Psych Sexuality Exam #3 Flashcards
(551 cards)
1
Q
the tendency to like a person more if we have been exposed to them repeatedly; why we tend to be more attracted to people with whom we have had contact several times than we are to people with whom we have had little contact
A
the mere exposure effect
2
Q
we tend to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in areas such as attitudes, intelligence, social worth, and attractiveness
A
the matching phenomenon
3
Q
the tendency to have contact with people who are equal in social status. Explains why we are also likely to be in relationships and get married to people who are similar in social status (ex: race, education, and religion)
A
homophily
4
Q
we like people who give us lots of reinforcements and few punishments
A
Byrne’s Law of Attraction
5
Q
commitment, feelings of closeness (emotional and cognitive), trust, self-disclosure
A
intimacy
6
Q
3 components to love that determine satisfaction in relationship:
- Intimacy: emotional component
- Passion: motivation or drive component
Physical attraction, drive for sexual expression
- Decision/commitment: cognitive component
Short-term—realizing that I love you
Long-term—moving in together, marrying
A
Sternberg’s theory; Triangular Theory of Love
7
Q
Lovers:
- Secure— closeness is easy, natural for them (53% of adults)
- Avoidant—closeness is difficult for them (26%)
- Anxious-ambivalent—insecure, desperately want closeness, but then partner pulls away (anx-amb may scare away partners) (20%)
*a result of childhood experiences of attachment
A
Attachment Theory of Love
8
Q
- Eros—love based on powerful physical attraction
- Ludus—love is play, not serious commitment
- Storge—love that builds slowly and is very stable
A
John Alan Lee’s 3 basic types of love
9
Q
- Berscheid and Walster
passionate love occurs from… - Physical arousal
- ## Cognitive label (love)
A
Two-Component Theory
10
Q
- Experimental evidence—the scary bridge study
A
Misattribution of arousal
11
Q
- Passionate: Intense, all-consuming, lasts 6-30 months
- Companionate: deep attachment and commitment following the passionate phase
A
Passionate vs Companionate Love
12
Q
- Passionate love: Dopamine euphoria
- Companionate love: Oxytocin calm pleasure
A
biochemicals
13
Q
priority is on the individual’s goals, over groups goals or societal goals (the US)
A
individualistic cultures
14
Q
priority is on group and collective goals over personal ones (Japan)
- The self is defined by group membership, not individual identity
A
Collectivistic cultures
15
Q
- Passionate love
- Decision made by individuals
A
Individualistic cultures
16
Q
- Arranged marriages for the good of the families, wisdom of parents
A
Collectivistic cultures
17
Q
- Australia: 5% yes
- US: 4% yes
- India: 49% yes
A
Would you marry someone you didn’t love?
18
Q
conceptualizing gender as having only 2 categories: female/women and male/men
A
Gender Binary
19
Q
a set of norms or culturally defined expectations that define how people of one gender ought to behave
- Men are expected to be ambitious, competitive, non-emotional, interested in cars and math, assertive, physically strong, interested in technology, etc
- Women are expected to be feminine, passive, emotional, focused on how they look, kind and compassionate, take care of people, not competitive, interested in cooking and childcare, etc
A
Gender role
20
Q
In the more individualistic American culture where we value independence, men are rated as _____ collectivistic than women.
A
less
21
Q
- In more collectivist cultures such as Korea, men are rated as _____ collectivistic than women
A
more
22
Q
thought of as poor white women who are promiscuous, always pregnant, teenage and young pregnancy, unhealthy and disheveled
A
“Trailer trash” women
23
Q
fat or heavyset, asexual caretaker or maid of the family (black)
A
the mammy
24
Q
rude, stubborn, sharp tongue and emasculating (black)
A
the sapphire
25
promiscuous and amoral, uses her body as her main source of power
the jezebel
26
for adults between 25 and 29 in a nationally representative sample, 94% of men had ________ at least once in their lives compared to 85% of women
masturbated
27
man have more permissive attitudes towards ______ than women do and are more likely to say “yes” when offered ________ than women. However, as we have mentioned previously, this could be because women do not think ______ is particularly pleasurable or safe
casual sex
28
men are much more likely to report _________ compared to women. Many women have a deep ambivalence towards _________; they might feel aroused by it, but are repulsed by the way it portrays women
watching porn
29
many women like and enjoy _______, but feel it is not made for women’s enjoyment. Women’s bodies are unrealistic, the sex that is portrayed looks painful or not pleasurable, women are objectified, dehumanized, there is violence, etc
porn
30
- Choosing feminist, made-for-women, queer, or amateur porn
- Reading erotic novels geared towards women
- Re-watching one video they like, fast forwarding through what they don’t like listening to a video, etc
women unique strategies for enjoying porn
31
men more consistently have orgasms than women during sexual activity. 91% of men, but only 64% of women, had an orgasm during their most recent sexual encounter
the orgasm gap
32
lesbian women have a significantly higher orgasm rate (___) compared to heterosexual women (___)
75%; 62%
33
suggests that the issue may be more so about the sexual partner rather than something about women’s bodies
lesbians have a much higher orgasm rate
34
Men are stereotyped as the sexual leaders and initiators and so they choose the sexual activities that take place, which ends up centering activities surrounding their own pleasure
why women are more likley to have an orgasm when partnered with women compared to men
35
Women are not supposed to enjoy sex
woman gender stereotype and why they cum more with other women
36
Women’s bodies are supposedly “complicated”
woman gender stereotype and why they cum more with other women
37
Men’s bodies are supposedly “easy”
men gender stereotype and why women cum more with other women
38
Men are supposed to be the ones in power in sexual scenarios and this might create a “take” rather than a “give” mentality
men gender stereotype and why women cum more with other women
39
Women are not encouraged to ask for what they want during sex and are not educated on how to facilitate women’s pleasure
why women are more likley to have an orgasm when partnered with women compared to men
40
To encourage participants to provide more truthful responses by creating a perceived threat of detection for dishonesty
What is the primary purpose of employing the bogus pipeline method in research studies like the one described by Alexander and Fisher
41
- 30% met through friends
- 20% in primary or secondary school
- 20% online
- 10% in college
- 5% each through family, at work, church, and in bars
heterosexual couples who met between 2005 and 2010
42
- 70% met online
- 20% in bars
- 10% through friends
same-gender couples who met between 2005 and 2010
43
Data has found that ___ of Americans say dating is harder now than it was 10 years ago
47%
44
_______ has impacted how people choose to date. 7/10 Americans are choosing more inexpensive activities like hiking instead of going out to eat—55% of people would host a first date at home at 44% are open to a virtual date
Inflation
45
Women are ____ likely than men to be unable to find someone who meets their dating expectations. College educated women have ____ specific expectations
more
46
are concerned about dating someone who has different views on abortion, smokes, is unemployed, etc.
College educated women
47
In a survey of more than 1,000 Americans, ___ think that mental health is more important than marriage
48%
48
___ who have never been married or lived with a partner are most likely to use an online dating service, while only ___ of Americans who are divorced, separated, or widowed have tried online dating
52%; 36%
49
- Step 1: participants fill out a questionnaire about their attitudes and opinions about multiple issues
- Step 2: participants are shown a questionnaire supposedly filed out by another person—similar to (Group 1) or different from theirs (Group 2)
- Step 3: participants rate how much they like that other person
- Results: people like the person whose attitudes are similar to theirs
- Why? We receive more positive reinforcement from similar people
Experimental research by Byrne
50
people from a South African Zulu culture found a _____ body mass more attractive, whereas people in the United Kingdom found a _____ body mass more attractive
higher; lower
51
In a couple, Person A’s physical attractiveness correlates with the other person’s physical attractiveness
attraction
52
women and men undergraduates were asked to try to guess which of 4 women was married to a particular man based on a photo and were able to correctly guess at a rate significantly above chance
Terry and Macklin
53
Black, Latina, and White women had very ______ perceptions of beauty, and White women tend to be unaware of the racism inherent to certain beauty standards
different
54
among online daters, ___ had a serious relationship as a result of online dating
44%
55
be sure to spend time having fun together
practical implication
56
- Physical attractiveness is a guide to fertility
- Men are attracted to younger women because they are more fertile
- Women are attracted to healthy men, but also men who are willing and able to contribute resources to them and their children.
- One study hypothesized that high heels influence women’s attractiveness via effects on their lumbar curvature, with the idea that greater lumbar curvature is associated with being more attractive because this is somehow an “evolutionarily optimal angle.”
- King Louis XIV wore high heels; the attractiveness is determined by social influences for attractiveness
Evolutionary Theory: Sexual Strategies Theory (Buss)
57
Telling personal things about yourself
intimacy
58
- My partner listens to me when I need someone to talk to
- How often do you feel close to your partner?
measuring intimacy: personal assessment of intimacy in relationships
59
- How often do you confide very personal info to them?
- How often are you able to understand their feelings?
measuring intimacy: intimacy in relationships
60
- Kinsey said we couldn’t measure it—but now we can!
