Psych Sexuality Final Exam

Question 1

______ was one of the first companies to get approval for Erectile Dysfunction drug Alista, before Viagra

Answer 1

Vivus

Question 2

no new sexual problems for women have been discussed in ________.

Answer 2

literature

Question 3

said they may have drugs for female sexual dysfunction and the market went wild

Answer 3

Vivus

Question 4

Alista and Viagra were proved to _____ work on women

Answer 4

not

Question 5

% of women have body issues

Answer 5

80%

Question 6

skin patch found to boost ______ in women–successful

Answer 6

testosterone

Question 7

one of the biggest companies in the world; began $100 million marketing before the patch was approved

Answer 7

Proctor and Gamble

Question 8

Theory: sexual desire is just ______

Answer 8

testosterone

Question 9

Clinical trials were tested on women who had surgery and had their ____ removed

Answer 9

uterus

Question 10

patch is estrogen and testosterone patch; not told to public that ____ is included

Answer 10

estrogen

Question 11

Viagra increases ______, not ______.

Answer 11

blood flow; orgasms

Question 12

Alista and Viagra

Answer 12

drugs used for erections

Question 13

occurs in non-human animals, is found in every human society even those with negative feelings about it, and attitudes about same-sex sexuality vary greatly around the world

Answer 13

same-sex sexual behavior

Question 14

In which era did scientific approaches to understanding sex from a psychological perspective begin

Answer 14

Victorian era

Question 15

According to Freud, a boy shifts to identifying with his father, taking on the father’s gender role, and acquiring the characteristics expected of men by society, during the ____ stage of psychosexual development?

Answer 15

phallic

Question 16

A woman with a vaginal infection repeatedly experienced pain during intercourse, leading her to eventually stop having intercourse. This is an example of…

Answer 16

operant conditioning

Question 17

Critical theories that explain sexual phenomena most likely discuss…

Answer 17

various behaviors and types of people as social constructions.

Question 18

What is the most common method for measuring sexuality?

Answer 18

Self-reports

Question 19

Enlargement and concealment are examples of …

Answer 19

purposeful distortion

Question 20

What is a major advantage of direct observation over self-reports?

Answer 20

it is accurate

Question 21

It has been used successfully with sexual minorities experiencing work stress from antigay prejudice and microaggressions.

Answer 21

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Question 22

Hernando initiates sex with his wife Kiko. Although she is not very interested at first, as they begin kissing and petting each other, she becomes aroused. This pattern of sexual behavior is known as

Answer 22

responsive desire

Question 23

One of the basic goals of Masters and Johnson’s therapy was to

Answer 23

eliminate goal-oriented sexual behavior.

Question 24

Some women may only attain an orgasm through masturbation or hand or mouth stimulation by the partner. The notion that this is a disorder can be linked to

Answer 24

sexual scripts/belief there is a right way to have sex

Question 25

Psychiatrist and sex therapist Helen Singer Kaplan believed that the key to defining the premature ejaculator is the absence of...

Answer 25

voluntary control of orgasm

Question 26

Distressed married couples and those seeking sex therapy have _________ deficits. Longitudinal study proves that ineffective _________ predicts later relationship problems (likely to break up)

Answer 26

communication

Question 27

o Criticism: verbally attacking o Contempt: displays indicating no regard for the person (nonverbal: rolling eyes) o Defensiveness: “it’s not my fault” o Withdrawal (stonewalling): refuse to discuss

Answer 27

Poor communication techniques: Gottman’s 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Question 28

-->relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, high orgasm frequency

Answer 28

positive communication

Question 29

what you mean

Answer 29

intent

Question 30

what the other person thinks you mean

Answer 30

impact

Question 31

impact matches their intent

Answer 31

effective communicator

Question 32

way of complaining in speaking for yourself, not your partner; focus on own thoughts and feelings; less likely to make your partner defensive; avoids mind reading

Answer 32

"I" language

Question 33

making certain assumptions about what one is thinking; common among distressed couples

Answer 33

Mind reading

Question 34

component of giving good messages where you give specific examples of the issue, then can give specific suggestions about what could’ve been done about it

Answer 34

documenting

Question 35

telling your partner what you are feeling by stating your thoughts clearly, simply, and honestly

Answer 35

leveling

Question 36

not saying things that would be deliberately hurtful to your partner or would be irrelevant

Answer 36

editing

Question 37

to make communication clear, clear up expectations, clear up what is pleasant/unpleasant, clear up what is relevant/irrelevant, notice things that draw you closer/push you apart

Answer 37

purposes of leveling

Question 38

you should ____ mind reading

Answer 38

avoid

Question 39

Be a _______ listener: focus on what partner is saying/feeling

Answer 39

nondefensive

Question 40

the goal is to balance ____ and _____

Answer 40

leveling and editing

Question 41

actively trying to hear and understand what the other is saying

Answer 41

listening

Question 42

offer a set of acceptable limited choices; make so that “no” is not an acceptable answer (would you want to talk about this today or tomorrow?)

Answer 42

limited choices

Question 43

“uh huh,” “okay,” nodding head

Answer 43

feedback

Question 44

repeating in your own words what you think your partner meant, then clear up confusion created with the initial message if it is distorted

Answer 44

paraphrasing

Question 45

One aspect is self-disclosure: telling personal things about yourself o Associated with sexual satisfaction o Stimulates reciprocity

Answer 45

technique of good communication

Question 46

are better at reading nonverbal cues; more likely to inquire about upsetting situations another is in and use comforting messages; more likely to talk about feelings and relationships; more self-disclosing; use speech to establish relationships; more concerned with the quality of the relationship in which sex occurs

Answer 46

women

Question 47

more likely to discuss sports, careers, and politics; more likely to interrupt; capable of being self-disclosing when talking to a woman; use speech to exert control, preserve independence and enhance their status

Answer 47

men

Question 48

Research shows that gender differences are _____, assumes gender differences are the same for all ethnic and social classes

Answer 48

small

Question 49

the way we say our words; tone of voice, expression on the face, position of the body, whether you touch the other person; emphasis on certain words

Answer 49

nonverbal communication

Question 50

technique in communication of telling your partner that, given their POV, you can recognize why they think a certain way; try to understand each other’s viewpoint - Understanding partner’s preferences of sexual tools (foreplay) causes satisfaction - Causes progress; don't have to agree with other

Answer 50

Validation

Question 51

checking out assumption (“am I right about that?”), then following with an open-ended question (“what can we do to make things better?”)

Answer 51

drawing your partner out

Question 52

communicate positive things about sex; positive reinforcement - Say when a kiss is good; recognition of strengths can enrich it - Use frequent verbal and nonverbal feedback

Answer 52

accentuate the positive

Question 53

In stable marriages, positive: negative ratio for interactions is _:1 or higher

Answer 53

5

Question 54

Gottman: The Magic Ration

Answer 54

positive communication

Question 55

- Don’t: have a rigid body saying “let’s get this over with” during sex; do: guide the other’s hand/demonstrate - Distressed couples differ more from nondistressed in nonverbal communication than verbal

Answer 55

nonverbal communication dos and don'ts

Question 56

agreed set of rules so the arguments may help and won’t hurt - Basic rules of ____: don’t be sarcastic/ insulting, don’t bring up names of former lovers, don’t play amateur psychologist (diagnosing partner), don’t threaten to tell your parents/run home, don’t bring children into the argument, don’t dump everything on them at once (stored grievances), don’t hit and run (bring up a serious issue when it’s a bad situation to discuss—having to leave in 5 minutes), and don’t focus on who’s to blame (look for solutions)

Answer 56

fighting fair

Question 57

We should make sure our message clearly matches our intent and not make assumptions about the meaning of ______ messages

Answer 57

ambiguous

Question 57

Relationship/marital programs were developed in the

Answer 57

1980s

Question 58

is not common in society

Answer 58

directness

Question 59

are effective with all groups: middle-class White, Black, Hispanic, low-income, and LGBTQ couples

Answer 59

Relationship education programs

Question 60

Problem with verbal/nonverbal sexual communications

Answer 60

often unclear

Question 60

_____ signals: “I want to have sex now.” ___ signals: dressing nicely

Answer 60

direct; indirect

Question 61

Better Marriages, Couple Communication, PAIRS (Practical Application of Intimate Relationship Skills), and Prevention and Relationship Education Program (PREP, which is delivered by the U.S. military to military couples)

Answer 61

Relationship/marital programs

Question 62

_____ relationship education is effective in improving relationship satisfaction and communication skills; found improvements in well-being and reductions in intimate partner violence

Answer 62

couple

Question 63

Most of these programs are educational (not couple therapy); focus on developing better communication and problem-solving skills with activities for practice; can also focus on info and skills on how to improve a couple’s ability to manage their lives (children/finances)

Answer 63

relationship/marital programs

Question 64

- Experience of counseling psychologists - Research comparing distressed and nondistressed couples What was the finding?

Answer 64

Distressed couples have communication deficits

Question 65

- Longitudinal research - Communication of engaged couples measured o Self-report of negativity in their communication styles o Videotaped interaction (where they discussed the top problem in their relationship) o Coded for criticizing, denial, withdrawal What were the results when following up 5 years later?

Answer 65

Those who divorced had worse communication patterns before marriage (from the self-reports and the videotaped interactions)

Question 66

o These are rules for good communication in the US and other Western nations o Different norms in other countries (Japan)

Answer 66

the importance of cultural context

Question 67

- Women and men are from different linguistic communities - Implies huge gender differences in communication, great difficulty in cross-gender communication - The data: gender similarities - Yes, we can communicate

Answer 67

Tannen, You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation

Question 68

a dysfunction that develops after a period of normal functioning

Answer 68

aquired sexual disorder

Question 69

a problem with sexual response that causes a person mental distress (sexual dysfunction) o Ex: inability to get an erection, inability to orgasm

Answer 69

sexual disorder

Question 70

one that has been present ever since the person became sexual

Answer 70

lifelong sexual disorder

Question 71

- desire disorders - arousal disorders - orgasmic disorders - pain disorders (first 3 correspond to components of the sexual response cycle)

Answer 71

categories of sexual disorders

Question 72

disorder when individual’s sexual desire is very low and they are not interested in sexual activity - Characteristics: lack of/sharply reduced interest or a lack of responsive desire - Common for women: 10-16%, half as many men - for women over 65, 50%

Answer 72

Hypoactive sexual desire (HSD/Inhibited sexual desire)

Question 73

one partner wants sex less frequently than the other does, creating conflict

Answer 73

Discrepancy of sexual desire

Question 74

hypoactive sexual desire (libido) and discrepancy of sexual desire

Answer 74

desire disorders

Question 75

include female sexual arousal disorder and male erectile disorder (ED)

Answer 75

arousal disorders

Question 76

DSM’s change of changing hypoactive sexual desire diagnosis into combining female low sexual desire with female arousal disorder

Answer 76

Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

Question 77

a lack of response to sexual stimulation (lack of lubrication) o Involves subjective, psychological, and physiological o 10% of women o Frequent during and after menopause

Answer 77

Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD)

Question 78

inability to have an erection or maintain one - Man may not engage in sex; can cause depression - lifelong vs. acquired vs. situational - Common in 60s

Answer 78

Erectile disorder

Question 79

frigate, impotence

Answer 79

terms we don't use anymore

Question 80

man has never been able to have an erection that is satisfactory for intercourse

Answer 80

Lifelong erectile disorder

Question 81

man has difficulty getting or maintaining an erection but has erections sufficient for intercourse at other times

Answer 81

Acquired erectile disord

Question 82

include premature ejaculation, male orgasmic disorder, and female orgasmic disorder

Answer 82

orgasmic disorders

Question 83

when a man has an orgasm and ejaculates too soon; according to International Society for Sexual Medicine: o Ejaculation that always occurs before 1 minute of penetration o Inability to delay ejaculation o Destress about the problem o 15% of men o Many stop having sex and dating

Answer 83

Premature ejaculation (PE)

Question 84

man is unable to have an orgasm/it is delayed, even though he has a solid erection and stimulation o Problem can range from occasional problems to never having an orgasm o Rare—10% o Intercourse can go on too long—man fakes orgasm

Answer 84

Delayed ejaculation (male orgasmic disorder)

Question 85

inability to have an orgasm o Can be lifelong, acquired, or situational o 20% of women o Can self-define disorder

Answer 85

Female orgasmic disorder (anorgasmia)

Question 86

woman has orgasms in some situations but not others (common pattern of female orgasmic disorder)

Answer 86

Situational orgasmic disorder

Question 87

include painful intercourse and vaginismus

Answer 87

pain disorders

Question 88

(painful intercourse): genital pain experienced during intercourse; mostly in females o 8% of women, 2% of men o About pain, not about sex

Answer 88

dyspareunia

Question 89

DSM-5-TR merged dyspareunia + vaginismus because they tend to occur together (vaginismus can result in dyspareunia)

Answer 89

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

Question 90

spastic contraction of the outer third of the vagina o Sometimes entrance to vagina is closed and woman can’t have sex o Not common

Answer 90

Vaginismus

Question 91

diseases associated with the heart and circulatory system (vascular pathology) o Diabetes mellitus—circulation problems, peripheral nerve damage, low testosterone levels; ED can be a sign of developing diabetes o Hypogonadism—under functioning of the testes so testosterone levels are low o Disease/injury to the spinal cord (location of erection reflex center), severe stress/fatigue, prostate surgery

Answer 91

Erectile disorder causes

Question 92

physical factors, psychological factors, combined cognitive and physiological factors, and interpersonal factors

Answer 92

causes of sexual disorders

Question 93

organic factors (diseases/injuries) and drugs

Answer 93

physical causes

Question 94

mostly psychological o Local infection like prostatis (physical) o Genes from monkeys “survival of the fastest”

