Psych/Soc 1 & 2 Flashcards
Social Structure (128 cards)
1
Q
Who were the founding fathers of sociology
A
Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, Max Weber
2
Q
Which sociologist(s) support conflict theory
A
Karl Marx, Max Weber, Ludwig Gumplowicz
3
Q
Which sociologist(s) support functionalism
A
Emile Durkheim
4
Q
What level of analysis are each of these (macro or micro) 1. Functionalism 2. Conflict Theory 3. Symbolic Interactionism 4. Feminist Theory
A
- Macro 2. Macro 3. Micro 4. Both levels possible
5
Q
What level of analysis are each of these (macro or micro) 1. Rational Choice Theory 2. Social Exchange Theory 3. Social Constructionism
A
They are all micro
6
Q
Which sociologist(s) supports symbolic interactionism?
A
George Herbert Mead
7
Q
Symbolic Interactionism
A
argues that social interaction is a process through which social meaning is created and maintained
they emphasizes communication/ the tendency to ascribe meaning to words, objects, and events
8
Q
What is the dramaturgical approach
A
sub-philosophy of symbolic interactions that assumes people set up how they want to appear to others much like an actor on a stage
9
Q
What’s an example of a social construct
A
money, marriage
10
Q
What’s social constructionism
A
Constructionism: people actively shape their reality through social interactions and agreed upon meaning for things called social constructs.
11
Q
What types of oppression are considered under feminist theory?
A
- Active oppression: individuals and structures maintain inequalities 2. Macro-level: economic, political and other social structures permit domination of women 3. Micro-level oppression: authoritative principles persist that allow men to restrict women but it does not necessarily extend into other areas of that woman’s life
12
Q
What is the diff between rational choice theory and social exchange theory?
A
Rational choice: concerned with decisions made between multiple courses of action. Central premise is that: all choice is made with the specific intention to increase personal advantages and decrease personal disadvantages, it is therefore rational. social exchange theory: concerned with decisions made between multiple opportunities for interaction with people. Central premise is that we assign punishments and rewards to interactions and relationships and prefer those with the greatest personal benefits (doesn’t have to be monetary, can be emotional).
13
Q
Polyandry
A
woman married to more than one man
14
Q
Endogamy
A
practice of marrying within a particular group
15
Q
Exogamy
A
practice of marrying outside a particular group
16
Q
Polygyny
A
Man married to more than one woman
17
Q
Is kinship considered biological or cultural or either
A
cultural or biological
18
Q
what is a kinship of bilateral descent
A
kin group involves both maternal and paternal relations in contrast to both matrilineal and patrilineal descent
19
Q
Teacher expectancy theory
A
the tendency of teachers to quickly form expectations of individual students and act toward the student with these pre-formed expectations in mind.
20
Q
command economy
A
one in which the economic decisions are based on a plan of production and the means of production are often state-owned e.g. communism
21
Q
traditional economy
A
social customs are considered in economic decisions e.g. bartering and trading
22
Q
Mechanical solidarity:
A
allows society to remain integrated because individuals have common beliefs that lead to each person having the same fundamental experience This belief relies on collective conscience: the idea that there exists a greater social order that guides individual actions through shared beliefs, morals, and values
23
Q
Organic Solidarity:
A
allows society to integrate through a division of labor, which leads to each person having a different personal experience which allows for distinguishable and separate movements in society
24
Q
What’s the difference between a social model of disease vs a medical model of disease
A
Social: emphasizes the proximate cause, i.e. the effect of one’s social class, employment status, neighborhood, exposure to environmental toxins, diet, etc on a person’s health Medical: emphasizes the ultimate cause of illness, i.e. the physical or medical factors as being the cause of disease.