- I feel happy when I am doing things to make ____ happy.
love
61
Longitudinal research
Secure attachment at 12 months predicts more positive relationships at ages 20-23 (rated by self and partner)
A result of childhood experiences of attachment
62
very important when choosing a partner
physical attractiveness
63
prefer lighter tones of black
black people
64
1970s: _______ women (worth) are paired with _______ men (worth); 2010: both men and women possessed physical attractiveness, educational achievement, occupational status, and income
beautiful; wealthy
65
Give significant other positive reinforcement, use self-disclosure
how to make relationship last longer
66
asymmetry of bilateral features that are on average symmetrical in the population
flunctuating asymmetry
67
We tend to be attracted to people we believe to be “within reach” of us, depending on our sense of our own attractiveness or desirability
choosing a partner
68
telling your partner some personal things about yoursel
self-disclosure
69
measures emotional intimacy in a relationship with items such as listening to partner, partner being understanding of emotions, etc
Personal Assessment of Intimacy in Relationships (PAIR) Inventory
70
is characterized by commitment, feelings of closeness and trust, and self-disclosure
an intimite relationship
71
% of people who are secure lovers
53%
72
% of people who are avoidant lovers
26%
73
% of people who are anxious-ambivalent lovers
20%
74
According to attachment theory of love, the person’s perception of the quality of the relationship with each parent is key in determining their
attachment styles
75
secure with anyone but secure, avoidant-avoidant, anxious-anxious
attachment styles that don't work well together
76
attachment style that have less satisfying sexual relationships and are more likely to have sexual disfunction
anxious-ambivalent; avoidant
77
combination of eros and ludus; obsession; furious jealousy; ecstasy and despair; passion of eros but play the games of ludus
Mania
78
combination of storge and ludus; tries to find a desirable lover and once finds, pragmatic love may grow over the years
pragma
79
combination of storge and eros; under demanding, never jealous, kind, patient (higher satisfaction)
agape
80
love styles that have the most satisfaction
eros and agape
81
love styles that have the least satisfaction
ludus
82
2 lovers of the same love styles are _____ compatible
most
83
when an individual interprets some stimulus as representing a threat to a valued relationship. Can occur when there’s a threat to our self-esteem or a threat to a relationship
when jealousy occurs
84
- Emotional: when one person believes that the partner is emotionally attached to or in love with another
- Sexual: when the person believes that the partner wants to or has engaged in sexual behavior with another
2 types of jealousy
85
men are more upset by a mate’s sexual infidelity, whereas women are more upset by a mate’s emotional infidelity
evolutionary perspective
86
Internally, men want their offspring to be their own (sex) and women want the resources a man provides, and he could leave if he finds another woman (emotional)
evolutionary perspective
87
jealousy is strongly influenced by social and cultural factors
Cognitive social-learning theory
88
a state of intense longing for union with the other person and of intense physiological arousal; overwhelming, obsessive, all-consuming; first stage of romantic relationship; sexual desire; has 3 components:
- Cognitive: preoccupation with the loved one and idealization of the person or of the relationship
- Emotional: physiological arousal, sexual attraction, and desire for union
- Behavioral: taking care of the other and maintaining closeness
pasionate love
89
Hatfield and Sprecher developed a self-report to measure passionate love: _______________, which was a questionnaire administered to students at UW who were in relationships from dating to engaged to living together.
Passionate Love Scale
90
(passionate love) preoccupation with the loved one and idealization of the person or of the relationship
cognitive
91
(passionate love) physiological arousal, sexual attraction, and desire for union
emotional
92
(passionate love) taking care of the other and maintaining closeness
behavioral
93
feeling of deep attachment and commitment to a person with whom one has an intimate relationship; warm; transitions from passionate at 6-30 months; romantic love
compassionate love
94
causes the rush of passionate love
dopamine
95
The frequent presence of the loved one triggers the production of ______ (rise following orgasm) and _______ (long-term relationships, sexual touching and orgasm, trust)
prolactin; oxytocin
96
has 4 components: the autonomic system, the motivational/reward system, the emotion system, and the cognitive system
the Love Brain Network
97
the Love Brain Network is identified through _____
fMRI scans
98
(the Love Brain Network) cardiovascular; hot in passionate love
the autonomic system
99
(the Love Brain Network) motivates sexual response
the motivational/reward system
100
(the Love Brain Network) pleasurable aspects of love
the emotion system
101
(the Love Brain Network) involved in appraising a stimulus to decide whether it is the loved one
the cognitive system
102
is associated with reduced activity in the hypothalamus, amygdala, and somatosensory cortex
love
103
Both ________ and ________ activate the same reward-related and cortical areas of the brain
passionate love and sexual desire
104
feel when we are physiologically aroused and when conditions are such that we identify what we are feeling as love
passionate love
105
Men who ran said they liked the woman more than those who hadn’t exercised. this is _____________: the men misattribute their arousal—which is due to exercise—to their liking for the attractive women
Misattribution of arousal
106
emphasize love as the basis for marriage and encourage intimacy between partners
Individualistic cultures (US)
107
emphasize the importance of the group over the individual and may practice arranged marriage.
Collectivist cultures
108
a generalization about a group of people that distinguished those people from others
stereotype
109
stereotyped as having qualities of communion: being affectionate and emotional (higher throughout time)
women
110
stereotyped as having qualities of agency: ambition and courage (smaller throughout time)
men
111
stereotyped as quiet
asian Americans
112
stereotyped as loud
african Americans
113
an approach that simultaneously considers the consequences of multiple group memberships—consider the effects of gender, race, social class, and sexual orientation simultaneously
intersectionality
114
(black women) uses sex to gain economic rewards from men
the Gold Digger
115
(black woman) live in poverty-stricken, violent environments, focus on survival, use sex to feel good for the moment
gangster bitches
116
(black woman) tied to religious traditions, is virtuous, avoids sex
sister savior
117
_____ men are known to be hypersexual and dangerous. Half of all prisoners are ______, when they only make up 13% of US population
black
118
_____ men are less likely to commit to marriage because the unemployment rate is double that for White men
black
119
the Jezebel, the Mammy, the Gold Digger, Gangster Bitches, Sister Savior
Traditional stereotyped images of Black women’s sexuality
120
emphasize the collective over the individual and hold more traditional views of gender roles
blacks
121
Half of all prisoners are Black, when they only make up ___ of US population
13%
122
Black women who endorse the beauty ideals of dominant White culture (light skin, thin) are likely to feel sexual guilt and shame
black women in white culture
123
US largest minority (19% of population)
Latinx
124
the process of incorporating the beliefs and customs of a new culture
acculturation
125
Mexican American culture is combined culture of Mexico and Anglo culture of US
acculturation
126
family is main focus; Sharply defined gender roles: boys given greater freedom, encouraged in sexual exploits, not expected to share in household work. Girls expected to be passive, obedient, virginal, and stay in the home; Girls have to choose between being a “good girl” and being a “flirt girl”
Latinx
127
6% of US population
Asian Americans
128
Men: stereotyped as asexual; women: stereotyped as an exotic sex toy; Conservative sexual attitudes
Asian Americans
129
Importance in education, family, group interdependence
Asian Americans
130
Before: had equal gender roles; after assimilation: increased male dominance
American Indians
131
homosexuals, transsexuals, or transvestites in American Indian culture
“Two-spirit”
132
women who could express masculine traits/participate in male-stereotyped activities while living and dressing as a woman in American Indian culture
“Manly hearted women” and “warrior woman”
133
the ways in which society conveys to the individual its norms or expectations for their behavior; parents have an early, important influence; peer group have impact in adolescence; media (video games: men are violent, women are hookers)
socialization
134
both females and males are extremely aggressive
Mundugumor of New Guinea
135
reward sensitivity, sensation-seeking, risk-taking, and impulse control; men score higher than women on risk-taking and sensation-seeking (relevant to sexuality)
impulsivity
136
gender difference is flipped in a culture in which women have more power—in ____ the women have the same or more power as men and take more risks; in ____ the men have more power than women and take more risks
Mosuo; Han
137
adolescent girls self-disclose to friends more than boys; both use online; women are better than men at decoding nonverbal cues and reading other’s emotions
communicating
138
Clark and Hatfield had men and women go up to the other gender and ask to have casual sex. None of the women said yes and ___ of the men said yes
70%
139
used to get physiological measure un a male—a flexible loop that fits around the base of the penis and records its expansion
penile stain gauge
140
measures physiological arousal in a female; an acrylic cylinder (size of tampon) placed inside the entrance of the vagina
photoplethysmography
141
are instruments used to measure vasocongestion in the genitals to provide insight into the responses of men and women to erotic materials
penile stain gauge and photoplethysmography
142
intruments that found that men and women were more aroused at sexual content than neutral and men are well aware of their physiological arousal, while women can sometimes be unaware; another study proved that if women focus on their bodies, they can identify if they are aroused
penile stain gauge and photoplethysmography
143
Both women and men have action in the limbic system, but only _____ have action in the hypothalamus
men
144
___ of men but only ___ of women had an orgasm during most recent sexual encounter
91%; 64%
145
Lesbians have higher rate of orgasm (___) than heterosexual (___) because women understand each other’s bodies better
75%; 62%
146
lower % of females, compared with males, who masturbate; women’s disapproving attitudes towards casual sex; women’s lesser orgasm consistency; men’s greater use of porn; and men’s greater sex drive
5 differences in male and female sexuality
147
- Bogus pipeline condition: student was hooked up to a fake polygraph/lie detector and told the machine could detect false answers (honest results)
- Anonymous condition: student filled out questionnaire anonymously (typical)
- Exposure threat condition: instructed to hand questionnaire to experimenter, knew he could see their answers
Bogus pipeline method
148
men said they had more partners when they thought no one would know they were lying and less partners when they thought people would know; women said they had less partners when they thought no one would know they were lying and more partners when they thought people would know
results of bogus pipeline method
149
used to explain gender differences; anatomy, hormones
biological factors
150
used to explain gender differences; the double standards, gender roles, body image
cultural factors
151
used to explain gender differences; fear of pregnancy, differences in masturbation patterns creating other gender differences
other factors
152
- Men are more aware if they have an erection, so women are less likely to masturbate because they are unaware when they have an arousal response
- Men have more testosterone than women (women have ¼ of what men have), so women have lower levels of sexual behavior
biological gender differences
153
- discussed myths based on the Fantasy Model
- Men and women are very comfortable with sex
- A real man isn’t into sissy stuff like feelings and communicating
- All touching is sexual or should lead to sex (men need to learn)
- Sex is centered on a hard penis and what's done with it
The New Male Sexuality by Bernie Zilbergeld
154
some men believe that their masculinity is centered on their penis; “men with bigger penises are more masculine”
- Penis-centric masculinity
155
digitally created websites designed to share sexualized images of girls without their knowledge
slutpages
156
- couples lose privacy when they gain children
- Women are more dissatisfied with their bodies and therefore avoid sex
- Women who don’t want to get pregnant may avoid sex
- Ineffective techniques of stimulating the women
reasons women avoid sex
157
Women had orgasms more consistently at __ than they did at __, men reach sexual peak at __
40; 25; 19
158
- 20-40: sexual excitation peaked for women and men and declined for both after that
- Women 20-80: level of inhibition was constant
- Men 20: inhibition way lower than women’s but rose steadily
- 55+: men and women have same level of inhibition
Excitation-inhibition model
159
females have orgasms 100% of the time during sex
Mangaia in the South Pacific
160
People engage in stereotyping for _________ (when we meet a new person we fill in assumed info so we can understand them until we have more actual info) and ____________(make ourselves feel better by denigrating people from another group)
comprehension goals; self-enhancement purposes
161
socially constructed roles, behaviors, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender-diverse people
gender
162
biological attributes of humans and animals, including physical features, chromosomes, gene expression, hormones, and anatomy
sex
163
when someone’s sex assigned at birth aligns with their gender identity. Ex: someone whose sex is female and gender identity is a woman could be referred to as a cisgender woman
cisgender
164
when someone’s sex assigned at birth DOES NOT align with their gender identity and they have, are currently, or wish to undergo changes to aspects of themselves to better align with their gender identity (though individuals may adopt the label trans differently and according to their own experiences).