Answer 94

premature ejaculation causes

Question 95

erection problems are often caused by

Answer 95

diabetes

Question 96

mostly psychological, some medical/surgical conditions o Multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, prostate surgery

Answer 96

causes of delayed ejaculation

Question 97

mostly psychological o Severe illness, general ill health, extreme fatigue, injury to the spinal cord

Answer 97

causes of female orgasmic disorder

Question 98

organic factors o Women: disorders of the vaginal entrance (painful scars), disorders of the vagina (vaginal infections), pelvic disorders (pelvic inflammatory disease) o Men: poor hygiene (washing foreskin), allergic reaction (creams), prostate problems o Painful intercourse

Answer 98

causes of painful intercourse and vaginismus

Question 99

dyspareunia is often caused by

Answer 99

vaginal infection

Question 100

at low doses increases desire, at high doses decreases erection, arousal, orgasm

Answer 100

Short term pharmacological effects of alcohol

Question 101

expectation that it will loosen people up, making them more sociable and sexually uninhibited

Answer 101

Expectancy effects of alcohol

Question 102

have erectile disorder, orgasmic disorder, and loss of desire; negative effects on interpersonal relationships, contributing to sexual disorders

Answer 102

Long-term effects of chronic alcohol abuse

Question 103

increases sexual desire and makes sexual interactions more pleasurable; smaller amounts enhance sexual desire; larger amounts inhibit sexual functioning; chronic users have decreased sexual desire; concerns that it contributes to risky sexual behavior and may affect testes size and hormones

Answer 103

effects of marijuana

Question 104

women—increase sexual desire/pleasure; (boosts products of androgens); men—moderate doses increase sexual desire while creating erection problems

Answer 104

Effects of cannabinoids

Question 105

o Increases sexual desire, sensuality, and delays orgasm o Chronic use: loss of sexual desire, orgasmic disorders, erectile disorders o Most negative effects when injected

Answer 105

effects of cocaine

Question 106

increased sexual desire and arousal

Answer 106

effects of amphetamines

Question 107

Engage in risky behaviors, lead to paranoia, hallucinations, and violent behavior

Answer 107

effects of crystal methamphetamine

Question 108

suppress effects on sexual desire and response o Long-term use of heroine—decreased testosterone levels in males

Answer 108

effects of opiates/narcotics (morphine, heroine)

Question 109

effect sexual functioning because they alter neurotransmitter levels/ functioning of the central nervous system o Schizophrenia drugs cause dry orgasm o Tranquilizers/antidepressants improve sexual responding as they help the person, but SSRIs can cause problems with arousal and delayed orgasm o Wellbutrin has few sexual side effects

Answer 109

effects of psychiatric drugs

Question 110

antihistamines reduce vaginal lubrication; antihypertensive drugs can cause erection problems; epilepsy drugs cause erection problems/decreased sexual desire

Answer 110

effects of prescription drugs

Question 111

immediate causes, prior learning, emotional factors, behavioral or lifestyle factors, and problems with sexual excitation/inhibition

Answer 111

Psychological Causes

Question 112

various things that happen in the act of lovemaking itself that inhibit the sexual response

Answer 112

Immediate psychological causes

Question 113

refers to thoughts that distract the person from focusing on the erotic experience

Answer 113

Cognitive interference

Question 114

anxiety (fear of failure), cognitive interference (problem of attention/spectatoring), failure to communicate (verbally/nonverbally), and ineffective stimulation (simple ignorance cured by education)

Answer 114

Immediate psychological causes

Question 115

________ experiment: model of sexual dysfunction: how anxiety, positive/negative emotions, and cognitive interference act together to produce sexual disorders—dysfunctionals overthink and take positive stimuli for functionals and make it bad

Answer 115

David Barlow

Question 116

_____: performance-related distractions; _____: appearance-related distractions

Answer 116

men; women

Question 117

the things people learned/experienced earlier (childhood, adolescence, adulthood) that now inhibit their sexual response

Answer 117

prior learning

Question 118

- First sexual act: traumatic (laughed at when no erection, leads to erectile dysfunction) - Seductive behavior/child abuse by adults can lead to problems with sexual desire, arousal, or aversion - Growing up in a strict home where sex is bad—want to get sex over with/no enjoyment - Family punishes child for masturbation—adult can’t orgasm through masturbation - Teaching double standard—woman’s sexual response in inhibited because she was taught that no nice lady is interested in sex

Answer 118

things people can experience in childhood

Question 119

child sexual abuse and sex-negative family resulting in a child who grows into an adult with sexual problems is an example of

Answer 119

prior learning

Question 120

disgust, depression

Answer 120

emoptional factors

Question 121

Barlow’s model of sexual dysfunction (cognitive-affective model) argues that people with sexual disorders tend to rate ____ on negative affect (anxiety/negative mood) and ____ on positive affect (joy and excitement) in sexual situations

Answer 121

high; low

Question 122

Smoking, alcohol consumption, and obesity lead to...

Answer 122

higher rates of sexual disorders

Question 123

By _____ and reducing their body mass index, obese men reduced the incidence of erectile disorder

Answer 123

exercising

Question 124

the _______________ can be used to maximize effectiveness of therapies for disorders

Answer 124

Sexual excitation-inhibition model

Question 125

People who are low on sexual excitation, high on sexual inhibition, or both are likely to develop ______

Answer 125

sexual disorders

Question 126

we function well sexually when we are physiologically aroused and interpret that as sexual arousal (instead of anxiety/nervousness)—people with sexual disorders interpret as anxiety

Answer 126

Cognitive-physiological model of sexual functioning and dysfunction

Question 127

women who were told they were aroused got more aroused

Answer 127

experiment for Combined Cognitive and Psychological Factors

Question 128

can lead people away from sex—want surface level relationship like talking about the weather

Answer 128

fear of intimacy

Question 129

relationship conflict, fear of intimacy

Answer 129

relationship factors

Question 130

- Progress in a dating relationship to a certain degree of closeness then lose interest - Can be a result of disappointing intimate relationships with parents in childhood

Answer 130

fear of intimacy

Question 131

categories of disorders have 3 flaws: treat male sexuality and female sexuality as equivalent, when they differ; ignore the relational context of sexuality and desires for emotional intimacy; ignore differences among women and naturally occurring variations in women’s sexuality.

Answer 131

A New View of Women’s Sexual Problems and Their Causes

Question 132

1. Sexual Problems Due to Sociocultural, Political, or Economic Factors 2. Sexual Problems Relating to Partner and Relationship 3. Sexual Problems Due to Psychological Factors 4. Sexual Problems Due to Medical Factors

Answer 132

A New View new categories of sexual disorders for women

Question 133

the medicalizing of sex problems (viagra)

Answer 133

Tiefer's criticism of previous work

Question 134

Kerrywants to make sure she doesn't get vaginismus, what should she do to prevent it?

Answer 134

washing and drying her vulva thoroughly when bathing

Question 135

behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, mindfulness therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, couple therapy, and biomedical therap

Answer 135

therapies for sexual disorders

Question 136

developed a behavior therapy model because they saw sexual disorders as learned behaviors rather than symptoms of psychiatric illness: goal was to eliminate a goal-oriented sexual performance (doesn’t lead to failure if don’t achieve)

Answer 136

Masters and Johnson

Question 137

Drake observes a clear discharge from his urethra and experiences mild discomfort when he urinates. Of the following, Drake is most likely experiencing

Answer 137

Chlamydia

Question 138

Why should people with herpes be especially careful to use safe sex practices?

Answer 138

Herpes infection increases one's risk of becoming infected with HIV.

Question 139

The early stage of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection lasts as long as

Answer 139

the person is feeling well and the T cell count stays around 1,000.

Question 140

a combination of the behavioral exercises by Masters and Johnson and cognitive therapy; used by many sex therapists - Use cognitive restructuring (therapist helps client restructure their thought patterns, helping them to become more positive) as a technique o Therapist challenges client’s negative attitudes (distrusting feelings towards men) - Address cognitive interference: identify presence of thought, replace with erotic thoughts (out with the bad, in with the good) - mindfulness therapy

Answer 140

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

Question 141

system of training people in mindfulness practices; goal is to help people regulate their own negative emotions; effective

Answer 141

Mindfulness Therapy

Question 142

Increases a women’s focus on their own sensations of arousal, amplifying their subjective sense of arousal and improving their sexual functioning

Answer 142

mindfulness therapy

Question 143

Online therapy program combining ____ and ______ training was effective (Pursuing Pleasure)

Answer 143

CBT; mindfulness

Question 144

technique of focusing one’s attention on experiences in the present moment in a calm, nonjudgmental way

Answer 144

Mindfulness

Question 145

helps clients to learn to stop avoiding and struggling with their challenging emotions and thoughts and instead accept that they are having these feeling; focus on identifying core values - Uses mindfulness practice - Used for women wanting a better sexual quality of life, problematic porn use, and sexual minorities experiencing work stress. All were successful.

Answer 145

Acceptancy and Commitment Therapy

Question 146

assumption that there is a reciprocal relationship between interpersonal conflict and sex problems; relationship is treated with the goal of reducing tensions between the partners; therapists use a combination of cognitive behavior and couple therapy focusing on assessing their sexual scripts

Answer 146

Couple Therapy

Question 147

1. Sexual and performance anxiety reduction (sensate focus exercises); behavior therapy 2. Education and cognitive intervention (overcome “all or nothing” thinking); cognitive 3. Script assessment and modification (break out of script); cognitive therapy techniques 4. Conflict resolution and relationship enhancement; couple therapy 5. Relapse prevention training

Answer 147

5-part model in treating men with ED

Question 148

treatment of premature ejaculation; woman stimulates the man using her hand and stops until the erection goes away, then starts again until erection; man learns that he can an erection and be aroused without having orgasm

Answer 148

Stop-start technique

Question 149

treatment for women with primary orgasmic disorder; helps orgasms

Answer 149

masturbation

Question 150

helps women having trouble orgasming; exercise and strengthen the pubococcygeal muscle (entrance of vagina; muscle that stops urine); enhance arousal and facilitate orgasm from awareness of genitals; stimulate partner more by gripping the penis tightly

Answer 150

Kegel exercises

Question 151

helps women having trouble orgasming; use of a self-help book to treat a disorder; effective for orgasmic disorders in women; effective for couples with a mixture of sexual disorders

Answer 151

Bibliotherapy

Question 152

widely publicized breakthrough for the treatment of erectile disorder; block an enzyme which relaxes the smooth muscles in the arteries of the corpora cavernosa, allowing blood to flow in and create an erection; produces erection when man is sexually stimulated; lasts a few hours

Answer 152

Viagra

Question 153

works like Viagra but lasts 24-36 hours

Answer 153

Cialis

Question 154

work like Viagra; effective in treating ED from removal of prostate

Answer 154

Levitra and Zydena

Question 155

hypogonadism (testosterone deficiency in men)

Answer 155

testosterone treatment

Question 156

Pfizer found that ____ does not work for women’s orgasms

Answer 156

Viagra

Question 157

showed no actual increase in sexual desire in women--unsuccessful; must be taken daily - FDA rejected in 2010, then approved it in 2015 due to the "pink Viagra campaign"

Answer 157

Flibanserin

Question 158

Promising approach for women—testosterone(T)+sildenafil(S)=taken for low sexual excitation; testosterone(T)+buspirone(B; anti-anxiety drug)=taken for high sexual inhibition

Answer 158

drug treatments

Question 159

Helpful for women—_______: treatment of sexual desire problems; changes levels of neurotransmitters in the brain and increases dopamine; inject 45 minutes before sex - central action - approved by FDA June 2019

Answer 159

Bremelanotide

Question 160

treatment for erectile disorders; inject into corpora cavernosa and dilates the blood vessels in the penis; use when Viagra doesn’t work; restores man’s confidence in erection ability and reduces performance anxiety

Answer 160

Intracavernosal Injection

Question 161

Alprostadil

Answer 161

used instead of needle for intracavernosal injection(cream/place inside urethra)

Question 162

treatment for erectile disorders; tube with rubber band is placed over the penis, suction is applied to produce erection, which is maintained by the constricting rubber band one the tube is removed.

Answer 162

Suction Devices

Question 163

- Implanting a penile prothesis; sac of water is implanted in the lower abdomen, connected to 2 inflatable tubes running through the corpora cavernosa with a pump in the scrotum—man can inflate his penis to a full erection o Damages penis so normal erection is never possible again

Answer 163

The inflatable penis

Question 164

Semirigid, silicone-like rod is implanted into the penis; less costly than inflatable and lower rate of complications

Answer 164

penile implant

Question 165

for hypoactive sexual desire (HSDD) o Testosterone + sildenafil o Dutch clinical trials in the US published in 2018 o Not yet FDA approved

Answer 165

Lybrido

Question 166

for HSDD in women taking antidepressants (SSRIs) o Testosterone + buspirone (short-term serotonin suppression, anti-anxiety

Answer 166

Lybridos

Question 167

treated with masturbation and sensate focus exercises

Answer 167

Primary orgasmic disorder in women

Question 168

therapy in sex ed, sexual skills training, communication skills training, body image

Answer 168

Aquired orgasmic dysfunction

Question 169

treated with progressive vaginal dilators (with Botox injections), relaxation, physical therapy, and Kegel exercises

Answer 169

Viginismus

Question 170

treated with drugs (antidepressents) combined with CBT

Answer 170

Premature ejaculation

Question 171

treated with Masters and Johnson therapy and CBT

Answer 171

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women

Question 172

- Some problems can be fixed with psychotherapies instead of drugs - Szasz says that sex therapy is classifying people who have problems in living and calling them “sick” o Sex therapists create a lot of illnesses by creating different unnecessary categories o Thinks these disorders are not scientific

Answer 172

Critiques of theories, causes, effects, and treatment

Question 173

1. Communicate with your partner 2. Don’t be a spectator (focus on giving and receiving sexual pleasures) 3. Don’t set up goals of sexual performance (you will fail) 4. Be choosey about the situations in which you have sex 5. “Failures” will occur

Answer 173

good sexual mental health

Question 174

When choosing a sex therapist, it is important that the person is _____ or ______

Answer 174

licensed; certified

Question 174

You CANNOT get an STI from oral sex.