25
sick role theory
the concept that when a person is sick, they are not able to be a contributing member of society and is a form of social deviance. developed by Talcott Parsons Limitations: 1. does not explain differing expectations between individuals with acute illness vs chronic illness (chronic: expected to be productive member of society still) 2. Implies sick individual has responsibility to get better 3. implies a person is not to be blamed for illness, which i not the case
26
crude death rate
annual number of deaths per 1k persons in population \*there is an inverse correlation between a nation's crude death rate and its gross domestic product
27
rate of population change
difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate
28
crude birth rate
annual number of births per 1k people in population
29
Diff between fertility and fecundity
fertility: ability of a woman to reproduce fecundity: potential reproductive capacity of a woman
30
general fertility rate
annual number of births per 1k women in population
31
total fertility rate
predicts total number of births per single woman in population with assumption that the woman experiences the current recorded age-specific lifetime fertility average
32
population-lag effect
the fact that changes in total fertility rates are nor reflected in birth rate for several generations d/t population momentum
33
population momentum
phenomenon of increased birth rate d/t children that were produced during periods of higher fertility rates are now producing themselves
34
mortality vs morbidity
mortality: death rate in a population morbidity: refers to the nature and extent of the disease in a population
35
prevalence rate vs incidence rate
prevalence: measures the number of individuals experiencing a disease incidence: measures the number of new cases of a disease
36
case fatality rate
measures deaths as a result of a set diagnosis or procedure
37
infant mortality rate
annual number of deaths per 1k infants under age of 1
38
cultural competence
effective interactions between people from different cultures
39
cultural transmission
the process through which this information is spread across generations
40
what are the 2 theories of sociocultural evolution?
modernization and sociobiology
41
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
asserts that people understand their world through language and that language, in turn, shapes how we experience our world
42
values vs beliefs
values: a culture's standard for evaluating what is good or bad belief: convictions or principles that people hold
43
cultural diffusion vs cultural transmission
diffusion: transfer of elements of a culture from one social group to another Transmission: the process through which this information is spread across generations
44
rural flight
exodus from rural area to more urban
45
white flight
historical phenomenon of white families and groups moving from cities to more ethnically homogenous areas, causing suburb sprawl
46
white blight
consequence of white flight in which the less functioning areas of urban areas degrade as a result of urban decline
47
demographic transition
theory of population change that proposes that the transition from overall higher to overall lower birth and death rates is a result of a country's development from a pre-industrial to industrial framework and is affected by both economic and social changes.
48
What is the difference between a Sect and a Cult?
A Sect is a breakaway or a revival of an established church. For example, Lutherans may be considered a sect as they broke away from Catholicism to form their own unique sect.
A Cult is a radical group (compared to a more established religious group) that is often led by a charismatic leader. These groups often only last for a short period of time. For instance, Heaven's Gate had very unique beliefs and they were led by a charismatic leader named Marshall Applewhite
49
David lives in a rural community. He has a hard time focusing in school and finds that he is sad sometimes when his friends don't want to play. If the healthcare system in David's small community underwent Medicalization, how do you think David's life might be impacted?
David would likely be given medications to deal with his problems as his problems would now be seen as illnesses. He would likely be given ADD medication for his inability to focus and Depression medication for his sadness episodes.
50
Match the following theories with their respective theorist:
(A) Emile Durkheim
(B) George Herbert Mead
(C) Karl Marx
(1) Functionalism
(2) Conflict Theory
(3) Symbolic Interactionism
(A) Emile Durkheim -\> (1) Functionalism
(B) George Herbert Mead -\> (3) Symbolic Interactionism
(C) Karl Marx -\> (2) Conflict Theory
51
Describe the basic premise of Functionalism and how it relates to the idea of Homeostasis.
Functionalism views society like an organism. When something is wrong with part of the Society, homeostasis is lost, throwing the society out of equilibrium. It sees all aspects of Society as having a function and as necessary for the survival of the Society.
52
Describe how religion might be viewed as a Social Fact.
Social facts originate in an institution or culture and have an influence on individuals. We only notice it is there when we push against it, and it remains there despite people being born and dying.