transgender
165
someone who was assigned male at birth but whose gender identity is a woman
trans woman
166
someone who was assigned female at birth but whose gender identity is a man
trans man
167
someone who does not necessarily identify as a woman or man, who might identify as both, neither, or differently depending on the day! Different people can use the same label but have different experiences and definitions of their own gender. Might also identify as trans—trans is often a label used to acknowledge one’s status as someone undergoing changes to better reflect their gender identity.
Nonbinary, Genderqueer, Genderfluid
168
someone whose sex assigned at birth does not align with their gender identity. Includes trans folks but not all identify as trans. Other examples can include genderqueer, genderfluid, nonbinary, etc. Anyone with a gender identity that is not cisgender woman or cisgender man and is therefore in the minority.
Gender Minority Person
169
- Someone who is trans might be comfortable saying “I am a trans woman” when asked about gender identity—someone who wants people to understand that trans is a part of their gender experiences and is at the forefront of their identity in addition to being a woman
- Trans woman might also say “I am a woman” because it’s not always safe to communicate one’s trans status or person wants other only to see them as a woman. Some who “pass” for a very long time and may feel that the transition phase of their experience is no longer a large part of their day-to-day life
different opinions on being labeled trans
170
Was a major center for trans, LGBTQ, and sexuality studies in Berlin, Germany in the early 1900s called the Institute for Sexuality and was led by _________, who coined the term “transsexualism” (outdated term for transgender). Institute was destroyed by the Nazis.
Dr. Magnus Hirschfield
171
Trans is about ____ and not about sexuality or sexual identity
gender
172
It is clear when a penis is aroused, but not a vagina. This could make females less likely to _____
masturbate
173
women less satisfied with their bodies have ____ sexual desire
lower
174
vary in the changes they wish to undergo to best reflect their gender identity. Sometimes they might desire hormones or surgeries, sometimes they don’t. people can express gender in all kinds of ways (clothing, makeup, hairstyles, demeanor, etc)
trans people
175
can identify as gay, queer, lesbian, and straight
trans people
176
trans people's ______ can change while they transition, as can cisgenders over time
sexual identities
177
there is still ____ within cisgender and queer communities
transphobia
178
psychological distress about a mismatch between a person's gender identity and gender assigned at birth
gender dysphoria
179
diagnosis of gender dysphoria requires _____. someone might feel a missmatch but not be distressed about it, and they would not qualify for the diagnosis.
distress
180
10% of _____ who were out to their family reported that a family member was violent toward them, 30% reported being fired/mistreated, 33% had negative experiences with a health care provider
trans
181
rates of mistreatment are even higher for
trans people of color
182
Term is used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), which is used to diagnose mental health issues
gender dysphoria
183
Being a “homosexual” was in the DSM up until
1973
184
uses term “gender incongruence of childhood” and “gender incongruence of adolescence and adulthood” which are meant to be less stigmatizing
International Classification of Diseases by the World Health Organization (ICD)
185
a strong, irrational fear of trans people
transphobia
186
the more scientific term that refers to negative attitudes and behaviors towards trans people
anti-trans prejudice
187
Distress related to a strong desire to be treated as a gender different from that assigned at birth, and a strong desire for primary and secondary sex characteristics of another gender
gender dysphoria
188
Some feel as though gender dysphoria just focuses on the negative aspects of being trans, and the distress part. To balance this out, people have also adopted a term called
gender euphoria
189
can occur in childhood, but also during adolescence and adulthood; as a diagnosis it is controversial because some feel it stigmatizes trans people by indicating that being trans is a mental illness
gender dysphoria
190
the joy that one feels when there is a correspondence between one’s gender identity and one’s gender features (body, clothing, appearance).
gender euphoria
191
What has shown positive results in reducing prejudice and discrimination against transgender people?
interventions in which a person is asked to take the perspective of the group that is the object of prejudice
192
A metoidioplasty is a type of ________ surgery for trans men that involves releasing and enlarging the clitoris.
gender-affirming
193
When a research team (Williams et al., 2016) asked 25 trans women what the most serious problem was for a trans person in a love relationship, the most common response was
being truly accepted for who they are.
194
an effect an online intergroup-contact intervention (Moss-Racusin & Rabasco, 2018) had with respect to bias toward trans people
It reduced bias against trans people somewhat but did not eliminate it.
195
In the transgender community, what are the two broad camps with respect to belief in what the “best” kind of transgender person is?
those who think trans people should undergo medical transition and “pass” as a cisgender, and those who want to challenge gender binary norms and remain gender ambiguous
196
_____refused to marry and fled, dressed as a man entering a monastery, and became ______(man). Was elected prior of a convent, was accused of getting a woman pregnant, was expelled from the convent, died, and people found the body to be female
Pelagia; Pelagius
197
can have effects on stopping prejudice
brief interventions
198
Used ______(contact between members of different social groups can reduce prejudice and stereotypes) to have participants imagine themselves as a pharmacy technician and interact for a position. All groups reduced bias of trans and said that trans candidate was hirable, but not as hirable as the cisgender candidate.
intergroup contact theory
199
instances of discrimination fell into 5 categories: microaggressions/harassment, restricted career/work opportunities, maltreatment in health care settings; harassment by law enforcement, and bullying/harassment in educational settings
Trans discrimination scale (Laurel B. Watson)
200
showed that children displayed response patterns consistent with their gender identity, not birth-assigned gender
IAT test
201
Trans adolescents were given a whiff of androstadienone and hypothalamic response was measured using MRI. Hypothalamic responses related to their _____, not _____.
gender identity; natal gender
202
-Those with more intense ________ tend to continue to be transgender into adulthood; it decreases in adulthood
gender dysphoria
203
sexually attracted to women
gynephilic
204
sexually attracted to men
androphilic
205
Late-onset trans adults are more likely to be sexually attracted to ____ gender as gender identity
same
206
doesn’t always cover trans surgeries
health insurance
207
o Voice and communication therapy (help person speak in range and communicate nonverbally to match their gender identity)
o Supportive therapy and peer support (to reduce stress)
o Facial hair removal for birth-assigned males
o Therapy for the family
services that should be available for trans people short of medical transition treatments
208
_____ children’s mental health is as good as cisgender, but 40% have attempted suicde at some point in their lives
trans
209
process in which trans youth or adults live openly in a way that matches their gender identity (dressing as a woman, female pronouns, etc)
social transition
210
wish to transition medically or surgically so their body matches their identity
gender-affirming therapy
211
to block puberty in early adolescents: pubertal suppression; reversible; rare (6%) to discontinue the blocker or to feminize or masculinize the body; partially reversible; older adolescents and adults capable of decision; trans men: deeper voice, facial hair, growth in clit; trans women: anti-androgens and estrogen are given—breast growth, fewer erections, increased body fat
hormonal therapy
212
this treatment is beneficial for mental health
hormonal therapy
213
removal of uterus (hysterectomy), fallopian tubes, and ovaries; metoidioplasty (releasing the clit, which enlarges with hormone therapy, to create a small penis) /phalloplasty (creation of a penis from tissue like the forearm); and enlargement of the scrotum with insertion of artificial testes; metoidioplasty and phalloplasty: create a penis
genital surgery for trans men
214
penectomy (removal of penis), orchiectomy (removal of the testes), vaginoplasty (creation of a vagina from the skin of the penis), clitoroplasty (creation of a clitoris), and vulvoplasty (surgery to create a female-appearing vulva; “bottom surgery”
genital surgery for trans women
215
removal of breasts for trans men, breast augmentation for trans women; “top surgery”
chest surgery
216
The penis creating surgeries are difficult and often not completely successful so many trans men decide
against them
217
most do ___ regret their surgeries
not
218
can help people with gender dysphoria without medical intervention
psychotherapy
219
o Need to inform themselves with basic knowledge about the trans experience and research (identity may not align with birth)
o Should understand the prejudice, discrimination, and violence that affect their health
o Should understand trans development across the lifespan (persisters vs. desisters); need to understand different approaches
o Should understand that TGNC people have better outcomes if they receive social support and affirmative care
o Often are part of interdisciplinary treatment
in order to diagnose, psychologists...