Answer 174

False

Question 175

Birth control protects against pregnancy and STIs

Answer 175

False

Question 176

Once you’ve had an STI, you CANNOT get it again.

Answer 176

False

Question 177

Anal sex has a higher risk of spreading STIs than many other types of sexual activity.

Answer 177

True

Question 178

You CANNOT get an STI if your partner is a virgin.

Answer 178

False

Question 179

Only promiscuous or “trashy” people get STIs.

Answer 179

False

Question 180

You CANNOT have two STIs at once.

Answer 180

False

Question 181

You can get an STI from a toilet seat.

Answer 181

False

Question 182

Women are more likely to get tested for STIs.

Answer 182

True

Question 183

Lesbians CANNOT get STIs.

Answer 183

False

Question 184

If my partner has an STI, I’ll know/see it.

Answer 184

False

Question 185

How is it spread? Blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person with the virus - even in very small amounts - enters the body of a non-infected person. How long does it last? Mild illness (a few weeks) but Lifelong or chronic condition. How serious is it? 15-20% develop chronic liver disease including cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.

Answer 185

Hepatitis B

Question 186

_ in _ (__%)sexually active adolescent girls have an STD (affects teens and young adults more)

Answer 186

1;4;20

Question 187

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

Answer 187

STIs caused by bacteria

Question 188

AIDS, HPV, hepatitis B

Answer 188

STIs caused by viruses

Question 189

STIs caused by bacteria _____ be cured by antibiotics, but STIs caused by viruses _____ be cured but can be treated to reduce symptoms

Answer 189

can; cannot

Question 190

an infection transmitted through sexual contact with an infected individual

Answer 190

STIs/STDs

Question 191

Often NO signs or symptomsUNAWARE of infection, and don’t receive treatmentLONG-TERM damagemay have PASSED infection to others

Answer 191

why STIs are a significant health concern

Question 192

_____% of US adults have an STI at any given time

Answer 192

1/5 (20%)

Question 193

___ million new infections every year in the US

Answer 193

20

Question 194

__% of all new STIs occur among young adults between the ages of 15 and 24—commonly HPV, trichomoniasis, and chlamydia for these cases

Answer 194

50

Question 195

most frequently reported STI in the US with 1.8 million new cases each year - Spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who actively has it o If partner is male, you can still get if they don’t ejaculate because bacteria may be present in pre-ejaculator fluid o Infected pregnant women can pass it to their baby during pregnancy/childbirth Symptoms: - Female bodied symptoms: 75% asymptomatic, unusual vaginal discharge, burning with urination - Male-bodied symptoms: 50% asymptomatic, clear discharge from the penis, mild discomfort with urination Treatment: - treatable with antibiotics (azithromycin or doxycycline) but does not respond to penicillin - Without treatment: urethral damage, infection of the epididymis, Reiter’s syndrome, for women: pelvic inflammatory disease that can impact future fertility, baby with eye infection of pneumonia - Prevention: condoms, regular testing, communication with partners about testing; possible development of a vaccine that prevents infection

Answer 195

Chlamydia

Question 196

1/8 people 14-49 have--women have higher rates - Often HSV-1 is lips/mouth, HSV-2 is genitals - disease of the genital organs caused by the ___ simplex virus (HSV); 2 strains—HSV-1 and HSV-2 (can be caused by either one); transmitted by sexual intercourse and oral-genital sex - Symptoms: many asymptomatic - Spread by vaginal, oral, or anal sex or skin-to-skin contact with someone who has it - Symptoms (“having an outbreak”): one or more blisters on or around the genitals, rectum, or mouth; blisters break and leave painful sores that take 3 weeks to heal but virus lives in the body causing unpredictible periods of sores - No cure--trying drugs that treat symptoms and vaccinations that prevent; antiviral drugs (acyclovir, valacyclovir) shorten outbreaks and reduce rates of transmission - For oral: can be treated with medication Valtrex—reduces duration of outbreak o If taken before the time of infection, can be somewhat preventative and/or reduce possibility of recurrence - Long-Term Consequences: increased risk of becoming infected with HIV due to open blisters, possible transfer from mother to infant in childbirth o Some get meningitis, narrowing of the urethra due to scarring - Psychological Aspects: Coping: there are those who are asymptomatic and unaware living their best lives, and those who experience pain, feel stigmatized, and abstain from sex to avoid affecting others. Makes it worse that outbreaks are unpredictable, and they are always somewhat infectious.

Answer 196

Genital Herpes (HSV-1 and HSV-2)

Question 197

("the great imitator") caused by Treponema pallidum; estimated 35,063 new cases in 2018 in the US - Less cases but effects are more serious if left untreated—can damage the nervous system or result in death - Spread by direct contact with a ____ sore (chancre) during vaginal, anal, or oral sex - More susceptible to HIV - has 4 stages (chancre in primary) - Can lead to Congenital ____: fetus is infected when the bacteria crosses the placental barrier; may lead to early death or severe illness; mothers most infectious with primary or secondary-stage but can infect 8 years after initial infection - Diagnosis: physical exam of genitals and entire body surface; women—pelvic exam, rectal exam if anal intercourse; fluid taken from a chancre and tested for Treponema pallidum; blood tests—VDRL - Treatment: penicillin not in large doses (unless in later stages) and for those allergic--tetracycline or doxycycline (not for pregnant women)

Answer 197

Syphilis

Question 198

oldest of sexual diseases; cases raised after penicillin because of the pill (less condom use) - Spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the infection. o Infected pregnant woman can pass it to her baby during childbirth - Symptoms: men--abnormal penile discharge, burning sensation when urinating, rectal discharge, itching or bleeding, pain/swollen in testicles; women: often asymptomatic, abnormal vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, irregular/painful menstruation, burning while peeing - nongenital gonorrhea infection: mouth and throat—sore throat; rectal—discharge from the rectum and itching or asymptomatic; eyes—common in infants, swollen and painful with pus, blindness - Can lead to: sterility/infertility, disseminated infection (rash, fever, arthritis), painful infection tubes attached testicles, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), long-term abdominal/pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy scar tissue form in fallopian tubes - Diagnosis: urine test, throat and rectum swabs; pelvic examination for women may show PID - Treatment: used to use penicillin but common strains were resistant so started to use antibiotic Cipro, common strains were resistant again so now using an injection of ceftriaxone

Answer 198

Gonorrhea

Question 199

most common STI in the US with 13 million new cases each year - Pre-vaccine era: 43% of males 14-59 were infected - Increases the risk of certain cancers such as cervical cancer and cause genital warts - More than 40 different types-- some low risk (genital warts) and some high (cervical/penil/anal cancer) - Majority are asymptomatic and go away by themselves withing 2 years - Diagnosis: DNA test to detect cervical cancers, inspecting the warts (though some are harder to see); no test for high-risk types on the penis/anus yet - Treatment: chemicals to apply on the warts (podophyllin, bichloroacetic acid), freeze the warts off with cryotherapy, drugs like Podofilox—many cases go away on their own - Vaccine: 3 shots over a 6 month period and is available to all, protects against 4 types including 16 and 18 (cervical cancer types) and 2 types that cause genital warts. Best to get before sexual activity takes place (approved for women up to 26)--protects against all forms of HPV

Answer 199

HPV (human papillomavirus)

Question 200

stage with chancre:  men: on penis or scrotum  women: on cervix (unaware she is affected), vaginal walls, or vulva  mouth or rectum: lips, longue, tonsils, around the anus, cuts

Answer 200

Primary stage syphilis

Question 201

cauliflower-like warts appearing on the genitals, usually around the urethral opening of penis, shaft of penis, scrotum, vulva, walls of vagina, cervix, or anus

Answer 201

Genital warts

Question 202

3.7 million new cases in 2018 in US - Spread by parasite passed during vaginal sex but can live on toilet seats - Symptoms: 70% asymptomatic, abnormal vaginal/penile discharge (white, yellow or green color with foul odor), irritation of urethra, burning urinating and ejaculation, genitals itching, sore, red, burning - Lower genital tract (vulva, vagina, penis, urethra) - Long-term consequences: PID, problems with birth, susceptibility/high risk of getting to HIV - Treatable: metronidazole taken orally

Answer 202

Trichomoniasis

Question 203

Almost all cases of cervical cancer are linked to

Answer 203

HPV

Question 204

White American’s common cancer-causing types:

Answer 204

16 and 18

Question 205

African American’s common cancer-causing types:

Answer 205

33, 35, 45, 58

Question 206

4-valent vaccine only prevents ___ and ___, but new 9-valent prevents Black’s and Whites

Answer 206

16 and 18

Question 207

major early symptom of syphilis; a round, ulcerlike lesion with a hard, raised edge resembling a crater; painless; appears at the point where the bacteria entered the body; if untreated, goes away by itself meaning disease has gone underground and will move on to the next stage - appears usually within 2-6 weeks after exposure but possibly up to 3 months

Answer 207

chancre

Question 208

stage 4 weeks after chancre heals, body rash that does not itch or hurt forms, hair loss, mucous patches usually in the mouth, vagina, or anus; - Condylomata lata (“fleshy warts”) in anogenital region; disease can still be cured; symptoms disappear, leading to next stage after a few weeks

Answer 208

Secondary-stage syphilis

Question 209

serious infection of woman’s reproductive organs - Often from untreated STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea - Symptoms: long-term pain in lower abdomen, pain and bleeding during sex, burning while peeing, vaginal discharge with bad odor, bleeding between period, fever, unable to undo damage, fallopian tube scar tissue, ectopic pregnancy infertility o May have mild or no symptoms - You are more likely to get PID if you: Have an STD and do not get treated, Have more than one sex partner, Have a sex partner who has sex partners other than you, Have had PID before, Are sexually active and are age 25 or younger, Douche, Use an intrauterine device (IUD) for birth control

Answer 209

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Question 210

vaginal infection with similar discharge; discharge has a foul odor

Answer 210

Bacterial Vaginosis

Question 211

½ of people enter stage 10-30 years after infection begins; cardiovascular late ____ (hear and major blood vessels attacked; can lead to death), late benign___, and neuro____ (brain and spinal cord attacked; lead to insanity and paralysis--fatal); gumma: soft gummy tumor

Answer 211

Late syphilis

Question 212

inflammation of the prostate gland o Causes: E coli or gonorrhea or chlamydia o Symptoms: fever, chills, pain around anus and rectum, frequent urination, painful ejaculation o Can also be chronic and have no symptoms or only lower-back pain o Treatment: antibiotics

Answer 212

Prostatis

Question 213

occurs during late stage/at any time  Symptoms: difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, blindness, dementia (mental disorder), damage to internal organs, can result in death  Occurs sooner in those who have HIV (can occur in the primary stage)

Answer 213

Neurosyphilis Syphilis

Question 214

form of vaginitis caused by the yeast fungus _____ o Causes: long-term use of birth control pills, menstruation, diabetes or a prediabetic condition, pregnancy, and long-term use of antibiotics; can be aggravated by intercourse, though not sexually transmitted o Symptom: thick, white, curd-like vaginal discharge on vaginal lips and walls—causes itching o Treatment: drugs miconazole or clotrimazole or fluconazole o If women has while pregnant, can pass it to the child: Thrush (yeast in the baby’s digestive system)

Answer 214

Candida (yeast infection)

Question 215

stage that may last for years; Treponema pallidum effects the tissues of the body, blood vessels, central nervous system, and bones; no symptoms or infectious in stage; ½ of people stay in stage permanently

Answer 215

Latent syphilis

Question 216

- Monogamous relationship with an uninfected person, abstain from sex, use condoms - Washing genitals before intercourse, inspect partner’s genitals, urinating before and after intercourse - Don’t assume person is uninfected—could be asymptomatic - It is the person’s ethical responsibility to get diagnosed and treated and tell partners if they have a disease

Answer 216

How to protect yourself

Question 217

common in women o Common infections of the sex organs, not sexually transmitted o Prevent: wash the vulva carefully and dry it, do not use feminine hygiene deodorant sprays, wear cotton underpants, don’t wear pants tight in the crotch, wipe the anus from front to back, do not go from anal to vaginal intercourse

Answer 217

Vaginitis (vaginal inflammation or irritation)

Question 218

tiny ____ that attach themselves to the base of public hairs and feed on blood from their human host—resemble a crab - Lay eggs frequently, live for 30 days but die within 24 hours if taken off host - Transmitted by sexual contact, sheets, towels, sleeping bags, or toilet seats - Symptoms: fierce itching in the pubic hair - Diagnosed by finding the ____ or eggs attached to the hairs - Treatment: drugs Nix and Rid—shampoos and creams (kill the ____) - Eggs can live up to 6 days

Answer 218

Pubic lice

Question 219

it is the most common sexual issue reported by women

Answer 219

Lack of interest in sex

Question 220

40% will be stillborn or die in the hospital - Transmission can occur during any stage of ______ and during any trimester of pregnancy - Can cause: prematurity, birth defects, Hutchinson’s teeth, Osteochondritis, developmental delays

Answer 220

Congenital Syphilis

Question 221

What leads to a decrease in vaginal lubrication?

