without their full awareness
257
3 Theories of Hypnosis
1: Dissociation Theory Hypnosis
Split mind / consciousness
- 2 separate psychological entities
1 responds to hypnotist – hidden from normal consci.
1 normal consciousness & unaware
258
3 Theories of Hypnosis
2 Ken Bowers Theory of Hypnosis
Normal Aware CEO is suppressed
No splitting of consciousness
259
Physiology of Stress
1. Alarm Phase
Body mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system to deal with immediate threat
Release of adrenal hormones
Alarm phase corresponds to the fight or flight response
260
Physiology of Stress
2. Resistance Phase
Body attempts to resist or cope with stressor that cannot be avoided
Physiological alarm responses continue ineffectively
261
Physiology of Stress
3. Exhaustion Phase
Persistent stress depletes the body of energy
Increased vulnerability to physical problems & illness
262
Stress Illness Mystery
3 factors change response to stressors
1. Individual physiological differences
cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, etc.
2. Psychological factors
Attitudes, Emotions, & Perceptions of events
3. People’s behaviour under stress
actions increase/decrease risk of illness
263
Attitudinal Effects on Health
Optimism
general expectation that things will go well despite setbacks
Be active problem-solvers
Don’t give up or escape
Keep a sense of humour
264
Attitudinal Effects on Health
Optimists
better health than Pessimists
Faster rate of recovery from physical illness
Later onset of physical disease
Live longer (& lower physio resp. to stress)
265
Locus of Control
Do you control your outcomes in life?
Yes - Internal Locus of Control
Your actions & choices are important
Likely to engage in healthy actions & illness prevention
No – External Locus of Control
Your actions not important
Internal Locus of Control limits Neg. Health Effects of Stress
Lower freq. developing colds (if exposed to viruses)
266
Reappraisal of Stressors
Reappraise
Reappraise or think about stressor differently
Change its short- or long-term N.B.
Reinterpret its meaning
267
Reappraisal of Stressors
Silver Linging
Silver Lining
Learning from the experience
268
Reappraisal of Stressors
Downward Comparison
Make Downward Social Comparisons
compare self to others less fortunate
269
Major Depression Unipolar
Extreme Sadness, Despair, With No Obvious Cause
Episodes of deep unhappiness
Loss of interest in life
Secondary symptoms include:
Elevated or decreased changes in sleep & appetite
Loss of interest in Pleasurable Activities (including Sex)
Loss of overall energy
Difficulties concentrating & making decisions
270
Mood Disorder
Unipolar Depression + Anxiety + Addiction
No motivation to do anything
Shut out others
As a student not leave his room except for exams
Marijuana as self-medication
At first: Feel safe, open to world, love for others, everything OK
But later: took to a much darker place
271
Dysthymia
Moderate Depressive Symptoms
form of depression - less dramatic effects on personal & occupational functioning
Low grade depression
Longer lasting (2+ yrs) than Major Depression (2+ weeks)
272
Bipolar Disorder (Depression & Mania)
Severe Mood Swings From Depressive to Manic Episodes
Depression – see above
Mania
highly excited moods --> Euphoria
Inflated self-esteem or Grandiosity (unwarranted & exaggerated self-importance; flaunt; pretentious)
Decreased need for sleep
Racing Thoughts; Pressure to Talk
Excessive dangerous pleasurable activity
Hypomania can seem positive for awhile
but full-blown mania is extreme
273
Neurotransmitter Deficits - Depression
Serotonin
Serotonin: Inhibitory most brain, mood, arousal, sex, sleep, and eating, pleasure and pain
274
Neurotransmitter Deficits - Depression
Norephinephrine
excitatory or inhibitory most regions
wakefulness and eating
275
Neurotransmitter Deficits - Depression
Dopamine
excitatory or inhibitory
experience of pleasure
emotional arousal, motivation
276
Transcranial direct cortical stimulation (TDCS)
low level electric currents to the scalp - stimulant
277
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
For Depression
uses magnetic field to stimulate specific brain regions
278
Medications - Antipsychotics
Antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)
used primarily to treat schizophrenia & other psychotic disorders
Most block or reduce Dopamine-receptor sensitivity
↓ Delusions, Hallucinations & Agitation
Agitation -> pacing around, wringing hands, pulling off and putting on clothing
Side effects: muscular rigidity, tremors, involuntary muscle movements (tardive dyskinesia), or premature death
279
Medications - Antidepressants
Antidepressant drugs
primarily for Mood & Anxiety disorders
Side-Effects: unpleasant physical reactions
Headache, ↑ Weight, Nausea, ↓ Sexual function
3 Classes:
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Block enzyme that impairs S & N, but you have to avoid eating foods high in this same enzyme to avoid dangerous side-effects
Tricyclic antidepressants - Blocks reuptake of S & N
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
280
Medications - Mild Anxiety & Bipolar
Tranquilizers – short-term mild anxiety
Increase GABA activity
Addictive
Inappropriately prescribed unhappiness, anxiety, or worry
Lithium carbonate - Biploar
Moderates Norepinephrine & Stops Glutamate overstimulation
Delicate chemical balancing needed
Bad side effects (diarrhea, vomiting, hair loss, kidney damage)
281
Therapies for Psychological Disorders
Biological
Drug Therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy
Psychosurgery
282
Therapies for Psychological Disorders\
Behavioural - Psychotherapy
Classical conditioning
Exposure Therapy – reduce negative associations
Counter-Conditioning – form new positive assoc.
Operant conditioning
Reinforce > functional beh., habits, & reactions
Model & Train Social Skills
see how others act & imitate them – practice sessions
283
Therapies for Psychological Disorders
Cognitive Therapy
Identify & Change irrational, unproductive thinking --> ↓ Negative Thoughts & Emotions
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy:
Depressive Cognitive Triad:
Negative view of the future, neg. view of the world, neg view of oneself
Dispute and change emotion and behavior
284
Therapies for Psychological Disorders
Humanistic
emphasizes therapist’s empathy with the client
Unconditional Positive Regard of True Self
love or support given to another person with no conditions attached
Empathy – show you can relate to person’s feelings
Genuineness – responding honestly, therapeutic transparency
Client --> accepted, understood, & free to explore greater self-esteem & self-confidence
285
Therapies for Psychological Disorders
Humanistic Gestalt Therapy
Gestalt = organized whole
People need to see the whole picture – all the factors responsible for their life
Foreground & Background factors
Neglecting certain life influences makes us anxious - missing background thoughts or feelings
Therapy: more confrontational than Client-Centred
Role play, empty chair technique
286
Therapies for Psychological Disorders
Psychoanalytic (Freud)
Abnormal behavior due to unconscious conflict among the Id, Ego, and Superego
Goal: bringing unconscious conflicts into awareness
Methods:
Free association – say whatever comes to mind
Dream Interpretation
Interpretation – therapist explicit statement of a underlying impulse (near the surface)
2 therapist issues
Resistance – actions taken to avoid sensitive topics; missed apt
Client may respond irrationally to therapist (pos or neg)