220
Processes in __________ can cause gender variation—trans men displayed brain regions that are intermediate between cis males and cis females; difficult to conclude from research with trans people undergoing hormone therapy because of brain changes
prenatal development
221
Genes differences for trans women and men can cause gender variation--trans women are likely to have a mutation in the __________(not all); estrogen receptor involved
androgen receptor gene
222
One of the stereotyped images of African American women's sexuality is that of the ______, who is strongly tied to African American religious traditions, is virtuous, and avoids sex.
sister savior
223
With respect to gender roles, ________ is even more important in the male role than in the female role.
heterosexuality
224
Men and women show significant differences in orgasm consistency. The authors of your text suggest that one of the things that could be done to equalize orgasmic responsiveness between men and women is to
give girls information about masturbation
225
an acrylic cylinder placed in the vagina to measure physiological sexual arousal.
photoplethysmograph
226
The study conducted to evaluate whether gender differences in sexuality are true (Alexander & Fisher, 2003) found that when people were in the ______, they gave the most honest reporting of their sexual experiences.
bogus pipeline condition
227
According to Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the emotional component of love is
intimacy
228
After playing a vigorous game of basketball, Eduardo experienced an increased heart rate and sweating from playing and found himself more attracted to women than did Tyrone, who had not played. Which of the following best explains why Eduardo was more attracted to women than Tyrone was?
Eduardo’s misattribution of arousal
229
"Our attraction toward another person is proportionate to the number of reinforcements that person gives us relative to the total number of reinforcements plus punishments the person gives us." This statement describes
Byrne's law of attraction.
230
______ love is a state of intense longing for union with the other person and of intense physiological arousal.
passionate
231
Sarah sees her childhood friend Brett only once or twice a year during holidays. She sees her colleague Ashton almost every day as they commute to work together. Although Brett and Ashton are quite similar in terms of temperament and behavior, Sarah likes Ashton more than Brett. Which of the following explains this phenomenon?
mere-exposure effect
232
whom we are sexually attracted to and also have the potential for loving
sexual orientation
233
belief that heterosexuality is the norm
heteronormativity
234
shows that people prefer straight people over gay (but preference for straight is declining)
IAT
235
Gay men are ____ educated that straight men; they earn ____; lesbians earn _____ than straight women
more; less; more
236
Can hide being gay so they can “____” in the world, but hiding their true identity can take a toll on them
pass
237
term used in legal settings are refers to something foul/disgusting
obscenity
238
term used to refer to medical interventions to help a trans persons body to better match up with their identity. (top/bottom surgery, hormone therapy)
gender-affirming therapy
239
type of porn generates $15 billion per year globally
internet porn
240
term refers to negative attitudes and behaviors and is more scientific that a different commonly-used form
anti-trans prejudice
241
strong irrational fear of trans genders
transphobia
242
the advent of the internet made this type of sex work possible
camgirl
243
term refers to the acknowledgement of ones own right to sexual self determination and the same right in others
sexual citizenship
244
term that refers to sexual arousal to some object or non-sexualized body part
fetishism
245
term that refers to threats to expose sexul images with the goal of coercing victims to provide additional pictures or engage in sex
sextortion
246
reasons college students engage in sex work
- cost of college tuition
- the low/unpredictable pay in jobs normally taken by students
- declining rates of student loans and the increase in interest rates
247
large risk factor in developing paraphelic behaviors and paraphilic disorders
childhood sexual abuse
248
helping people before parahilic disorder has developed
primary interventions
249
helping person after paraphilic disorder has developed
secondary interventions
250
term has been coined to refer to deeply entrenched cultural attitudes about gender and sexuality that shape people's attitudes about rape
rape culture
251
psychological approach defining abnormal sexual behavior refers to these 4Ds:
dysfunctional, distress, deviant, dangerous
252
a giglio who enters into a series of marriages of convenience
"Lap Dog"
253
man sex worker who provides sex services to older and wealthier women for a long time
giglio
254
giglio who is a pampered playboy kept by a wealthy woman
"Golden Boy"
255
less long term giglio
"Toy Boy"
256
man sex worker who primarily finds clients on the street; servicing clients in oublic settings (restrooms, cars)
hustler
257
this gender is more likely to be a masochist
males
258
diagnoses used by International Classification of Diseases is equivalent to "gender dysphoria" in the DSM, but is sometimes seen as less stigmatizing
gender incongruence of childhood/adolescence and adulthood
259
used to understand various effects of porn; watching porn and seeing certain behaviors can cause people to think it is normal and use that when they have sex
sexual scrift theory
260
type of rape-intervention program that encourages people to intervene actively if they see a situation that may become violent or behaviors that reinforce social norms that support violence
bystander intervention programs
261
engaging in sex tousims in these areas of the world puts people at higher risk of STIs
Southeast Asia and Western Europe
262
sexually aggressive men are likely to have this, meaning they generally believe women do not communicate honestly, particularily when the woman communicates clearly and assertively that she is rejecting an advance. (risk factor for sexual violence)
suspicious schema
263
2020--US trafficking put what percentage of women into sex work?
70%
264
theoretical model from communications theory specifies who chooses to view certain media (porn), how the viewing has its effects, and who is especially susceptible to the effects.
differential susceptibility to media effects model
265
BDSM stands for
Bondage-discipline,
domination-submission,
sadism-masochism
266
gay activist who was an elected member of San Francisco’s Board of Supervisors; fought for gay rights through Cali; was shot and killed by Dan White (former police officer) in 1978; got a small offense and reduced jail sentence; gays and supporters were furious and started a protest march called the White Night Riot
Harvey Milk
267
examine our attitudes, educate ourselves, attend workshops, parents should teach good messages
how to prevent prejudice; individual level
268
recognize that they are a hidden minority—be aware of jokes and know people might not be “out”
how to prevent prejudice; interpersonal level
269
teach sexuality education across grades with open discussion of sexual orientation
how to prevent prejudice; institutional level
270
getting to know gays
intergroup contact
271
____ tend to find they are gay and have gay experiences in adolescence before ____
men; women
272
acknowledging to oneself and then to others that one is gay/lesbian
coming out
273
changes over time in sexual attractions, identity, or behavior, which can occur with people in their twenties or later; attracted to the person, not the gender
sexual fluidity
274
encourages LGBs to open up
gay liberation movement
275
is the central clearinghouse for activist groups and can provide info on local organizations
the National LGBTQ Task Force
276
US Supreme Court decision of ____ to legalize gay marriage
2015
277
Children in gay households are mainly _______; adjustment and mental health of the children _______ from heterosexual families; ____ social skills and popularity
heterosexual; do not differ; same
278
study by Humphreys about gay sex in public restrooms (mainly fellatio); Humphreys was a lookout to obtain his data and would find the participants after they did the act; mainly heterosexual men
the tearoom trade
279
refers to one’s self-label or self-identification as heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, or something else
sexual identity
280
____ women have had at least 1 same-gender sexual experience in adulthood than men
more
281
Kinsey’s reports were bigger numbers because of his
unsystematic sampling methods
282
Kinsey created a spectrum ___________that showed a scale 0-6 indicating different variations instead of 2 categories
“Kinsey’s Continuum”
283
mental disturbance and mainly homosexuality was viewed as a sickness or illness
medical model
284
LGBT POC have _______ lifestyles, but have ______ depression than LGBT Whites
harder; lower
285
Studies with control groups found ____ problems of adjustment in a homosexual group in therapy than a heterosexual group not in therapy
more
286
found that gays and lesbians seem to be well adjusted as heterosexuals; APA voted to remove homosexuality from list of psychiatric disorders
nonpatient research
287
Population studies found ______ rates of depression, anxiety, suicide attempts, and PTSD among homosexuals
higher
288
____states that the higher rates of mental health problems in homos are due to
o The exposure of LGBs to maltreatment, discrimination, and violence
o The lack of support/rejection by family and friends
o The stress of concealing their true identity
minority stress model
289
treatments designed to change LGBs into heterosexuals (those who experienced had worse mental health than those who had not, makes them feel guilty); ended in 2015
Conversion therapy/reparative therapy
290
people become gay because of genetic factors, prenatal factors, and differences in brain structure
biological theories
291
twins are often both gay, but if genetic factors determined it would be 100%; there is no single gene for homosexuality, multiple genes are involved and exert some influence but do not completely determine (____ evidence)
genetic factors; best
292
mothers of gay sons with older brothers had higher levels of anti-NLGN4Y (protein which is important to brain development and is coded by Y chromosome)—15-30% of gay men had their sexual orientation created in this matter—no correlation with lesbians; lesbians had more prenatal exposure (2D:4D ratio: lesbians have shorter index fingers than straight)—no correlation with gays; gays are likely to be left-handed (_______ evidence)
prenatal factors; best
293
hypothalamic cells of gay men were more like women than straight men (flawed study); gay men and hetero women had activation in hypothalamus from AND and lesbians and hetero men had activation in hypothalamus from ESThetero men and lesbians are turned on by women’s pheromones and gay men and hetero women are turned on by male pheromones
brain factors
294
no testosterone differences between gay and straight men; testosterone only makes you horny
hormonal imbalance
295
people learn to be homosexual or heterosexual from experiences; if early interactions are pleasant, they will be gay/straight
learning theory
296
boy convinces himself he is gay because he is labeled a “fag”; males with minimal contact with men as they are growing up have a high chance of being gay because they don’t learn from men (Reiss); those in less gender-rigid societies feel freer to experiment
sociological theory
297
Women are ____ likely to be bisexual and ____ likely to be lesbian than men; Women show ____ flexibility/change over time in sexual orientation (sexual fluidity)
more; less; more
298
Gay men tend to reach developmental milestones _______ than lesbians
earlier
299
gay men are more likely to have a late birth order and an excess of older brothers
Fraternal birth order effect
300
- Blacks have the _____ tolerance of LGBs; Whites have the ______.