Answer 221

a decline in estrogen levels

Question 222

It allows for six gender categories, two of which we would now consider to represent gender fluidity.

Answer 222

Jewish law on gender

Question 223

allow freedom to individuals, even if society loses some order by their actions.

Answer 223

Pluralists

Question 224

Why is it important to study the relationship of religion to sexuality?

Answer 224

It helps one to understand the manner in which religion exerts a powerful influence on one's sexual behavior.

Question 225

According to the Greek philosophers of the Golden Age, what leads one to achieve wisdom and cultivate virtue?

Answer 225

avoiding all violent passions

Question 226

In which what way does therapeutic cloning differ from the kind of cloning related to the sheep Dolly?

Answer 226

It has no reproductive component

Question 227

Women are ____ likely than men to have symptoms of common STDs like chlamydia and gonorrhea

Answer 227

less

Question 228

Women are ____ likely to confuse symptoms of an STD for something else

Answer 228

more

Question 229

Women typically see their doctor ____ often than men

Answer 229

more

Question 230

Women may not see symptoms as easily as men

Answer 230

difference between impacts of STIs on women and men

Question 231

Pap test screens are for _______; not good for other types of cancers/STDs

Answer 231

cervical cancer

Question 232

- Lining of vagina is thinner and more delicate that skin on penis so it's _______ for bacteria and viruses to penetrate - Vagina is a ___ environment for bacteria to grow

Answer 232

easier; good

Question 233

STDs can lead to serious health complications and affect a woman’s future ______ plans

Answer 233

reproductive

Question 234

Untreated STDs can lead to ___, which can result in infertility and ectopic pregnancy

Answer 234

PID

Question 235

Women who are pregnant can pass ____ to their babies

Answer 235

STDs

Question 236

Genital herpes, syphilis, and HIV can be passed to

Answer 236

babies

Question 237

stillbirth, low birth weight (<5 pounds), brain damage, blindness, and deafness

Answer 237

effects of STDs in babies

Question 238

___ is the most common sexually transmitted infection in women, and is the main cause for cervical cancer

Answer 238

HPV

Question 239

- place where 1/60 million people infected with HIV: 50% of drug users and 20-45% of prostitutes - Struck hard because of booming sex tourism and commercial sex industry - Great demand for prostitutes because it’s good money, cultural beliefs about either being virtuous or a prostitute, all men use them, tourism=more clients

Answer 239

Thailand

Question 239

the estimated number of new diagnosed or undiagnosed infections

Answer 239

Incidence

Question 240

Most common STI

Answer 240

HPV

Question 241

% of Americans are infected with HSV-2 (Herpes)

Answer 241

12%

Question 242

estimated number of new or existing infections in a given time

Answer 242

Prevalence

Question 243

- 100 % condom program encouraged everyone to wear condoms and supplied 60 million condoms—only 2% infected by 2000 instead of 10% - place is having some success with creating a vaccine

Answer 243

Thailand

Question 244

infections in order from most incidence to least

Answer 244

HPV, Trichomoniasis, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HSV-2, Syphilis, HIV, HBV

Question 245

- Most STIs can’t be passed from a _____ because the bacteria can’t survive for long after leaving the human body (most can’t last more than a few minutes because they dry out and die) - Trichomoniasis can survive for a long time on ______, but most often transmitted sexually - Herpes almost always comes from skin-to-skin contact, but if there was fluid from a blister on a cup, toothbrush, or lipstick it can be passed

Answer 245

toilet seat

Question 245

- Spread by: person ingests infected fecal matter (even small amounts) from contact with contaminated objects, food, drinks - Lasts: a few weeks to several months - Seriousness: most recover from mild illness with no lasting liver damage, but death can occur (rare)

Answer 245

Hepatitis A

Question 246

“inflammation of the liver”

Answer 246

Hepatitis

Question 247

- Spread: blood from infected person (even small amounts) enters the body of non-infected person - Lasts: mild illness (few weeks) but lifelong - Seriousness: 75-85% develop chronic liver disease, 5-20% develop cirrhosis and 1-5% will die

Answer 247

Hepatitis C

Question 247

- Spread by: blood, semen, or other body fluids from a person with virus (even small amounts) enters the body of a non-infected person - Lasts: mild illness (few weeks) but lifelong or chronic condition - Seriousness: 15-20% develop chronic liver disease including cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer

Answer 247

Hepatitis B (HBV)

Question 247

People believed isolation was the answer at beginningtheory was debunked from boy Ryan White (innocent victim) who got ____ from blood transfusion and was not allowed to stay in school; people told him to die

Answer 247

AIDS

Question 248

care for people with HIV and AIDS

Answer 248

Ryan White Care Act

Question 249

Took _ years for president to address the problem of AIDS

Answer 249

5

Question 250

take a pill once a day, decrease chance of acquiring AIDS

Answer 250

PrEP

Question 251

found in gay men; ___ causes AIDS; ___ destroys the body’s natural system of immunity to kill diseases so diseases and take over and kill - Caused 1 million deaths by 2017

Answer 251

HIV

Question 252

men who have sex with men (66%), heterosexual contact, injection drug use, multiple sources, contaminated blood transfusions. For women, leading cause is heterosexual contact

Answer 252

most to least infected with AIDS

Question 253

- spread by sexual intercourse, contaminated blood, contaminated hypodermic needles, infected woman to her baby during childbirth - Likely to get through anal intercourse or great numbers or sexual partners; riskier if partner has HIV, partner is in a high-risk group (gay, drug user), or condoms are not used - Less likely to get if circumcised likely: o By sexual intercourse (penis-in-vagina, anal) o Through contaminated blood (blood transfusion) o By contaminated needles in medical or substance use settings o From an infected pregnant person to their baby during pregnancy/childbirth

Answer 253

HIV/AIDS

Question 254

- Blood tests to detect: used to screen donated blood, determine if someone is infected o Most tests detect antibodies but can’t detect until 30 days after infection o Others detect antigens and antibodies—detect in 18 days because antigens form earlier - Blood tests in the clinic=the most accurate test

Answer 254

Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS

Question 255

Stage _: initial infection and development of antibodies; need to be tested; stays at stage if the person is feeling well and the T cell count stays around 1,000.

Answer 255

0; HIV/AIDS

Question 256

Stage _: T cells fall between 200 and 499

Answer 256

2; HIV/AIDS

Question 257

New cases of HIV/AIDS for women are likely due to

Answer 257

heterosexual contact and injection drug

Question 258

one of a group of retroviruses: reproduce only in living cells of the host, invade a host cell, cell divides producing copies of the virus with more host cells containing the genetic code - Goal: find drugs that will prevent the virus from infecting new cells - invades T-cells (critical to body’s immune response in fighting off infections) so there is little defense against infections - CCR5 (important coreceptor in early stages of disease) and CCR4 (important in later stages) allow ____ to enter T cells: goal is to block these coreceptors

Answer 258

HIV/AIDS

Question 259

Stage _: T cell count drops, may have no symptoms or small ones (swollen lymph nodes, fever, diarrhea), immune system slowly declining; T cell count drops but is still over 500

Answer 259

1; HIV/AIDS

Question 260

_____ women are at risk

Answer 260

trans

Question 261

Rate of HIV infection in Blacks is _x the rate from White Americans due to poverty and lack of access to medical care; low infection in Asian Americans

Answer 261

9

Question 262

no cure, but antiviral drugs can control the disease - AZT - Protease inhibitors: attack the viral enzyme protease, which HIV needs to make copies of itself - Darunavir: acts on viruses that are resistant to the protease inhibitors - ART (drug cocktail of a combination of drugs): make small side effects and can live into 70s, can achieve viral suppression and can’t transmit disease to partner - Pentamidine: drug that prevents opportunistic infection pneumonia - Preexposure prophylaxis

Answer 262

Treatment of HIV/AIDS

Question 263

AIDS is the leading cause of death for _____ women (25-34) and the 5th leading cause for __ women (25-44)

Answer 263

Black; US

Question 264

AIDs transfer from mother to child has almost been eliminated due to the use of

Answer 264

ART

Question 265

- _____ do not have programs tailored for them, are not taught to insist condom use, and are not included in clinical trials of drug treatments - Need education and prevention programs for _____ and _____

Answer 265

Women; Blacks; Latinx

Question 266

can stop the HIV from multiplying, but can’t repair immune system

Answer 266

AZT

Question 267

giving an uninfected person antiretrovirals so they don’t become infected; reduces risk o Good for people in high-risk situations

Answer 267

Preexposure prophylaxis

Question 268

Stage _: AIDS, T cells fall below 200, vulnerable to opportunistic infections

Answer 268

3; HIV/AIDS

Question 269

Affects _____ communities more than any other racial or ethnic group

Answer 269

Black

Question 270

Black male-to-male sexual contact, Latino male-to-male sexual contact, White male-to-male sexual contact, Black women heterosexual contact, Black men heterosexual contact, Latino women heterosexual contact, White women heterosexual contact

Answer 270

Groups commonly affected with HIV/AIDS from greatest to least likely

Question 271

- 42% of transgender women had ___ o 62% of Black transgender women o 35% of Latina transgender women o 17% of White transgender women

Answer 271

HIV stats for trans women

Question 272

HIV

Answer 272

Human Immune Deficiency Virus

Question 273

banning partial birth abortion, which is not a recognized medical procedure

Answer 273

strategy used by the pro-life movement

Question 274

using condoms (80-95% effective against HIV), getting tested (1/5 don’t know they’re infected, knowing can help prevent transmission and development of ___), take PrEP as a preventative measure (new medication that people take to prevent getting infected), and continued treatment of ___ (ART can suppress the amount of virus in the system---non-transmissible)

Answer 274

Prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS

Question 275

AIDS

Answer 275

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Question 276

- ___ refers to virus, AIDS refers to most severe stage of HIV infection - Someone can be HIV positive and not have AIDS; biomedical treatments can cause people to be HIV positive for life but never progress to AIDS

Answer 276

HIV; AIDS; HIV; HIV; AIDS; HIV; AIDS

Question 277

- Vaccine: many different forms and mutations (hard to direct at all of them) o Strategies: develop on monkeys, create vaccine to stimulate the body to form resistance to ___, create vaccine to stimulate production of T cells toxic to ___ o Research for ___ vaccine helped develop covid vaccine - Killer T Cells and Chemokines: certain lymphocytes create chemokines (RANTES, MIP-la, MIP-lb) to bind to coreceptor CCR5, blocking ___ from entering cells - Genetic Resistance: mutation of gene CCR5 creates strong resistance to ___ infection o Mutation occurred when humans spread out of Africa during bubonic plague or smallpox o People with 2 copes of the mutation are resistant to infection; people with 1 copy may become infected but show slower disease progression - Microbicides: substances in oil form that kill microbes like ___; put on vagina, anus, penis o Tenofovir (antiretroviral drug) used vaginally by women reduced infection rates

Answer 277

Progress in research for HIV/AIDS

Question 278

behaviors (sexual activity, injection drug use) spread HIV; effective interventions: tailor to the group (gay, students), arguments presented to change attitudes, condom use and interpersonal training skills (communication)

Answer 278

Behavioral prevention of HIV/AIDS

Question 279

Someone is considered to have AIDs 8-10 years after infection; have badly damaged immune systems and may only survive for _ more years

Answer 279

3

Question 280

- Destroys the body’s natural system of immunity to diseases; once it has damaged the immune system, other diseases can take over and lead to death - Discovered in 1981, when a physician in LA reported a mysterious and scary new disease in several gay men - Became a major epidemic in the gay community and some claim it killed off a whole generation of queer people that would be society members today

Answer 280

HIV/AIDS

Question 281

an outcome of the combined effects of moralism, prudery, and zealousness in American society=the U.S. criminalizes ____ sexual conduct than other developed countries

Answer 281

more

Question 282

denial of reality, followed by anger, depression - Social stigma: one with ___ is gay or diseased - ___ patients need support (support groups) - Intervention can improve adherence to drug treatment to keep ___ at bay - Psychotherapy can reduce depression--improved medical outcomes and adhere to ART - Many have positive psychological growth following diagnosis--higher T cell counts

Answer 282

Psychological effects of HIV/AIDS

Question 283

Halle and her boyfriend live in Texas. While having sex, they prefer keeping the windows open to reveal the whole act to some of their neighboring apartments. In this scenario, their conduct could be interpreted as

Answer 283

exhibitionism

Question 284

With respect to legal policies related to commercial sex work, what is an assumption made by Approach 1, the gender inequality approach?

Answer 284

All women who are sex workers are victims of sex trafficking.

Question 285

An undercover police officer poses as a client and solicits sex from a prostitute. The prostitute is then arrested. This form of discriminatory-arrest practice is called

Answer 285

entrapment

Question 286

Writings of the _______ recognize 6 genders  Male  Female  Androgynous: someone with both male and female characteristics  Tumtum: someone whose biological gender is unclear  Aylonit: someone who is female at birth but develops male characteristics  Saris: someone who appears male at birth but develops female characteristics

Answer 286

gender categories of Judaism; Talmud

Question 287

o Insistence on monogamy o Most other religions permit polygyny (a man having several wives) o The emphasis on monogamy is a point of frustration for many in today’s culture, but at the time, it could be seen as progressive o Men were no longer permitted to have wives as possessions o Jesus opposed divorce, and so men could no longer just divorce their wives when they wanted (women never allowed to initiate divorce)

Answer 287

characteristics of Christianity

Question 288

someone who appears male at birth but develops female characteristics

Answer 288

Saris; Judaism

Question 289

1. Sex isn’t seen as a biological function but as a deep and intimate part of a relationship between 2 people. a. Adam and Eve “become one flesh”; “to know” =sexual intercourse; knowledge=the deep intimacy between God and God’s people 2. In Hebrew scriptures, sexuality could never be separated from its social consequences a. Sex had to be regulated in Israel tribes to prevent jealousy over sexual partners, which could destroy the group; why Bible includes regulation of sex 3. Hebrew scriptures see sexual behavior as an aspect of national and religious loyalty a. Fertility cult

Answer 289

3 themes of Judaism view of sexuality

Question 290

describe the life and teachings of Jesus—Jesus said nothing about sex

Answer 290

Gospels

Question 291

o Sex has social consequences for reproduction and populating a community, which matters for maintaining resources o Rules against adultery (cheating) and incest could be threats to the harmony of the group o Many such laws across cultures are based in the events of the time that they were created

Answer 291

reasons for hebrew sex laws

Question 292

someone who is female at birth but develops male characteristics

Answer 292

Aylonit; Judaism

Question 293

- Was relatively sex-positive within the context of marriage - Sees sexuality as a gift to be used responsibly and in obedience to God’s will, never as something evil in itself - Reflected a legalistic approach

Answer 293

Judaism

Question 294

- Developed from some Judaic practices and belief and frustration with the excesses of Roman life - Beliefs from the teachings of Jesus, the writings of St. Paul, and the theology of the Fathers of early _____

Answer 294

Christianity

Question 295

3 themes of Judaism view of sexuality

Answer 295

relationship, social consequences, and national and religious loyalty

Question 296

- _______ laws: no adultery, no incest, no bestiality, no sex during menstruation, - _______ scriptures: great regard for married love, affection, and responsible sexuality (doesn’t have to be only for having children)

Answer 296

Hebrew

Question 297

someone whose biological gender is unclear

Answer 297

Tumtum; Judaism

Question 298

people who sought to encourage the growth of their crops through their religion b. Hebrews saw as a threat to their religion and forbid many sexual practices used by Canaanites to be loyal to God: nakedness, cultic prostitution

Answer 298

Fertility cult

Question 299

ethics based on the assumption that there are no absolute rules, or at least very few and that each situation but be judged individually; based in human experience; focus on relationships rather than rules  Decides matters on a case-by-case basis informed by certain guiding principles (love)  Attractive to people because of the modern scientific worldview

Answer 299

situationism

Question 300

someone with both male and female characteristics

Answer 300

Androgynous; Judaism

Question 301

most ___ ____ lie between the 4 extremes of Hedonism, Asceticim, Legalism, and Situationism

Answer 301

ethical systems

Question 302

_____ scriptures say to marry and procreate, and that sex is good if used responsibly and under God’s will

Answer 302

Hebrew

Question 302

based in Christianity and has an emphasis on the Bible, but describes itself as a global, inclusive, spiritual community that welcomes all approaches to understanding God

Answer 302

"unity church"

Question 303

Hebrew scriptures, Old Testament

Answer 303

Traditional Judaism

Question 304

often provides a set of moral principles that outlines what can be considered right and wrong

Answer 304

religion

Question 305

comes from Greek word meaning “pleasure” and refers to the belief that the ultimate goal of human life is the pursuit of pleasure, the avoidance of pain, and the fulfillment of physical needs and desires

Answer 305

Hedonism

Question 306

an approach to life that hold that there is more to life than its material aspects, which must be transcended to achieve true humanity. This approach emphasizes self-discipline and impulse control. It is more likely to see sex as neutral at best and evil at worst.

Answer 306

Asceticism

Question 307

ethics based on the assumption that there are rules for human conduct (religion) and that morality consists of knowing the rules (right/wrong) and obeying them  Universal laws  Traditional religious ethical systems are usually

Answer 307

Legalism

Question 308

legalism and situationism

Answer 308

methods of ethical decsion making

Question 309

- Everyone is influenced by religion, whether you are a believer or not - In the US, Christianity and Judaism played an important role in shaping our culture - Most think that sex involves ethical decisions - It can ask us to examine our own values and what they mean for sexual behavior and choices

Answer 309

why we study ethics and religion in sexuality course

Question 310

institutions influence sexuality (and religion is one of those institutions)

Answer 310

Sociological approach

Question 311

a system of moral principles; a way of determining rights and wrong

Answer 311

ethics

Question 312

Became more dualistic and antisex by the time of the early Christian Church

Answer 312

Judaism

Question 313

- Sex is understood as a good part of divine creation (in the context of marriage and procreation), but also as a source of temptation that needs to be controlled - While religion still plays a large role in cultural beliefs about sexuality the cultural shift away from this perspective is due in part to changes in technology and biomedical interventions such as birth control, safe abortion, invitro fertilization where sex for procreation is not essential, etc - In the past, women had little access to income and resources and were very dependent on men. o Sex was constrained to marriage in part to ensure that if women became pregnant, there was someone assigned to care for them and the child

Answer 313

Christianity

Question 314

the notion that body and spirit were opposed to each other, and the goal of life was to become purely spiritual by transcending the physical and material side of life; between 100BCE and 100CE; cults were characterized by

Answer 314

Dualism

Question 315

positive outlook on sex; has profound interpersonal and spiritual implications (not biological; compared with eating food); advised against marriage and business because he thought the world would end while he was alive; recommended sex for those with strong sexual urges; may have supported same-gender relationships

Answer 315

St. Paul

Question 316

150CE-600CE: Roman Empire became

Answer 316

Christian

Question 317

sexuality is for pleasure and secondarily for reproduction, contraception is encouraged, recognize intersex conditions (nonproblematic/discernible and problematic/intractable), recognizes 4 genders

Answer 317

Islam

Question 318

- Values sexuality very positively, and intercourse in marriage as the highest good of human life - Polygyny and concubinage allowed, but sex outside of these contexts is seen as a sin - Striving for worldly pleasures is acceptable - There is great variety in ways that the law is applied in societies throughout the ____ world - Contraception is typically encouraged, and even in Iran (which has strict laws around sexuality), has an extensive family planning program—73% of married women use contraceptives

Answer 318

Islam

Question 319

- 4 possible approaches to life: Kama (pursuit of pleasure), Artha (pursuit of success and material wealth), Dharma (pursuit of the moral life), and Moksha (pursuit of liberation through the denial of the self—nirvana) - Dharma and Moksha: avoid all passions (sex), seek to pass out of the cycle of continual rebirth, celibacy at the beginning of life and at the end of life; can have family between

Answer 319

Hinduism

Question 320

teaches that sexual union epitomizes the essential unity of all things by the joining of female energy and male energyleads to spiritual enlightenment

Answer 320

Tantric Buddhism

Question 321

Traditional teaching by _______: condemned all sexual activity outside of marriage and nonprotective sex (masturbation: moral disorder)

Answer 321

Pope John Paul II

Question 322

condemned vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, artificial insemination, and other reproductive technologies; ethicists criticized the document because they found it too rigid and ill informed

Answer 322

Catholic Church on assisted reproduction

Question 323

4% of US priests accused of sexually assaulting minors, 81% male victims; hierarchy of the Catholic Church covered up the scandals and continued to assign molesting priests to other churches; views of priests are shifted from holy to being capable of grave sexual sins; people think if priests weren’t required to obey celibacy this wouldn’t happen

Answer 323

Catholic Church sexual abuse by clergy

Question 324

- Founded by Prophet Muhammad, who lived from 570 to 632 CE in Saudi Arabia. Followers are Muslim, and the sacred scripture is Koran (different interpretations) - women often have less rights - Muhammad (founder): sex in marriage is the highest good of human life; introduced the practice of withdrawal

Answer 324

Islam

Question 325

protestants abandoned celibacy and placed a higher value on marriage and family life, emphasis on the individual conscience in matters like interpretation of the Bible/ethical decision making, gave rise to Puritanism o Martin Luther (founder of reformation): sex is as necessary as eating/drinking

Answer 325

Protestant Reformation in 16th century

Question 326

- has typically seen homosexuality as a sin, but there has been a large push to change this perspective in recent times--Catholic thinkers are trying to help the Church rethink its approach to gays - “The Church and the Homosexual” was published - December 2023, Pope Francis formally permitted priests to bless same-sex couples. This shifts away from a 2021 ruling by the church that barred these blessings

Answer 326

Catholic Church on LGBTQ

Question 327

English society held sexual expression in exaggerated disgust, strict standards of decency and purity were enforced; but many ______ had private pornography and prostitution o ______ repressiveness/hypocrisy caused people of the 20th century to revolt

Answer 327

Puritan/Victorian

Question 328

- Sex in Western history=good part of divine creation and a temptation that needs to be controlled, marriage/family held in esteem, sex outside of marriage condomed, for procreation, nonprocreative sex=sinful - Scripture is now seen as meaning different things and technology and behavioral science advances have caused questions about biblical statements (blurry arguments against premarital intercourse); all different religions argue different things - Roman Catholic Church has experienced the most tension over sexual morality

Answer 328

Current trends in Christianity

Question 329

insists that values can be found only in human experience in this world, as observed by the philosopher or social scientist; basic goals of human life are self-awareness, avoidance of pain and suffering, the fulfillment of human needs, and individuals must make their own decisions and accept responsibility for them/their consequences - sexuality view: seeks real intimacy between people and condoms impersonal and exploitative relationships; is tolerant, compassionate, and skeptical of claims of absolute right to wrong

Answer 329

Humanism

Question 330

prohibits “artificial” contraception because they believe in an inseparable connection between the couple-unification elements and possibility of procreation, but many ignore (only 13% think it is morally wrong) o Sex is supposed to be a sort if expression of love that comes with the potential of new life - However, CAN use the rhythm method! Pope Francis (flexible with issue) says that this encourages respect of spouses’ bodies, tenderness between them, and freedom - Condoms prohibited as birth control, but were allowed to use during AIDS era; now they can be used for disease prevention

Answer 330

Catholic Church on contraception

Question 331

4 genders: male, female, intersex (khunsa) and effeminate male (mukhannath)

Answer 331

Islam

Question 332

a highly varied complex of mythology and religious practice founded on the Indian subcontinent; has every approach to sexuality - Overall positive view of sexuality (especially Kama)

Answer 332

Hinduism

Question 333

“The Fathers of the Church” (St. Augustine) were celibates and allowed that marriage was good and honorable but thought celibacy (self-denial; abstaining of marriage and sexual relations) to be superior

Answer 333

Christianity

Question 334

Middle Ages St. _______: sex was intended for procreation so all nonprocreative sex was sinful because it was opposed to human nature and the will of God o In “Summa”, the sins are: premarital intercourse, nocturnal emissions, seduction, rape, adultery, incest, masturbation, bestiality, homosexuality

Answer 334

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Question 335

Time when Church forbade intercourse during certain times in a woman’s reproductive cycle, holy days, fast days, Advent, and Lent o Church regarded sex as evil

Answer 335

Middle Ages

Question 336

Sharp divisions on the issue of abortion: a large segment is actively/passively against abortion, but a 2019 survey showed that 56% thought abortion should be legal in all or most cases - Pope Francis reaffirmed opposition to abortion

Answer 336

Catholic Church on Abortion

Question 337

developed out of Hinduism; little discussion of sex in the teachings - 2 main traditions: Theravada (strict nonindulgence of the desire that bring joy, morals/discipline) and Mahayana (more active and directed toward love of others) o Both encourage men to live celibate lives as monks - The people live ordinary lives and usually marry, the monks cultivate ascetic wisdom

Answer 337

Buddhism

Question 338

- 85% of Americans believe abortion should be legal - Roman Catholic Church believes that abortion=contraception o All life is a gift from God that humans are not permitted to take - Ethical theorists agree with therapeutic abortion (when life/mental health is threatened) over abortion for any reason

Answer 338

Contemporary views on abortion

Question 339

- Pro-_____: human life begins at conception—supported by Roman Catholics, Orthodox Jews, Eastern Orthodox Christians, and many conservative Protestants - Pro-______ Catholics: fetus gets human soul at 3 months after conception; if not a person, it can’t be murdered, so first trimester abortion should be allowed o 48% of US Catholics think abortion should be legal; 47% think should be illegal - are divided on when personhood begins, how various conflicting interests are to be balanced, and how human life is best preserved and enhanced

Answer 339

Pro-life v. pro-choice

Question 340

- Reduces ethical behavior to follow a series of rules - Downgrades the goodness of human sexuality and ruins physical pleasure - Matter of applying universal rules - Diminishes the full nature of humanity and impoverishes human life - Pros: always know where they stand, right/wrong and good/bad are clear, show human is more than just the body

Answer 340

Old Morality

Question 341

Advances in neonatal medicine are pushing back the survival time of premature infants, which may affect acceptability of ____ trimester abortions for some

Answer 341

2nd

Question 342

regards persons’ sexual orientation as morally neutral but rejects same-gender sexual behaviors - Gay person can follow God if they remain abstinent; being gay may not be sinful, but homosexual acts are (official position of Roman Catholic) - Gays were denied use of church facilities; 2020 Pope Francis showed support for civil unions (legal but not religious marriages) of same-sex couples

Answer 342

Position 2—Love the Sinner but Hate the Sin

Question 342

pregnancy is solely the concern of a woman, and she should have the right to control her own body and determine whether to carry a fetus to term o Feminism: rules were made by men, who can’t become pregnant o Individualism: person must be free in all personal decisions

Answer 342

Pro-choice absolute

Question 343

all children should be wanted, overpopulation, need for more equitable distribution and conservation of natural resources, needs of emerging nations, “responsible use of freedom”

Answer 343

Reasons religious people favor contraception

Question 344

(most Protestants and Jews): human life is good and should be preserved, but the quality of life is important; there may be situations where it is the least bad choice o Fetus may have right to life, but might not be wanted/cared for o In high-risk situations woman’s well-being should take over unborn fetus