- _____ and _____ men are more likely than _____ men to engage extensively in same-gender sexual behavior while still considering themselves to be heterosexual
least; most
black; latino; white
301
gay actions viewed as natural, normal, and necessary; boy gets penis in the butt by older man to represent his transition to manhood, then goes on to marry a woman and have kids
Melanesia
302
man who takes it in the butt is considered unmanly and homosexual, who the man who gives it is considered masculine and not homosexual; rarely use fellatio
mexican and in egypt
303
latinas do not accept...
lesbians
304
kept private, must be loyal to family, gay not accepted
Asian Americans
305
definition of homosexuality is shaped by culture; some ethnic groups are more disapproving than US Whites
Sexual orientation from multicultural perspective
306
author of Sexual Fluidity
Lisa Diamond
307
a 1 on Kinsey's scale
mostly heterosexuals
308
people who are sexually/romantically attracted to people regardless of their gender
pansexual
309
____ could be the natural state, not heterosexuality
bisexuality
310
Why might information on LGBs taken from reports by the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) be inaccurate?
Underreporting should be expected on any kind of sensitive topic like same-gender sexuality.
311
The term tearoom trade refers to
Impersonal sexual acts in places like public restrooms
312
implicit attitudes toward LGBs, as measured by the Implicit Association Test (IAT): On average, people have an implicit preference for
straight people over lesbians and gays
313
The term homophobia implies ____ ____, while antigay prejudice indicates _____ ______ _____ _____ toward LGBs.
strong fear; negative attitudes and behaviors
314
Labeling people as gay or lesbian can act as a self-fulfilling prophecy is consistent with what perspective on same-gender sexuality?
sociological
315
Homosexuality was considered a mental disorder, but in 1945, ______ proved that being gay was not a mental illness; taught psych at UCLA in the 1940s; heterosexual
Dr. Evelyn Hooker
316
In ____ American Psychiatric Association took homosexuality off the list of mental disorders
1973
317
identify gay students and staff and discretely remove them from UW Madison, made sure hundreds of gay students wouldnt make it to graduation
the Purge
318
1 of 2 former students that have ever spoken publicly about their involvement in the purge; was interrigated by the dean and denied being gay but still got his scholarship to go abroad taken away. he still graduated and became an activist
Lewis Bosworth
319
People who support LGBT rights believe it is
biological
320
3 problems with ________: not scientifically accurate, not legally necessary, and it is unjust; time to retire the argument
“Born That Way”
321
in _____, if one is gay, the other is gay 30-40% of the time
twins
322
Courts have devoted less attention to the immutability of sexual orientation and more attention to whether discriminating against LGBTQ individuals has any ________ or if it is prejudice/hatred
rational bias
323
was used when gay was not accepted 50 years ago; don’t want pity anymore; argument dismisses bisexuals and those who came out later
"Born this Way"
324
nonconsenting oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force or by threat of bodily harm, or when the victim is incapable of giving consent
rape
325
sexual activities other than “vanilla sex”; atypical sexual interests
paraphilia
326
fetishism, transvestism, sexual sadism, sexual masochism, voyeurism, frotteurism, exhibitionism, and pedophilia
8 specific paraphilias
327
a paraphilia rises to this level if it causes the person serious distress or impairs their functioning, or causes harm to the self or others
Paraphilic disorder
328
sexual arousal to some object or nongenital body part (feet) and attachment to great erotic significance to it; developed early in life (12)
fetishism
329
2 theoretical explanations for what causes fetishes to develop:
learning theory and cognitive theory
330
fetishes result from classical conditioning: a learned association is built between the fetish object and sexual arousal and orgasm—can’t get erect without its presence
learning theory
331
fetishists have a serious cognitive distortion in that they perceive an unconventional stimulus (black leather boots) as erotic; feel driven to sexual behavior when aroused, but arousal may cause feelings of guilt/self-loathing—which produces arousal which is misinterpreted as sexual arousal
cognitive theory
332
drag, female impersonation, and transvestism
3 types of cross-dressing
333
gay men who dress up as women
drag queens
334
men who dress as women, often as part of their job as entertainers (Mrs. Doubtfire)
female impersonators
335
men who regularly dress in female clothing to produce sexual excitement; often done in private; exclusively a male variation because men dressing in feminine is not tolerated in society
transvestism
336
a person who experiences intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person (giving pain)
sexual sadist
337
a person who experiences intense sexual arousal from fantasies or the behavior of being humiliated, hurt, bound or otherwise made to suffer (receiving pain)
sexual masochist
338
use of physically restraining devices or psychologically restraining commands as a central aspect of sexual interactions; enforce obedience/servitude without any pain
o Most men and women prefer to be bottom
o Most heterosexual
Dominance and submission (D-S)
339
interaction that involves a consensual exchange of power; the dominant partner uses their power to control and sexually stimulate the submissive partners
o Script/performance, role play (master/slave)
Dominance and submission (D-S)
340
_____ men are sadists than masochists
more
341
hypermasculinity (dildo), administering and receiving pain (clothespins attached to nipples), physical restriction (handcuffs), and humiliation (face slapping)
o Humiliation: flagellation (81%; least intense), verbal humiliation, gagging, face slapping, using knives to make surface wounds (11%; more intense)—less intense is more common
o Scripts, role play
o Rarely injured because script is talked about before
(S-M)
342
causes of _____: person wants to escape the conscious of the self (like alcohol) or avoid responsibilities; low self-awareness means lower anxiety and less focus on the self, no need to keep up a good image
masochism
343
Racial prejudices in BDSM
using the n-word, unfair stereotypes
344
- Preoccupation: can think of nothing else
- Rituals: person enacts rituals that have become a prelude to addictive act
- Compulsive sexual behavior: behavior is enacted, and person feels they have no control
- Despair: instead of feeling good after act, addicts fall into feelings of hopelessness and despair
sexual behavior that is out of control/dysfunctional 4 step cycle
345
There are groups like AAA for sex where you must admit that you have a problem and talk about it; therapy; treatment; in patient facilities
solutions for Sexual behavior that is out of control/dysfunctional
346
a pattern in which an individual has intense sexual fantasies, urges, and behaviors that are driven and repetitive; risky; associated with depression and anxiety; 1-6% of US has--half began at 18
Compulsive Sexual Behavior (CSB)
347
__% of those seeking treatment for sexual addiction are men
94
348
a person who experiences intense sexual arousal from watching an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of undressing, or engaging in sexual activity
o 50% of men and 21% of women have engaged in voyeurism at least once
o Most start 12-15
o Only a small amount are distressed by their behavior
o Criminal
voyeur
349
people who derive sexual pleasure from exposing their genitals to a nonconsenting person (flashing); goal is to produce shock or some other strong emotional response
o Usually men exposing themselves to females (4% of men, 0.6% of women)
o 20% of sex offenders had engaged in exhibitionism
o Can send dick pics online
o Criminal
exhibitionists
350
Hypersexuality includes __________ (in women) and ____________ (in men)—conditions in which there is an extraordinarily high level of sexual activity and sex drive
o Decided by spouse: man calls wife ________ when she wants sex a lot
nymphomania; satyriasis; nymphomania
351
an excessive, insatiable sex drive in a person
hypersexuality
352
o Out of control
o Never satisfied
o Common behaviors for men: compulsive masturbation, promiscuity, pornography, exhibitionism, voyeurism, and pedophilia
o Women not having orgasms can contribute to behavior
o Study revealed than individuals in problematic cluster reported more psychopathology, so ________ is distinct from high desire
hypersexuality
353
having no sexual attraction to another person; still masturbate
asexuality
354
____________: high frequencies of behaviors like porn or frequent hookers and paraphilic interests (type of hypersexuality)
Paraphilic Hypersexuality
355
does not desire romantic relationships—asexuals may be
aromantic
356
______: the last type of hypersexuality
nonsexual condition
357
spectrum of identities including asexuals, graysexuals (only rarely feels sexual attraction), and demisexuals
ace spectrum
358
a scale to assess hypersexuality: high scoring women watch more porn and masturbate more
Hypersexuality Behavior Inventory (HBI)
359
_________: men who watch lots of porn and masturbate have job loss, etc (type of hypersexuality)
Avoidant Masturbation
360
_________: people who cheat on spouses with few paraphilic interests (type of hypersexuality)
Chronic Adultery
361
3 components: behavior, identity, and sexual attraction: 0.6% of women and 0.9% of men gave the _____ response to all 3
asexual
362
more likely to be asexuals, less likely to be cis, and less likely to be in a relationship
women
363
________: people whose sexual activity is within the range, but they feel guilty (mostly female) (type of hypersexuality)
sexual guilt
364
1. Non-arousal OSA: looking for sex info online, joining an online dating service, etc
2. Solitary-arousal OSA: viewing sexually explicit videos, posting a vid of self engaged in sex, etc
3. Partnered-arousal OSA: avatar engage in sex with another avatar, online sexual chat, etc
Online sexual activities people engage in
365
anonymity, accessibility, and affordability (aren’t poor)
internet characterized by (3As)
366
_________: referred by romantic partner because they discover an activity they disapprove of (type of hypersexuality)
Designated Patient
367
High frequencies of porn consumption is _______ or can qualify as compulsive sexual behavior if it leads in impairment in work or relationships
Paraphilic Hypersexuality
368
sexual contact with an animal (bestiality)
o Most are boy raised on farms (17%); 3-4% of women
o People do so for a desire for affection and pleasurable sex
o Most had not had sex with a human for a long time
zoophile
369
practice of inducing oneself a state of oxygen deficiency in order to create sexual arousal or to enhance sexual excitement and orgasm
o Rope around the neck, pillow against the face, etc
o 250-1,000 deaths per year
o Average age of men is 26 years old
Asphyxiophilia
370
paraphilia defined as sexual fantasies or behaviors involving touching or rubbing one’s genitals against the body of a nonconsenting person, usually in a crowded place
o Target may be unaware
frotteuism
371
a sexual encounter involving 3 people (threesome)
o 13% of adults have engaged and 64% want to
troilism
372
disorder of a desire to damage or soil a woman or her clothes or the image of a woman (painting/statue); mainly in men
saliromania
373
feces are important to sexual satisfaction
coprophilia
374
sexual contact with a dead person (ranges from fantasizing to doing the act)
necrophilia
375
urine is important to sexual satisfaction; may want to be urinated on (“golden shower”)
urophilia
376
automatic, unintentional sexual behaviors during sleep
o Occurs during nonrapid eye movement sleep in the first few hours of sleep; related to an abnormal transition between sleep and wake states; arises from slow-wave sleep
o Moaning, fondling, masturbation, cunnilingus, sexual intercourse, and sexual assault—partners may get physical injuries, both partners experience shame, guilt, embarrassment alarm, and low self-esteem
o 80% involve men
o Persistent sexual arousal
o Causes: sleep apnea, sleep deprivation, stress, alcohol, medications
sexsomnia (sleep sex)
377
intervening in home life or in other factors during childhood so problems to not develop
primary prevention
378
- Analyze the components of sexual development: sexual responsiveness (arousal to appropriate stimuli) and formation of relationships with others—disturbances of these could be bad
- Stop It Now! Is a good program to prevent children from being sexually abused
prevention ofparaphilic disorder
379
medical treatments, cognitive behavioral therapies, skills training, and AA-type 12-step programs
4 categories of treatments for treating paraphilic disorders
380
diagnose and treat the problem once it has arisen
secondary prevention
381
- Hormonal treatment—drugs to reduce sexual desire; very effective in treatment of paraphilic disorders; medroxyprogesterone acetate—discontinued; cyproterone acetate and leuprolide acetate (LHRH agonists)
- Psychopharmacological treatment—treating depression will take care of paraphilic behavior—consistent success and treats OCD disorder, which shows that paraphilias are a result of OCD
- Surgical castration—bad because a reduction in testosterone levels in humans does not always lead to a reduction in sexual behavior
- Therapy should be included with all treatments
- There is a high dropout rate from those being medicated
Medical Treatments for paraphelic disorder
382
- Comprehensive programs include: education on the person’s condition/contributing factors, practice in impulse-control skill and mindfulness, training in problem-solving skills (if has depression, anxiety, or boredom), cognitive restructuring to help deal with negative thoughts, and skills to prevent relapse
- 7 months
- Only 5.5% reoffend
- Men more likely to be convicted of sexual offenses
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (MOST EFFECTIVE)
383
- Free
- Combine cognitive restructuring, obtaining support from other members with similar behaviors, and enhancing spirituality
- Little research on if it’s effective
AA-Type 12-Step Programs for paraphilic disorders
384
occasional cross dressing becomes a problem when it becomes so extreme that it is the person's only source of _______
erotic gratification
385
If a behavior such as exhibitionism causes impairment to the individual, such as losing time at work and then being fired, it can be classified as
paraphilic disorder
386
When Hernando was little, he found that he was able to become highly sexually aroused when he used his older sister’s freshly worn pantyhose while he masturbated. When Hernando grew into a young man, he found that he was able to achieve sexual satisfaction only when he had access to freshly worn pantyhose. This is an example of
fetishism
387
- Paraphilias gave great difficulty forming relationships and don’t know how to initiate/maintain convos
- Training teaches how to carry on a convo, develop intimacy, be appropriately assertive, basic sexual education, etc
Skills training for paraphilic disorders
388
the findings from a systematic review of controlled outcome evaluations of psychological and hormonal treatment programs for sex offenders say that
The programs reduced sexual recidivism by about 37 percent
389
what components of sexual development is most likely to be disturbed in the case of a fetishist?
sexual responsiveness to appropriate stimuli
390
a woman has a __% chance of being raped in her life
20
391
broader term than rape; includes nonconsensual penetrative sex and sexual groping
o stats are higher than rape because it’s broad
sexual assault
392
the long-term psychological distress suffered by someone who has experienced a terrifying, uncontrollable event; many sexual assault victims show significant recovery within a year
PTSD
393
o Respect victim’s decisions
o Listen/be available
o Believe and accept
o Offer a safe place to stay/stay with them
o Recognize that recovery may take long
o Be sensitive and respectful of wishes for closeness and affection
o Deal with your own feelings
o If you are their partner, understand that ________may impact sexual interactions
things family and friends can do to support sexual assault victims
394
factors that explain why sexually aggressive men misperceive women’s “no”
o Men misperceive women’s warmth and friendliness as indicating sexual interest
o Sexually aggressive men are likely to have a “suspicious schema”
395
date-rape drug (“roofie”)
rohypnol
396
anxiety, depression, nightmares, flashbacks, and lack of feeling safe
symptoms of PTSD
397
positive life changes and psychological development following exposure to trauma
o 70% of survivors experience
posttraumatic growth
398
rape by a current/former spouse
o 13% have been raped by current husband
o Intimate partner rape: include married and cohabiting couples
51% have been raped by intimate partner
o Man who performs marital violence is likely to perform marital rape
o Motives to rape wife: anger, power and domination, sadism, or a desire for sex regardless if wife is willing
marital rape
399
view that rape is always caused by a woman “asking for it”/victim’s fault (1/4 major theoretical views on the nature of rape)
Victim-precipitated rape
400
view that rape is an act committed by a psychologically disturbed man(1/4 major theoretical views on the nature of rape)
2. Psychopathology of rapists
401
deeply entrenched cultural attitudes about gender and sexuality that shape people’s attitudes about rape; supported by rape myths (false beliefs about rape)
rape culture
402
pharmacological effects (the actual effects of the drug on the body and behavior; impairs functions) and psychological effects (believe that drinking alcohol will make them more sociable and sexually uninhibited)-----alcohol makes men with high hostility feel more justifies in raping
effects of alcohol on the perpetrator
403
o Believe rape myths, have social cognitions that support rape, women are sexual objects, think the world is dangerous, that some behaviors are uncontrollable
o Characterized by poor inhibition and self-regulation (unable to inhibit aggressive impulses)
o Lack empathy
o May have experienced environmental triggers (war)
o Part of peer group that approves of forced sex and sex with many different girls
characteristics of rapists
404
acknowledgement of one’s own right to sexual determination and the same right in others
Sexual citizenship
405
cultural values (rape culture), sexual scripts, early family influences (sexual aggressors are likely to have been sexually abused in childhood), peer-group influences, characteristics of the space (secluded, alcohol), miscommunication, sex and power motives, and masculinity norms/men’s attitudes (hypermasculinity)
contributing factors to rape
406
involve space and the people who control space
i. Space controlled by men in a frat
Sexual geographies
407
argue for principle of sexual citizenship (and its violation) as a factor in rape, as well as the importance of sexual geographies (1/4 major theoretical views on the nature of rape)
a. Sexual citizenship
b. Sexual geographies
sociological
408
_________ women were raped by Christopher Columbus and European men; continues today; 90% raped by white or black men; many have become activists
Native American
409
aim to raise people’s awareness of the prevalence (rape-prevention program)
Awareness-based programs
410
view rapists as the product of gender roles; links between sex and power: men use sex to demonstrate power or men use their power over women to get sex; gender inequality (1/4 major theoretical views on the nature of rape)
feminist
411
Serial rapists tend to rape strangers and average _ rapes
5
412
teach people skills that will decrease risk of assault (rape-prevention program)
Skills-based program
413
o Potential victims avoiding situations of high risk
o Knowing self-defense techniques
o Changing attitudes that contribute to rape
rape prevention
414
encourage to intervene if they see a situation that may become violent (EFFECTIVE in reducing rate of sexual assault) (rape-prevention program)
Social norms-based program
415
______ women think they won’t be believed if they report rape because of stereotypes during slavery (“loose”)
black
416
increase audience’s understanding of the consequences of the victim, which increases empathy for them (rape-prevention program)
Empathy-based programs
417
promote idea that norms on campus are opposed to sexual assault, favor consent (EFFECTIVE) (rape-prevention program)
Social norms-based programs
418
involves a structured, mediated opportunity for the victim and offender to acknowledge the harm that occurred; repairing instead of punishing
restorative justice
419
more than half of rapes occur before the age
18
420
78% of rapes are committed by someone the victim knows (such as with date rape or rape by someone at a party or that the person is on a date with)
college students
421
______ women are more likely than lesbian and heterosexual women to experience rape: _____, then heterosexual/lesbian--> men perpetrators
MANY TRANSGENDERS
men: bisexual, gay, heterosexual
bisexual
422
whether the woman experienced sexual violence previously (revictimization), the severity of the violence, and the reactions of others when the woman discloses the assault, and self-blame (feeling as though they should have done something differently to avoid the assault)
factors contributing to WORSE psychological outcomes of sexual assault
423
_% of rape cases result in pregnancy
5
424
22% of women and 8% of men have experienced; most abusers are family and friends;
child sexual abuse
425
the false reporting rate is very ___; __% of the time rape is not reported
low; 80
426
- Sex between an adult (over 17 or 18) with a person below the age of consent
- Age of consent varies between states—16 or 17 in many states, but it is 18 in Wisconsin
- Sometimes a problem when. An 18-year-old boy and a 16-year-old girl are having consensual sex
- Overall, it is a good law—these are developmentally very different stages where girls are figuring themselves out and are motivated to appear as older and “mature.” Older boys who like girls at the age are relying on this power differential. Girl may be interested, but also look up to him and be concerned with gaining his approval to demonstrate her own “adultness”
Statutory Rape
427
a sexual predator meets a child online, gains their confidence, and arranges an in-person meeting; involved in child abuse
Sexual solicitation on the internet
428
threats to expose sexual images with the goals of coercing victims to provide additional pictures or engage in sex
sextortion
429
sexual contact between blood relatives or nonblood relatives (stepfather)
(Sibling _____ is more common form of ______, but if close in age then no effect on adult adjustment)
incest
430
being female, parental problems (violence between parents), and having a stepfather
risk factors for beinga victim of child abuse
431
anxiety, depression, eating disorders, alcohol/drug consumption, dependence, negative feelings about sex, and difficulty forming stable relationships; victims likes to have health problems
what adults who were sexually abused as children experience
432
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), trauma-focused CBT, group therapy, and play therapy
treatments of child abuse
433
intercourse occurred, happened from a relative, and if the victim told someone and got a negative response
even greater difficulties of child abuse
434
tend to be repeat offenders, lack the interpersonal skills to be in adult heterosexual relationships; may have had head injury to hurt development; likely to have been victims of child sexual abuse; 23% likely to repeat; need medical treatments
pedophiles
435
aims to teach pedophiles to control sexual arousal to children (no evidence if it works)
behavioral treatment
436
(type of behavioral treatment for pedos) unpleasant stimulus is repeatedly paired with sexual pictures of children
Classical conditioning
437
(type of behavioral treatment for pedos) targets behaviors and attitudes and beliefs
Cognitive behavioral treatment
438
pressuring someone to engage in sexual activity by implying that not complying will result in negative consequences
- Associated with poorer psychological, physical, and sexual health
- Even when someone is coerced into sex and has an orgasm, they still experience the negative outcomes
- Sex can be important in relationships, but it is vital to ensure that your partner does not feel pressured. Make it clear that it’s always okay if they don’t want to.