Answer 344

Pro-choice modified

Question 345

- Those who oppose birth control (Roman Catholics, most Jews, and most Protestants) believe it is contrary to the will of God/against natural law. - Ethicists suggest unmarried people should use birth control - Pope Paul VI declared birth control as wrong and abstinence in fertile periods (rhythm method) in “Humane Vitae” o Many Catholics opposed

Answer 345

Contemporary issue of contraception

Question 346

- Affirms physical and sexual side of humanity - Broad principles of love, respect, and responsibility - Doesn’t take human selfishness into account - Can leave people undisciplined/irresponsible - Dishonesty about our true motives can blind us to the effects of our actions - Less certain

Answer 346

New Morality

Question 347

oppose any sexual acts between people of the same gender and thinks of them as sinner condemned by God; rely on a literal meaning of the Bible - Same-gender sexuality was common in Christianity in the early Church - Condemn/reject gays unless they repent and become heterosexual

Answer 347

Position 1—Rejectionism

Question 348

apparent condemnation in scriptures us not relevant to sexual orientation today; read into what the Bible is saying - “abomination” does not mean an ethical violation - Gay groups in medieval Christianity - Leads Catholics to question if the tradition was understood properly and that sexual relationships with respect, concern, commitment, love are to be valued no matter the genders (revisionist view)

Answer 348

Position 3—Full Acceptance

Question 349

Rejectionism, love the sinner but hate the sin, full acceptance

Answer 349

Different positions on same-gender sexuality

Question 350

- Incorporate the need for laws as guidelines for actions, while insisting the guidelines be grounded in the best of current understanding - Affirm the goodness of human sexuality, while insisting that sexual behavior needs to be responsible - Differs from Old Morality: stating that ethical principles must be adjusted as technology and society change - Differs from New Morality: even in human matters, some laws do apply: Life is not a free-for-all, and actions have their consequences

Answer 350

Middle Ground

Question 351

see the question of public morality as more complex—deny that standards of morality are objective/unchanging and find truth in differing opinions and convictions o Less likely to appeal to law or religion for the enforcement of their views, more likely to allow freedom to individuals o New Morality—democratic views

Answer 351

Pluralism

Question 352

- Episcopal Church, Quakers, Unitarians have shown acceptance for LGBs - Gays have formed their own churches and organizations: Metropolitan Community Church - Ordination: some churches allow gays into the ministry, some don’t - Gay marriage: some churches support, some don’t o In 2019 same-gender marriage was performed in many churches

Answer 352

Church and same-gender sexuality

Question 353

sex before marriage

Answer 353

Fornication

Question 354

Developing medical science of neonatology means that fetuses are viable outside the uterus earlier. Some late-pregnancy abortions produce a fetus that could be kept alive-->hospitals may limit/forbid ____-trimester abortions

Answer 354

2nd

Question 355

o Approval: allow infertile people to have children with one parent’s genes o Disapproval: “playing God”, conception may confuse the child, exploiting others in the case of surrogacy, selecting characteristics is unethical o Can produce many babies by planting many embryos before 9 months; many of these children have disabilities

Answer 355

Views on technologies that enable people to concieve children without sex

Question 356

Fornication and adultery are held by theological conservatives Jews, Protestants, and Catholics - Adultery as a sin is not modified, but many ask for a less judgmental, more humane approach: counselor help to find root cause of infidelity - Pope Francis 2021: declared sex outside marriage is not the most serious sin, causing many ethicists to reopen the question and take less strict positions (contraception, etc)

Answer 356

Sex outside marriage

Question 357

permits techniques if both egg and sperm come from the couple—otherwise it’s adultery

Answer 357

Orthodox Judaism

Question 358

all condemned, but they question fertility techniques that remained within the woman’s body using her husband’s sperm (not collected by masturbation)

Answer 358

Roman Catholic

Question 359

believe that there are defined standards of right and wrong and that a society has the responsibility to insist that all its members conform to them; objective standard of morality as deriving from divine law o Pro-family position, New Religious Right activists—conservative views

Answer 359

Moralism

Question 360

technique that substitutes the genetic material from an adult’s cell for the nucleus of the egg

Answer 360

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 361

Debate of individual sexual freedom is a clash between the ____ Morality and the ___ Morality

Answer 361

New; Old

Question 362

- Criteria for judging the morality of nonmarital acts: respect, genuine affection and commitment (precautions against unwanted pregnancies/STIs, being sensitive to each other’s needs), and genuine openness and honesty. - Some think that it’s not about whether unmarried adolescents engage in sex, it’s about sexual violence

Answer 362

Sex outside marriage

Question 363

child may have a diminished sense of individuality (being identical to mother), might cause eugenics movement where “desirable” individuals are created while others aren’t allowed to reproduce, unknown risksmorally unacceptable to create a human child

Answer 363

reasons why it's morally unacceptable to clone a child

Question 364

creating tissues or cells that are genetically identical to those of a patient who needs them to treat diseases; as cloned embryo develops, stem cells can be extracted from it o Ethicists: may involve the destruction of embryos

Answer 364

Therapeutic cloning

Question 365

About 10% of men experience sexual disorder which is the opposite of premature ejaculation.

Answer 365

Delayed ejaculation/male orgasmic disorder

Question 366

The 3 bacterial STIs

Answer 366

Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis

Question 367

Rare form of skin cancer is an example of an opportunistic infection that can occur in people with severely compromised immune systems resulting from AIDS.

Answer 367

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 368

An approach to ethics, ___ is concerned with following a moral law/set of principles that comes from a source outside the individual (such a religion).

Answer 368

Legalism

Question 369

An act does not legal harm to anyone or does not provide a demonstratable victim

Answer 369

Victimless Crime

Question 370

A round, ulcer like lesion with a hard, raised edge, resembling a crater. Although it looks bad, it is painless.

Answer 370

Chancre

Question 371

An effective form of therapy for many women with primary orgasmic disorder.

Answer 371

Directed masturbation

Question 372

The word ___ comes from the Greek word meaning “pleasure” and refers to the belief that the ultimate goal of human life is the pursuit of pleasure, the avoidance of pain, and the fulfillment of physical needs and desires.

Answer 372

Hedonism

Question 373

Term refers to the number of new infections (diagnosed or undiagnosed) of an STI

Answer 373

Incidence

Question 374

This was made possible by Obergefell v Hodges.

Answer 374

Same-sex marriage

Question 375

This treatment for erectile disfunction involves an injection of a drug (alprostadil) into the penis.

Answer 375

Intercavernosal injection (ICI)

Question 376

Tiefer’s New View of women’s sexual problems and their causes proposes 4 new categories of explanations for sexual disorders/problems

Answer 376

Sexual problems due to sociocultural, political, or economic factors; sexual problems relating to partner and relationship; sexual problems due to psychological factors; and sexual problems due to medical factors

Question 377

Considers sex to be a “sin of the flesh”, believes that true spiritual purity…

Answer 377

Asceticism

Question 378

4 ways HIV can be transmitted

Answer 378

Sexual intercourse, contaminated blood, contaminated needles, and passing from mother to baby in childbirth/pregnancy

Question 379

If a pregnancy mother has syphilis, the infection may pass through the placenta to the baby, and the child will get this.

Answer 379

Congenital syphilis

Question 380

When should Brahmacharya be cultivated by followers of Hinduism?

Answer 380

Both at the beginning and at the end of life

Question 381

Research has shown that these groups of people are more likely to have laws related to sex work enforced against them.

Answer 381

Women sex workers, people of color, immigrants, and low SES people

Question 382

These kinds of laws criminalize 2 unmarried people from having sex with one another

Answer 382

Fornication

Question 383

Term refers to a potential cause of sexual disorders that involves being distracted from the sexual experience and is classified as immediate and psychological.

Answer 383

Cognitive interference

Question 384

This technique involves substituting the genetic material from an adult’s cell for the nucleus in an egg.

Answer 384

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Question 385

The practice of ritual sexual intercourse to encourage the growth of crops.

Answer 385

The Canaanite fertility cult (Baal)

Question 386

This case said it was unconstitutional to have a law prohibiting being gay, as well as other laws prohibiting consensual sex between adults in the privacy of their own homes

Answer 386

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Question 387

Spectator is a type of____ interference; created by _________

Answer 387

cognitive; Masters and Johnson

Question 388

This sexual disorder is characterized by genital pain during sex.

Answer 388

Dyspareunia

Question 389

This approach to reproduction is illegal in some states (IN and MI), legal in some states (CA), while most other states do not have laws on the book for them.

Answer 389

Surrogacy contact

Question 390

Ch 1-3: this is an issue in sex research and other research where people will play up facts that make themselves look good and downplay facts that make them look bad

Answer 390

Purposeful distortion

Question 391

Ch 4-6: This hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus and helps to regulate FSH and LH levels in the negative feedback loop

Answer 391

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Question 392

Ch 14-16: These are 3 examples of when a victim of rape or sexual assault is incapable of giving consent.

Answer 392

Mentally incapacitated, not sober, or below a certain age

Question 393

Ch 7-9: this contraceptive is a molded silicone rubber device that…

Answer 393

Diaphragm

Question 394

Ch 11-13: term refers to one of the 3 primary love styles proposed by Lee, described as a love that develops slowly and remains stable through long separations

Answer 394

Storge

Question 395

Ch 14-16: this group is most likely to experience rape and other sexual assault.

Answer 395

Bisexual women

Question 396

Ch 4-6: This is the name of the erectile tissue found in both the penis and the clitoris.

Answer 396

The corpora cavernosa

Question 397

An example of this would be concealment

Answer 397

Purposeful distortion

Question 398

Ch 4-6: when an egg implants itself somewhere other than the uterus, it is called this.

Answer 398

Ectopic pregnancy

Question 399

Ch 7-9: ___ occurs when the muscles contract in the genitals and/or throughout the body.

Answer 399

Myotonia

Question 400

Ch 11-13: this term refers to variation in one’s sexual identity throughout their lifetime.

Answer 400

Sexual fluidity

Question 401

Most children who are not educated by their school are taught by _______ and the _____ o The media portrays sexual risk-->little info on contraception

Answer 401

their peers; media

Question 402

Only 1/3 adolescents report receiving information from their _______ (more condom use)

Answer 402

parents

Question 403

o Should schools be the place where young people learn about sexuality? o What should the curriculum look like? o What are the goals of sex education?

Answer 403

Questions debated about sexual education

Question 404

High level of public support from ______ for sexuality education in schools (around 90%) o School education makes it easier to talk to their children about sexual issues

Answer 404

parents

Question 405

o Teaches students to wait until they are married or adults to have sex o Learn the basic mechanics of sex, but do not get info on birth control or disease prevention o Teachers discuss ways for students to say no to sex and avoid temptation

Answer 405

Abstinence-Only Sex Ed

Question 406

______ is a cornerstone of sexuality education

Answer 406

Morality

Question 407

comprehensive programs and issues involving school policies/programs as they relate to LGBTQ

Answer 407

current controversial issues about sexuality education

Question 408

rare, the protestors are usually in a small minority, and the controversy is often not over whether there should be a program but over the use of a particular curriculum, book, or video.

Answer 408

controversy on sexuality education in schools

Question 409

__________ give parents accurate info and communication techniques to use with their child—effective in sexual communication and condom use, not at delaying sexual activity o Programs involving parent and adolescent for 10 hours or more o Adolescent, parent, and health care professional through pediatric offices; parent and adolescent receive 1 training session at clinic and have homework  Reduce condomless sex and UTIs

Answer 409

Interventions

Question 410

Study: children 5-15 in 4 cultures concluded that American children are _____ ______ o North American children lacked sexual info in comparison to the others o Swedish children are more knowledgeable that American children because there is sexual education in all their schools starting at 8

Answer 410

sexual illiterates

Question 411

- Very young: baby always existed; it existed somewhere else before in the mom - 7 or 8: social relationship between people (love/marriage), sexual intercourse, and the union of sperm and egg - 12: good explanation of reproduction (embryo, moment of contraception, etc)

Answer 411

Children's sexual knowledges at different ages

Question 411

- Child should learn young, starting with simple and progressing to difficult concepts as they get older - What is taught depends on child’s sexual behavior, sexual knowledge, & sexual interests

Answer 411

What to teach children about sexuality education at different ages

Question 412

Study: interview of ages 2-6 concluded sexual knowledge evolves during _______ years

Answer 412

preschool

Question 413

Misconceptions on reproduction result from poor ____ _____ and confusing ____ messages

Answer 413

sex ed; media

Question 414

Children’s knowledge and interest in sex are reflected in their ______ o _________ reflect an awareness that others are experiencing such growth - Sexual education curriculum should address the _______ of the age group instead of ______ they haven’t thought of yet o Should cover reproduction, pregnancy, abortion, birth control options, disease prevention, sexual violence, relationships and gender roles, and values

Answer 414

Questions

Question 415

abstinence-only programs, HIV/AIDS risk reduction, and comprehensive sexuality education.