sexual coercion
439
- adult having sex with child age 13 or younger (prepubescent)
o Intense fantasies, sexual urges, or behavior, 6 months or longer (Pedophilic disorder)
o jhfutdfig
o Treatment: surgical castration, anti-androgen drugs (Lupron: chemical castration—reduces sexual urges), and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)recidivism (return to offending) rate is high
o What can be changed: not direct attraction to children; increase voluntary control so that person doesn’t act on the attractions, some experts question whether any treatments are successful
pedophilia
440
sexual advances are unwelcome and are coercive in the sense that the victim’s job/grade is at stake (quid pro quo harassment); likely in the military; leads to depression, anxiety, and PTSD; at work it results from a combination of gender stereotypes and men's ambivalent motives
sexual harassment
441
man is motivated by sexual intimacy but won’t take “no” (women=sexy) (type of harassment)
earnest harassment
442
motivation is domination of the woman because he sees her as competition in the workplace (response= increased harassment) (type of harassment)
hostile harassment
443
o Perceived institutional tolerance for sexual harassment
o Environments where men outnumber women (male-dominated)
o Hierarchical power structure within the organization
o Compliance with Title IX regulations that is only symbolic
o Uninformed leadership in organization
institutional factors that contribute to sexual harassment in academia
444
desire for sexual intimacy but also to be a father to the woman; thinks of himself as being helpful (type of harassment
paternalistic-ambivalent harassment
445
_________ is not effective for sexual harassment.
mandatory sexual harassment training for employees
446
mixes real sexual attraction and stereotype of women as sexy with the man’s hostile desire to dominate the women; based on belief that she is nontraditional and competitive with him (type of harassment)
Competitive-ambivalent harassment
447
what theoretical view of the nature of rape argues for the principle of sexual citizenship—and its violation—as a factor in rape?
sociological theory
448
what has not proved effective with respect to reducing the rate of sexual assault?
brief educational programs
449
legal criteria for rape says that intercourse is _____ if the victim is unconscious.
nonconsensual
450
At a party, Bill points out a scantily-clad woman to his friend and says, “If a woman dresses like that, can she really blame a man for trying to rape her? In that skirt, she’s just asking for it.” Which of the following theoretical views of the nature of rape does Bill adopt?
rapes are victim-precipitated
451
engage in partnered sexual activity or sexualized interactions in return for money, material gifts, or some other form of payment such as drugs; hookers
o Sex is promiscuous and done in an undiscriminating fashion
o Less autonomy than a call girl—manager determines conditions and money
prostitutes/sex workers
452
works out of her own residence, making appointments with clients by a landline, cell phone, or online
o Often middle-class college graduate; dresses expensively
o May also be intimate or accompany clients to gatherings
o $150-$200 per hour
o In-call services: employ women working regular shifts in an apartment, servicing clients who come to the apartment
o Less choice of clients—expected to service several per shift
callgirl
453
venue for commercial sex work that is safer for sex workers; amount declined after WWII
brothel
454
contemporary setting for commercial sex where some gi ve massages and others give sexual massages/sex
o Vary in price and décor
o Services in major cities are often operated by Asians and staffed by women from China, Korea, the Philippines, and Thailand
massage parlor
455
venue that employs men and women who will engage in sexual activity; service may have a standard menu or escort may get to decide what to do with clients
o Called an out-call service because escorts go to clients
o Dangerous; escorts must call the service when they arrive and depart
escort service
456
- make an average of $420 per hour
- Girlfriend Experience (GFE)
- After learning the ropes and establishing a list of regular clients, she may split off to work independently
independent escorts
457
is desired and more expensive—includes dating interactions as well as sex (emotional intimacy)
Girlfriend Experience (GFE)
458
most visible sex worker who sells her wares on the streets of cities; have little control over the conditions in which they work, so they are at risk of assault, rape, and arrest
o Less fashionable
o Charges less
o Often addicted to drugs
o “quicky”
o Many people of color are arrested
o Survival depends on if they decide that a man is safe enough to get in a car with them
streetwalker
459
sexual entertainment such as erotic dances, but not necessarily sex; “gentleman’s clubs”
o Young women who provide companionship and female attention in exchange for tips; sometimes men who are dominant with females
o Each club targets a particular race, class, and gender of workers and clients
strip club
460
________ and _______ have made in-call and out-call services and clientele access to workers much easier since 2001
o Reduced demand of street workers
internet and cell phones
461
prices for an hour with a woman ______ because of increasing ease of entry, migration of young women to large cities, and the entry of local women into sex work due to being able to be discreet and anonymous
dropped
462
can reach a larger number of clients, don’t have to walk the streets, and can get good ratings
benefits of the internet for sex workers
463
sell erotic services using webcam technology usually through a public chat room—multiple viewers participate and pay
camgirls
464
a prostitute’s companion-master; The Man
o Help each other out (prostitute supports him with earnings, he keeps her safe and gives her necessities)
o can be abusive if prostitute fails to obey him
pimp
465
food trades/services, students, and helping women find paying customers in college (connecting the two)
pimp's jobs
466
woman who manages/owns an in-call service, an out-call service, a brothel, or an escort service; experienced and skilled at managing sex workers and business
madam
467
is employed to coerce/encourage sex workers to perform acts that they don’t want to
third party/manager
468
the recruitment and control of people, by threat or use of force or deception, for purposes of sexual exploitation; nonconsensual
o Women looking for a job come to a country and are held captive—their items and documents taken away and forced to perform sexual acts at different places
o 2020: 16,700 victims reported; 70% of those were recruited for sex work, the remainder recruited for labor
o Women from Latin American countries often work at brothels; from Asian countries work in massage parlors; from Eastern Europe work in strip clubs
sex trafficking
469
negative experiences in childhood/adolescence (abuse, family instability, poverty, homelessness, contact with exploitative men), factors in the environment at the point of entry (economic need, lack of job skills, and limited employment opportunity), and force/coercion
reasons people go into sex work
470
______ are taught necessary skills (fellatio, how to hustle, negotiating prices, protecting herself, and customer is always right)
prostitutes
471
provide education/job training, shelters, medical care, and counseling for those wanting to leave commercial sex work(Sex Workers Project)
comprehensive programs
472
arrest/threat of long-term jail, government agencies’ insistence that sex workers give up their children, knowledge that a friend was the victim of violence, and violence/psychological toll
reasons for leaving sex work
473
steady increase in college costs, low/unpredictable wages paid by jobs typically available to students, declining availability of student loans and increasing interest rates, and higher rates of unemployment among college graduates
o 6% of students currently work as sex workers
o Sex work results from financial hardship: prevent debts from accumulating while in school and can schedule work around school—less work for more pay
o Student Sex Work Project and Sex Worker Outreach Project support student sex workers in providing them with info on the focus of safety
students are engaging in sex work due to
474
are likely to be gay or bisexual
sex workers
475
young, attractive, autonomous, healthy (image of prostitute)
"the happy hooker"
476
young, brazen, aggressive (image of prostitute)
the "tough chick"
477
not-so-young, bruised emotionally and physically (image of prostitute)
victim
478
in _________, working in windows, and working the streets: greater risk of arrest and violence, longer workdays, less money
Netherlands
479
people think you can’t rape prostitutes, so they are at high risk and there is risk of arrest and mistreatment by law-enforcement personnel
stigma associated with sex work
480
drugs/alcohol, shutting down their feelings (depersonalization), offering other opportunities for personal growth (provide therapy/sexual healing), emphasize the rewarding aspects (helps kids), management of time and place and separating their 2 lives, and using their network of sex workers as support
strategies used to cope with risks
481
approaches available to reduce harm (education, empowerment, preventive health care, improved conditions) and interventions (peer education, training in safe sex, and provision of condoms—done by services)
heloing sex workers
482
prostitute’s customers; 50% are occasional, 50% are repeats, remainder are compulsive who use as their major sexual outlet
"Johns"
483
one-time, regular/”friends”, fallen in love, and long-term financial providers
types of sex work clients
484
(type of sex work client) not expect to see again, strictly commercial, not preferred
one-time clients
485
more likely to rape, hostile masculinity, less empathy for prostitutes—similar to those who commit sexual assault
o Sees sex as basic masculine need, reasserting a man’s natural power over a woman; some want GFE, others pay for sex as a consumer behavior
men who buy sex
486
male clients are mainly ___
gays
487
female clients are unlikely to cruise the streets and pick up a prostitute because they have been taught to let the male take the initiative.