Answer 415

Substantial sexual programs

Question 416

o Teaches students the mechanics of sex and the basics of condoms, birth control, and STIs o Make sex sound scary

Answer 416

Health and Safety Sex Ed

Question 417

o Attempts to address health and emotional concerns regarding sex o Learn about birth control, STI, the basics of sexual negotiation and pleasure, roles of gender, power in sexual relationships, and diverse gender and sexual identities

Answer 417

Comprehensive Sex Ed

Question 418

States mandate different sex education requirements, so it is essentially up to _____ to determine what they teach (as long as they meet the basic state requirements)

Answer 418

schools

Question 419

- 1981: Congress passed the Adolescent Family Life Act, which funds ________ o Was an approach for addressing teen pregnancy and negative associated effects o Had religious undertones and served to fund a variety of religious programs, so the ACLU sued in 1983 to claim this violated separation of church and state (lost)

Answer 419

abstinence-only ed

Question 420

1996: Welfare reform resulted in $50 million in funding for ______

Answer 420

abstinence-only education

Question 421

2000: Congress created the Community-based Abstinence Education Program, which granted millions of dollars to groups working towards __________ (many were religious groups)

Answer 421

abstinence-only education

Question 422

2017: Obama cut ___________ funding from the federal budget and increased funding for comprehensive sex education

Answer 422

abstinence-only education

Question 423

2018: Trump re-shifted funding back to _______

Answer 423

abstinence-only education

Question 424

Factual information that affirms young people’s choices are often absent from formal instruction o __% of young adults say they learned something in sex ed that wasn’t true

Answer 424

20%

Question 425

o “Men only want to marry virgins.” o “Oral sex is unhealthy.” o “IUDs are huge, copper throwing-stars that rip up your uterus.”

Answer 425

- Gender expectations, sexism, and heterosexuality are communicated in these messages

Question 426

Since increased funding towards _____, fewer teens are learning methods of birth control from formal sex education sources, while more are being taught to say no to sex without any birth control information

Answer 426

abstinence-only sex ed

Question 427

2007 report from fed gov: researchers evaluated students enrolled in _________ vs. a Control—found that there were no differences in sexual behaviors

Answer 427

Abstinence-Only Programs

Question 428

Those who only have _______ sex education were just as likely as those who had no sex ed to report a teen pregnancy

Answer 428

Abstinence-Only

Question 429

Those who had ______ sex education were 2.5x less likely than those who had no sex ed to report a pregnancy

Answer 429

comprehensive

Question 430

Those who had ______ sex education were 2x less likely than those who had abstinence-only ed to report a teen pregnancy

Answer 430

comprehensive

Question 431

Those who had _____ and birth control sex education were more likely than those who had abstinence-only or no sex ed to use contraception at first sex

Answer 431

Abstinence-Only

Question 432

- Young women receive messages that limit their roles as temptress, good girl vs. bad girl, and passive recipients of sex - ____ promotes lessons on proper clothing and behavior to avoid sexual aggression and victimization by men - Paints women as in need of protection from men’s persistent and aggressive sexuality - Portrays men’s sexual desire as constant, difficult to control, and dangerous outside of marriage contexts - These lessons matter for health outcomes: o Endorsement of traditional gender norms places adolescents at higher risk of unsafe sex as it affects their ability to negotiate sex  Ex: masculinity norms drive risky sexual behavior in men (avoid condoms) o Gender inequity places young women at higher risk for gender-based violence, STIs, and unintended pregnancy

Answer 432

Abstinence education

Question 433

May 2017: only 12 states require that sex education curricula include information about sexual orientation; of those, 3 states (including Texas) require any information about sexual orientations other than heterosexual to be negative

Answer 433

No LGBT Sex Education

Question 434

programs that promote sexual abstinence as the sole means of preventing pregnancy and exposure to STIS - 1994 Congress tried to mandate all sexuality education to be ______ but failed

Answer 434

abstinence-only programs

Question 434

_____ programs that include discussions of gendered sexual dynamics is associated with increased knowledge of sexual and reproductive health, communication

Answer 434

Comprehensive

Question 435

Sexual minority women do not see themselves as _______ users, feel excluded from conversations about ______ that focuses on heterosexual women, and feel shame/stigma about negotiating and advocating for their sexual health

Answer 435

contraceptive

Question 436

include content on gender and power in relationships o Ex: discuss how harmful notions of masculinity/femininity affect behaviors, unequal power, condom use, etc

Answer 436

Comprehensive Sex Ed

Question 437

- Ineffective: no positive changes in age of first sexual activity, rates of sexual activity, pregnancies, or STIs - _______ curricula is associated with higher teen pregnancy rates - American Academy of Pediatrics et al. v. Clovis Unified School District (2015): ruled that use of ________ curriculums violated state laws on medical inaccuracy and bias; showed the power of parental involvement in sex education in the schools

Answer 437

Abstinence-only

Question 438

_________ educators: more likely to teach more topics, had broader coverage on topics, and more often use of practice-based instruction (involves the student in activities and is more effective)

Answer 438

Professionally prepared (have a major/minor)

Question 439

programs that provide scientifically accurate, comprehensive information on sexuality, anatomy, contraception, and use of condoms o Teaches sexuality is a normal/healthy part of life, interpersonal/communication skills, and how to resist social pressures to engage in sex o Based on social science theories: Health Belief Model, social inoculation theory, and social learning theory (practicing new skillsrehearsal and role-playing)

Answer 439

Comprehensive sexuality education

Question 440

_/_ of sexuality education teachers in US received no preservice/in-service training

Answer 440

1/3

Question 441

Sexual health programs for Latinx adolescents: ____ abstinence, condom use, and sexual knowledge; ______ the number of sex partners

Answer 441

improved; reduced

Question 442

Many believe that ______ programs do not work, and the millions of dollars being spent on them is a waste of federal, state, and local funds o Bush continued to request money for them because of “values”

Answer 442

abstinence-only

Question 443

Abstinence-only programs changed name to ____

Answer 443

sexual risk avoidance programs

Question 444

- Focused on disease prevention, challenge myths about AIDS/STIs, encourage delay of sex, and support condom use/abstinence from unprotected intercourse; short - Improve knowledge significantly & cause positive changes in intentions to use condoms - 98% of US parents believe STDs should be taught about in high school

Answer 444

HIV/AIDS Risk Education

Question 445

Not ______ programs: positive effects for the prevention of HIV, other STIs, and unintended pregnancies if the program explicitly addressed ‘gender and power’ in relationships

Answer 445

abstinence-only

Question 446

Sexual minority youth in schools with LGBTQ-inclusive ___ instruction report fewer sexual partners, less frequent recent sex, and less substance use associated with sex than those without ___ instruction

Answer 446

HIV

Question 447

sexual assault, coercion, children

Answer 447

legitimate sex laws

Question 448

profession disposition, diversity and equity, content knowledge, legal and professional ethics, planning, implementation, and assessment o Implementation of these standards as a teacher would result in improvement in the quality of sexuality education in schools and other formal settings

Answer 448

National Teacher Preparation Standards

Question 449

__% of Americans believe schools should distribute condoms to students

Answer 449

55%

Question 450

sex by unmarried people or all immoral sexual behavior; results in out-of-wedlock births; prohibited to ensure children have a supportive family

Answer 450

Fornication

Question 451

Movement for sex-law reform goes hand in hand with the movement for the liberation of

Answer 451

women

Question 452

______ sex education is rare, and we still have very little research on how it may improve specific health outcomes

Answer 452

LGBTQ-inclusive

Question 453

_________ opposes condom distribution due to their religion’s ban on contraception, and they believe it will encourage sexual intercourse outside of marriage o Will promote rampant promiscuity among students

Answer 453

Roman Catholic Church

Question 454

leading public health and medical professional organizations support a ______ approach to educating young people about sex

Answer 454

comprehensive

Question 454

US sexual legislation: the American tradition of moralism in politics + the prudery of the Victorian period + the zealousness of “moral entrepreneurs"=opinion that US criminalizes more _____ conduct than other countries with _____ punishments

Answer 454

sexual; harsher

Question 455

Sex Respect: politically conservative approach, federally funded, targets middle-schoolers, teach that ______ is the only moral and safe approach, condoms fail o Uses gender-role stereotypes (boys=”sexual aggressors”) o Teaches skills in resisting peer pressure, but provides false “facts”

Answer 455

abstinence

Question 456

Education with ______ curricula leads to reduced homophobia, reduced homophobic bullying, and increased allyship across grade levels

Answer 456

LGBT-inclusive

Question 457

Teachers base sexuality programs on _______ about the prevalence of specific sexual practices and purposes of sexual activity

Answer 457

assumptions

Question 458

increase condom use and either decrease or have no effect on sexual activity

Answer 458

Condom availability programs

Question 459

US can’t make sex laws based on _____ (premarital sex, polyamory) because there are so many different views and morals

Answer 459

religion

Question 459

Bisexual and lesbian women whose sex education involves instruction on how to say no are _____ likely than heterosexual women to report an unwanted pregnancy

Answer 459

more

Question 460

Sexuality education must reflect/accept the ____ of the participants (ex: recognize own sexual _____, learn about student’s sexual ____, use knowledge to enhance)

Answer 460

cultures

Question 461

Education that focuses on health matter relevant to _____ youth have lower rates of students with suicide attempts and suicide ideation

Answer 461

LGBTQ

Question 462

Sexual minority youth in ______ education environments often feel excluded, are told that their behaviors are not normal, and threaten the well-being of the self, family, and community o Contributes to feelings of social isolation and exclusion that predict worse health outcomes

Answer 462

abstinence-only

Question 463

___ and ___ education: Let the Circle Be Unbroken: Rites of Passage program: curriculum for blacks that incorporates the family and community context where our sexuality is grounded

Answer 463

Race and Sexuality Education

Question 464

_____ tailored interventions produce greater effects than interventions that are not ____ tailored (should be a priority) o Sexual health interventions with Black adolescents: positive effects on abstinence and condom use, no effect on pregnancy or getting an STI o Sexual health programs for Latinx adolescents: improved abstinence, condom use, and sexual knowledge; reduced the number of sex partners

Answer 464

Culturally

Question 465

6 characteristics of successful _____ programs: focus on reducing risk-taking behavior, based on theories of social learning, teach through experimental activities that personalize the messages, address media and other social influences that encourage sexual risk-taking behaviors, reinforce clear and appropriate values, and enhance communication skills.

Answer 465

comprehensive

Question 466

Sexual health interventions with Black adolescents: ____ effects on abstinence and condom use, ___ effects on pregnancy or getting an STI

Answer 466

positive; no

Question 467

Reasons for _____: 1. legitimacy/safety 2. to preserve the family as the principal unit of the social order (adultery) 3. to ensure children have a supportive family 4. the protection of society’s morals (homosexual acts, bestiality, contraception) 5. religion 6. sexism (regulation of sexual activity=double standard),

Answer 467

Sex laws

Question 468

Successful: programs that emphasize condom, contraceptives, and abstinence delay sexual initiation, reduce sexual activity, and increase condom/contraceptive use o Safer Choices: 15% increase in condom use, 11% increase in other contraceptives; prevented 0.12 cases of HIV, 24 cases of chlamydia, 2.8 cases of gonorrhea, 5.9 cases of PID, and 18 pregnancies o Cost effective: Safer Choices saved $2.65 in medical and social costs for every dollar spent on the program

Answer 468

Comprehensive sexuality programs

Question 469

must be educated about sexuality and comfortable interacting with learners about sexual topics - Good listener (understand what a child really wants to know)

Answer 469

Teacher of sexuality education

Question 470

Rape and sex with childrenseen as crimes of violence and victimization instead of ___ crimes

Answer 470

sex

Question 471

penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part of object, or oral penetration by the sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim o Many states have laws criminalizing sexual assault (broader term) o Rape of a spouse is a crime in all 50 states

Answer 471

rape

Question 472

harm/threatened harm of physical abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, or emotional injury against a child under 18

Answer 472

Child sexual abuse laws

Question 473

Child sexual abuse laws are covered under ____ laws

Answer 473

state

Question 474

____ (sexual activity between relatives) laws prohibit sexual relations between children and biological ancestors (some states include step and adoptive parents) o Most cases involve children and adult relatives o Seek to prevent genetic problems of inbreeding

Answer 474

Incest

Question 475

intercourse involving at least one person who is married to someone else o Is a crime in 21 states o Is grounds for diverse in almost every state

Answer 475

adultery

Question 476

Exhibitionism, voyeurism, solicitation, disorderly conduct, being a public nuisance

Answer 476

Crimes against Good Taste

Question 477

the right to equality and non-discrimination; the right to life, liberty, and security of the person; the right to autonomy and bodily integrity; the right to be free from all forms of violence and coercion; the right to privacy; the right to the highest attainable standard of health, including sexual health with the possibility of pleasurable, satisfying, and safe sexual experiences; the right to enjoy benefits of scientific progress and its application; the right to information; the right to education and to comprehensive sexuality education; the right to enter, form, and dissolve marriage and other similar types of relationships based on equality/full, free consent; the right to decide whether to have children, the number/spacing of children, and the information to do so; the right to the freedom of thought, opinion, and expression; the right to freedom of association/peaceful assembly; the right to participate in public/political life; and the right to access to justice, remedies, and redress.

Answer 477

specific rights for sexuality

Question 478

(intentional display of sexual body parts) is prohibited in 40 states o Vague laws, unequal enforcement, punish acts that are offensive to someone—confused with criminal  Some breastfeeding women are arrested

Answer 478

Exhibitionism

Question 479

Homosexuality, sodomy, and birth control criminalized because considered behavior that interfere with reproduction (Christianity) o Ban on giving info concerning contraception o Until 1973: abortion prohibited in all states and contraception prohibited in some

Answer 479

Crimes against Reproduction

Question 480

some states define as “crimes against nature”/”deviate sexual intercourse”, some states define as “contact between the penis and anus, the mouth and penis, or the mouth and vulva” o 24 states had laws prohibiting in 1986, but Supreme Court ruled laws are an invasion of privacy in 2003

Answer 480

Sodomy

Question 481

Illegal to make money from sex in direct form (prostitution) or on paper/electronically (porn); legal to sell products with promises of sexual fulfillment

Answer 481

Criminal Commercial Sex

Question 482

the exchange of sex for money or other payments (drugs) o Illegal in all of US, legal in many other countries o Laws against vagrancy and loitering are also used against prostitutes o Clients are rarely charged—mostly prostitutes o Strippers, exotic dancers, camgirls, and sugar daddies/mommies do not count

Answer 482

Prostitution

Question 483

Texas resident argued that state’s law against abortion denied her a constitutional right; Court agreed and declared that a fetus is not a person; states could not restrict access to 1st trimester abortions o Invalidated most state laws against abortion o Limited 2nd and 3rd trimester abortions to reasons of maternal health

Answer 483

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Question 484

- Porn is not illegal, but ____ is (Roth v. US 1957: ____ is not protected by 1st amendment) o Roth case reactions: some thought Court had opened the gates to porn, civil libertarians found definition too restrictive

Answer 484

obscenity

Question 485

arrest of 2 men engaging in sex in their own home; Court invalidated Texas law due to violation of privacy

Answer 485

Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

Question 486

Current definition of _____ is from Miller v. California (1973): “hard-core porn”—give governments more power to regulate it o Problem for civil libertarians: hard to predict what a jury may think is _____ o Owners of adult businesses (ACE strip clubs) are fighting back by encouraging people to vote, etc

Answer 486

obscenity

Question 487

- Bostock v. Clayton (2020): employees of several organizations were fired for being ___/___ o Court ruled that an employer who fires an employee simply for being ___/___ violates the Title VII to mean discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation of gender, including ____ status - ____ could be refused/dismissed from service in the army until “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010” which allowed ____ to serve openly in the military

Answer 487

gay/trans

Question 488

hard to determine without violating 1st Amendment o In most it is a crime to sell material or present a play/film/performance that is obscene o Laws have 2 goals: attempt to prevent the corruption of morals by materials that incite sexual thoughts/desires and attempt to ensure that no one will profit by the production/distribution of such materials

Answer 488

Obscenity

Question 489

Supreme Court Case resulted in gay marriage becoming legal 2015: bundled 4 cases from states that banned same-sex marriage and ruled that the fundamental right to marry was guaranteed to same-sex couples and all 50 states must license gay marriages o The Equal Protection Clause in the 14th Amendment of the US Constitution o Issues: no insurance benefits from employers for employee and spouse, in heritance rights (one dies), and children faced discrimination for lack of legal recognition of parents’ marriage

Answer 489

Obergefell et al. v. Hodges

Question 490

Legalization of prostitution effects in Rhode Island: increased size of prostitution market, decreased prices, decreased gonorrhea by 40% -->legalization results in decreasing spread of ___

Answer 490

STIs

Question 491

State is more likely to reform its sex laws than repeal them because if practices are “____”, people can get upset and accuse the state of condoning them

Answer 491

legalized

Question 492

physician was prosecuted for giving married couple information on contraceptives; Court decided that right to privacy was cut when couple was denied access to information o The right of privacy is not stated in the Bill of Rights, but it is implied

Answer 492

Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972)

Question 493

o Issues: no insurance benefits from employers for employee and spouse, in heritance rights (one dies), and children faced discrimination for lack of legal recognition of parents’ marriage

Answer 493

Issues of laws against gay marriage

Question 494

Supreme Court avoided making definitive ruling for accepting gay marriage by ruling on a technicality

Answer 494

Hollingsworth v. Perry (2013)

Question 495

- Laws are enforced very inconsistently, leading to serious abuses and demands for radical reform of _____ laws and a bad effect on law enforcement o Offender can lose job, reputation, friends, family, blackmail o Arrest practices are discriminatory: more likely if sex worker is a woman, POC, immigrant, or poor o Some police use entrapment to pose as a client to make arrests (no respect for law) o Knowledge that ____ laws are violated with impunity created disrespect for the law - Enforcement of ____ laws outlaws activities that many people approve of

Answer 495

sex

Question 496

law to regulate only rape, deviate sexual intercourse by force, corruption/seduction of minors, sexual assault, and indecent exposure o Idea that private sexual behavior between consenting adults is not the law’s business o Followed by half the states

Answer 496

Model Penal Code

Question 497

1. The gender inequality approach: assumption that prostitution legitimizes the sexual exploitation of women by men—all women sex workers are victims of sex trafficking, and their work is involuntary (punish the men) 2. The social inequality approach: assumption that prostitution is a problem of social inequality among the lines of gender, race, and social class; treat prostitution as a legitimate occupation a. Sex workers have the same rights as workers—workplace safety b. Should reduce stigma for sex workers

Answer 497

2 different approaches to legal policy for everyone/sex workers

Question 498

child porn is not protected by the constitution o Majority of cases are about possession or distribution of child porn

Answer 498

New York v. Ferber (1982)

Question 499

the right to privacy, equal protection, victimless crimes, and freedom of speech

Answer 499

Legal principles used to change sex laws

Question 500

ceasing to define certain acts as criminal or removing penalties attached to them; recommended by Model Penal Code for many kinds of sexual behavior o Neutral—neither approves nor disapproves

Answer 500

Decriminalization

Question 501

Another approach to ____: attempt to regulate/eliminate its sale through zoning (Renton, Washington: forbid adult film theaters within 1,000 feet of residential zone, family dwelling, church, park, or school) o Push stores into lower-income neighborhoods

Answer 501

child porn

Question 502

bills forbidding the expenditure of any federal money for abortions—expanded to Medicaid and other government insurance programs o Poor women have been denied means of paying for abortions o House tried to make permanent legislation of amendment when it passed the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act, but did not go to the Senate

Answer 502

Hyde Amendment (1976)

Question 503

polygynous family said laws in Utah prohibiting polygamy are unconstitutional; judge declared cohabitation and multiple marriage licenses to the same person constitutional

Answer 503

Brown et al. v. Buhman (2013)

Question 504

Strategies of ______ movement to eliminate abortions: funding restriction, procedural requirements (parental consent, 3rd-party notification, education, clinical restrictions), the Human Life Amendment, ban on partial birth abortions, disruptive action against abortion providers, and crisis pregnancy centers o Also made effort to pack Supreme Court with conservative justices who would overturn Roe

Answer 504

pro-life

Question 505

Alabama law prohibiting distribution of masturbation devices unconstitutional o Reliable Consultants, Inc v. Ronnie Earl: Texas law prohibiting sale of sexual devices violated 14th amendment

Answer 505

Williams v. Pryor

Question 506

_____ is controversial because businesses could require proof of age for access to material o Congress passed Communications Decency Act (illegal to distribute indecent material accessible to children)-->declared unconstitutional because violated 1st amendment o Congress passed Child Online Protection Act-->ruled unconstitutional in Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union in 2004

Answer 506

Internet

Question 507

Right to __________ of the law: supported by 14th and 5th amendments o Supports challenges to laws that discriminate against gays, sex workers, etc o __________ clause was the main support for the legalization of gay marriage

Answer 507

equal protection

Question 508

argument that when an act does no legal harm to anyone or doesn’t provide a demonstratable victim, it can’t be defined as a crime - Most crimes there is no victim - Less expensive

Answer 508

Victimless Crimes

Question 509

1985-2005: countries repealed laws regulating adultery and sodomy but expanded rape, sexual assault, and child abuse laws o Nations are moving away from ____ view of law should protect to _____ view that encourages consensual sexual activity but prohibits harm

Answer 509

institutional; individualistic

Question 510

clear discrimination against woman because she is usually prosecuted

Answer 510

Prostitution

Question 511

- _____ is used to prohibit sex offenders from living near main areas—debate on effectiveness (no evidence of success), cause some offenders to be homeless, make police jobs harder - _____ used for massage parlors—caused the spread of parlors all over the city, many in residential neighborhoods

Answer 511

Zoning

Question 512

rules crisis pregnancy centers are free to say whatever they want, including false info, and states may not require them to provide accurate info

Answer 512

National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (2018)

Question 513

not a recognized medical procedure; vague o Federal ban on ___________ in 2003 o Gonzales v. Carhard et al. (2007): uphold federal banning ___________

Answer 513

partial birth abortions

Question 514

_____ against abortion providers in the US increased during COVID-19

Answer 514

violence

Question 515

- Picketing and engaging in acts of civil disobedience outside abortion clinics, Planned Parenthood facilities, and physician’s homes o Defensive Action and the Army of God: arson and bombing of abortion clinics o Army of God: published handbook on how to conduct violent protests - Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (1994)

Answer 515

Disruptive actions in response to abortion

Question 516

Run by ______ ______ nonprofits; goal is to draw in pregnant women and counsel them against having an abortion using persuasive techniques o Often give false info: abortion is dangerous to physical/mental health, condoms are ineffective o Don’t give women information on all their options

Answer 516

conservative Christian

Question 517

California required any licensed health care facility that provided pregnancy services to post a notice to help women know all about their options

Answer 517

Reproductive FACT Act in 2015

Question 518

federal crime to use violence/ threat of violence to interfere with access to a reproductive services provider; act declared unconstitutional in 1995

Answer 518

Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (1994)

Question 519

Regulations in Title X of the Public Health Act denying funds to organizations (family planning agencies) that make referrals for _____ and granting funds to organizations that oppose _____

Answer 519

abortions

Question 520

*Mississippi passed that that prohibits abortion after 15 weeks with only exceptions for medical emergency or fetal abnormality (not rape or incest); Court upheld Mississippi law and overturned Roe v. Wadestates can outlaw/pass laws on abortion - Argument if right to abortion is stated in the constitution (some argue that 13th and 14th amendment guarantee reproductive rights) - Dissenting judges said women do not have liberty is they don’t have reproductive rights and that other freedoms could be under attack next (contraception, same-sex marriage)

Answer 520

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization

Question 521

The only _____ stats are for White, Black, and Hispanic women (American Indian and Asian American women= “other”)

Answer 521

abortion

Question 522

Efforts to require parental consent for a minor and notification of husband for

Answer 522

abortions

Question 523

between an individual who provides her uterus and the parents raising the child; specify costs of pregnancy o Regulated by state laws—some criminalize surrogacy, some recognize and enforce contacts, and some have no laws

Answer 523

Surrogacy contracts

Question 524

Absence of responsible regulation in many states—possible solution: pass the ABA’s ____ ____

Answer 524

Model Act

Question 525

states could require parental consent for under 18, but don’t have to notify husbands o 38 states required parental consent o Caused no impact on pregnancy rates and minors to leave the state for an abortion, but decline in abortion rates of minors o Upheld Pennsylvania’s Requirement women getting abortions during 3rd trimester to be informed about fetal development (often wrong/biased information)

Answer 525

Planned Parenthood v. Casey (2004)

Question 526

potentially 5 people who count be parents—egg donor, sperm donor, donor of uterus, and couple intended to raise the child. o UPA states that a donor is not the parent of a child resulting from ART, person who consents to assisted reproduction with a woman with the intent of being the child’s parent is the parent o Crucial in determining inheritance rights or costs if child has birth defects

Answer 526

Determination of parentage

Question 527

Problem: Concerns that _____ may lead to exploitation of low-income women (they need money)

Answer 527

surrogacy

Question 528

- Require women seeking an abortion be given certain information (consequences) o Wrong info—abortion is linked to breast cancer - Require a woman to have an ultrasound and view the resulting images - Require mandatory counseling and waiting period laws o Impact: increase in out of state abortions and 2nd trimester abortions - Requirement of physicians performing abortions to admit privileges in a nearby hospital o Claim disputed by many because 1st trimester abortions=safest surgical procedure in US

Answer 528

Procedural requirements for abortions

Question 529

To avoid future conflict between partners on who gets to make choices about the embryos, couples should use a _____ _____ before creation of the embryos (what will happen to them in the event of divorce, death, unexpected circumstances)

Answer 529

binding agreement

Question 530

ruled that abortion providers must have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles and clinic had to meet the standards of ambulatory surgical centers including irrelevant equipment (2nd restriction was dismissed because too expensive—Texas abortion clinics declined from 42 to 19)

Answer 530

Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (2016)

Question 531

Debate on if there is a right to _____: if there is, one can’t argue against collaborative conception; if there isn’t, it is reasonable to limit/prohibit the tech o Ruling: there is no right to procreate, but there is a right to not procreate

Answer 531

reproduce

Question 532

embryo is a person and shall not intentionally be destroyed, an embryo is a tissue, and (moderate) an embryo is less than a person but more than a tissue and should be treated with the respect due to potential human life

Answer 532

Views on assisted reproductive technologies

Question 533

- American Indian women living on reservations are denied federal funding and no Indian clinic performs abortions - Access to abortion commonly requires travel because of the decline in providers - _____-class _____ _____ have more access

Answer 533

Middle; White women

Question 534

2 Decisions that chipped away at Roe v. Wade: 1. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989): states could restrict abortion in some ways (forbidding it in state-owned hospitals and banning abortion of viable fetuses) 2. Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992): restrictions on abortion (parental consent, info, and a waiting period) - Restrictions have not had a major impact besides on poor women who can’t afford to travel long distances

Answer 534

Roe v. Wade

Question 535

American Bar association created a ____ ____ (not yet adopted by states)  Embryo transfer, assisted reproduction, payment to donors, etc

Answer 535

Model Act

Question 536

Only law that regulates industry of assisted reproductive technologies; requires clinics to report their success rates to CDC

Answer 536

Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act (1992)

Question 537

would prohibit all abortions; introduced repeatedly in Congress since 1983 but not been brought to a vote

Answer 537

Human life amendment (“Personhood” Amendment)

Question 538

- ____ __ ____ need more access to information and education sensitive to their cultural heritage - ____ __ ____ are more likely to have abortions than White women and more likely to have abortions after the 1st trimester - ____ __ ____ must often spend a while raising funds for an abortion because Medicaid denied them, meaning abortion can be delayed to 2nd trimester

Answer 538

Women of color

Question 539

Artificial insemination, IVF, surrogate motherhood, and embryo fertilization/transfer are raising ____ questions for infertile people being able to have children

Answer 539

legal