example of gender-role socialization
487
(type of sex work client) worker knows for long time, friendship, trust, kindness, respect
regular clients/friends
488
(type of sex work client)client falls, difficult to manage—sought noncommercial relationships
fallen in love
489
(type of sex work client) provide consistent financial support, expect special services, wealthy older men
long-term financial providers
490
the pampered playboy kept by a very wealthy woman (Gigolo)
"golden boy"
491
man who provides companionship and sexual gratification on a continuing basis to a woman in exchange for money; 1 partner at a time
gigolo
492
Many sex tourists (white women for wealthy countries) pay for sex with _________ men from poor countries
dark-skinned
493
enters a series of marriages of convenience (Gigolo)
"lap dog"
494
stud; who works as a companion on a limited-term basis (Gigolo)
"toy boy"
495
(male) young, heterosexual, solicit pedestrians/motorists and have sex in cars, homes, public toilets, etc; hustlers—tight jeans and leather jackets
outdoor workers
496
(male) in gay-identified spaces (gyms, bars, clubs, hotels)—spaces where casual same-sex activity is common; work part-time
bar workers
497
(male) provide sexual services on an in-call basis; few male employees; prices are fixed and manager takes part; clients: women
brothels
498
(male) gay/bisexual, work in-call and out-call, clients= middle/upper class men, good money for few hours, use social and emotional activities to help fearful clients cope
escorts/call boys
499
Most clients don’t wear condoms; __________ and _________ carry higher risk of STIs
Southeast Asia and Western Europe
500
__% of males engage in sex work for money and often use drugs to get high
80
501
leisure travel that has as its purpose the purchase of sexual services or engaging in unpaid casual sex
o Made possible by large scale social forces: migration of people from less developed countries in search of jobs (have few other opportunities), the service of sexual intimacy, and increased travel for recreational purposes
o All factors are tied to globalization: movement of info and people freely across national boundaries
sex tourism
502
art, literature, or films that are intended to be sexually arousing. Explicit portrayals of sexual acts
pornography
503
sometimes seen as sexually arousing material that is not degrading or demeaning to adults or children, and shows equal relationships; soft-core
erotica
504
- Exposure to “barely legal” porn (women are 18/19 years old) creates stronger association between those images and what someone considers “erotic”
- Men experience more arousal than women do
immediate cognitive (implicit attitudes) and psychological effects of porn watching
504
history of many sex partners, liberal sexual attitudes, and an antisocial personality
people who are attracted to porn
505
-
immediate physiological effects of porn watching
506
- Location where individuals can meet and carry on convos electronically
- Oriented toward people with particular sexual interests
- Convos include graphic descriptions of sexual activities or fantasies
- Other person can’t see you
chat rooms
506
- Longitudinal study: porn use at Time 1 predicted more permissive sexual attitudes 2 years later
- Porn use correlates with attitudes supporting violence against women
- Meta-analysis: porn exposure increases aggressive behavior toward women
- premarita/extramarital sex
- greater number of sexual partners
- high-risk behaviors
- less satisfaction in relationships
long term effects of porn on attitudes
507
- VR porn videos are on Pornhub
- Men view either VR porn (feel more desired, more flirted with, more eye contact, more connection) or classic 2D porn
- Gives sense of reality
virtual reality
508
- Antisocial personality characteristics
- Hostile masculine personality
* Belief that women are dangerous and deceptive, can’t be trusted
- Frequent porn use
people susceptible to negative effects of porn
509
queer porn, amateur porn, feminist porn, erotica novels, etc
different types of porn
510
internet porn, videos and films, magazines, live entertainment, child pornography
types of porn
511
__% of the internet is porn
36
512
o Made as early as 1915
o Hard-core film industry in the 1970s
o Ex: Deep Throat was a sort of mainstream full-length movie that depicted explicit sexual acts
o During this time, people would go and watch porn films in theaters!
o In the early 1980s, X-rated videos you could rent or buy and watch at home became the norm
videos and films
513
VHS and DVD caused market to decline
magazine
514
internet porn generates ($) per year
$15 billion
515
scripts appropriate sexual interactions. Porn provides a script for what sexual interactions should look like, including which behaviors should occur
sexual scripts theory
516
o Reflects a declining market, but there was a time when magazines were a major source of porn
o “Soft-core” showed pictures of naked bodies and genitals (Playboy)
o “Hard-core” showed pictures of penetrative sex and other sex acts
magazines
517
sexually arousing material (focusing on consumer) or material intended to produce sexual arousal (focusing on producer)
o Some believe some kinds should be made illegal, others believe in freedom of expression
pornography
518
Pornhub, Xvideos, and Xhamster
top most visited sites in 2017
519
o Websites
o Chat rooms (including cam-rooms)
o Virtual reality
o PornHub
internet porn
520
arguably the world’s largest porn site with 22 million registered users worldwide
PornHub
521
o Burlesque Acts where people might do an “act” that involves stripping or other stage performance
o Pole dancing—involves stripping, dancing, and potential sexual gesturing
o There are strip clubs who cater to all different types of people (men, gays, etc) and those with fetishes
live entertainment
522
o Any visual photo, film, video of sexually explicit conduct involving a person under the age of 18
o Viewed as one of the worst parts of the sex industry because it produces a victim
o Children, by virtue of their developmental stage, cannot provide informed consent to such activities (illegal)
child pornography
523
porn is fun and expressive of sexuality, and porn is harmful and problematic
2 sides of debate about porn
524
use ads for penis enlargement and cams and spam emails to
make money
525
Most of softcore ____ has migrated into pop culture, leaving only hardcore
porn
526
hardcore, in your face, cruel, “bitches, whores, cum-dumpsters”not human; gagging of a woman on a penis (#1 mainstream porn)
gonzo porn
527
average age of boys viewing gonzo porn
11.5 years old
528
88.2% of gonxo porn contains ______ aggression, 48.7% contains _______ aggression
physical; verbal
529
spent a ton of money to stop the requirement for porn stars to wear condoms
MANWIN
530
Web listings have reduced the demand for sexual services by ________ in some cities
street workers
531
Fatima is a commercial sex worker who works out of her residence. She has a list of regular clients, but she also advertises her services in various websites. Fatima is working as a(n)
call girl
532
the result of a meta-analysis of studies using experimental designs in examining responses of viewers to sexual content in ads was as the intensity of the sexual content _______, buying intentions _________.
increased; decreased
533
findings of research using the __________ said that viewing porn is a risk factor for committing sexual aggression for men who are high on susceptibility factors and view porn frequently.
differential susceptibility effects model
534
Research shows that sexually permissive attitudes are correlated with the amount of viewing of pornography, but it is not clear if porn viewing lead to permissive attitudes or if the permissive attitudes lead to the porn viewing. This question has been resolved by
several longitudinal studies showing that porn viewing at Time 1 predicts permissive attitudes at Time 2, but permissive attitudes at Time 1 do not predict porn viewing at Time 2.
535
producing material involving children/obtaining nude photos or videos/engaging in sexual activity, selling or exchanging images/downloading them from the internet, and possession (often hundreds of images)illegal
offenses of child pornography
536
distribute all sorts of material; difficult to trace
Internet “peer-to-peer” networks
537
many advertisers used sexual images to sell products
o “sex sells”
o Sexual ads do not increase memory for the brand being advertised, nor increases intentions to buy the product; buying intentions decrease as intensity of sexual content increases
sex in advertising
538
Over ________ students are employed in the industry in the US
1 million
539
be bisexual, have an early age of first intercourse, have more sexual partners in the past, and enjoy sex greatly
porn actresses are likely to
540
primarily used by adults, younger men are more likely to report viewing, men make up ___ of viewers, women make up 10-15% of viewers
2/3
541
cognitive, emotional, or physiological arousal
effects of porn watching
542
men, people in 20s and 30s, people with a history of many sexual partners, liberal sexual attitudes, antisocial personality characteristic, some as a couple, some at a frat party
people who view porn
543
it debases women (sex objects), it associates sex with violence towards women (increases rape), and it glamorizes unequal power relationships between women and men (boss-secretary, professor-student)
o Perpetuates traditional gender roles
reasons feminists are opposed to porn
544
high levels of viewing reflect behavior that is compulsive and out of control; excessive viewing effects grades, productivity at work, interpersonal relationships; exposure can effect one’s sexual scripts, leading to poor quality sexual relationships
pornography addiction
545
solution of pornography addiction
education
546
handout/audio pointing out that the material is fictional, women do not enjoy forced sex, and rape is a serious crime
prebriefing
547
exposing adolescents to porn in a controlled environment, then working with them to analyze it
education for porn literacy
548
participants show less acceptance of rape myths and more sensitivity to rape victims
effects of education on porn