In this context, religion is clearly a social fact because of how it affects behaviors and attitudes of individuals.
53
What might be a Latent Function of Apple as a company? What about a Manifest Function?
Latent Functions may include providing employees with a sense of purpose, health insurance, or even friendships with others. These are the purposes of a company that are hidden under the service and not directly related to their core purpose.
Manifest Functions may include making profit, innovation, and contributing to the technology of the world. These are the obvious and stated purposes of a Social Institution.
54
What is the main factor that causes a society to change from one in which individuals are independent and self-sufficient to one in which individuals work together and divide labor?
Population growth within a small space leads to issues that must be reconciled by working together.
55
Put the following stages of a society in order according to Karl Marx's Conflict Theory:
I. Capitalism
II. Socialism
III. Feudalism
The order of a society's development is as follows according to Karl Marx: Feudalism --\> Capitalism --\> Socialism
56
Which of the following best exemplifies Class Consciousness?
(A) Jim is in school learning about social class. He realizes for the first time in his life that he is part of the middle class.
(B) Mary is playing with her friend Sarah. Sarah says she won't play with Mary because she is fat, increasing Mary's sensitivity to her weight.
(C) Sam works at the only lemonade stand in the town. After talking to his buddy from a neighboring town, he realizes that he and his fellow citizens are being ripped off, so he incites his fellow citizens to demand change.
(D) Thomas is applying to college when he realizes that he is unable to afford enrolling in all the needed classes. He feels jealous of wealthier students.
(C) Sam works at the only lemonade stand in the town. After talking to his buddy from a neighboring town, he realizes that he and his fellow citizens are being ripped off, so he incites his fellow citizens to demand change.
Class Consciousness occurs when the oppressed class realizes that they are being taken advantage of and join together based on this understanding.
57
As stated before, Sam works at the only lemonade stand in the town. After talking to his buddy from a neighboring town, he realizes that he and his fellow citizens are being ripped off, so he incites his fellow citizens to demand change. What is the Thesis in Sam's town? What about the Antithesis? (According to Karl Marx)
The Thesis is the idea that the lemonade stand owner (the Bourgeoisie) is in charge and can set whatever wages he wants for his workers.
The Antithesis is the idea that the lemonade stand workers (the Proletariat workers) have to overthrow the lemonade stand owner.
Because the Thesis and the Antithesis cannot coexist, they will eventually result in a Synthesis. Perhaps in this case, the lemonade stand workers form a union, which results in a legal right to higher wages.
58
Is the saying, "what goes up must come down" a Brute Fact or an Institutional Fact?
This saying is an Institutional Fact because it is based upon other facts such as gravity, which is based on mass, which is based on atomic structure, and so on. A Brute Fact is a fact that cannot be explained by any other facts. It can stand on its own.
59
How does Weak versus Strong Social Constructionism view Brute and Institutional Facts?
Weak Social Constructionism believes that Brute Facts exist while Strong Social Constructionism believes that Brute Facts do not exist and that, instead, everything is Socially Constructed.
60
True or False? Symbolic Interactionism would say that two people cannot look at the same image and see two different things.
False. Symbolic Interactionism is based on the idea that two people can look at the same image and see two different things. To one person, a cross might sybolize death. To another it might symbolize healthcare. It is dependent upon their perspective.
61
Herbert Blumer came up with the three tenets of Symbolic Interactionism. Which of the following is/are not some of his tenants?
I. Our actions are dependent upon the meaning we attach to things.
II. People learn the meanings of things from others.
III. The meaning we attach to things are stable over time.
(A) I Only
(B) II Only
(C) I and II Only
(D) II and III Only
(D) II and III Only
People learn the meanings of things from others (II), and the meaning we attach to things are stable over time (III) are NOT tenets of Symbolic Interactionism. The three tenets of Symbolic Interactionism are as follows:
I. Our actions are dependent upon the meaning we attach to things.
II. Different people attach different meanings to things.
III. The meaning we attach to things CAN change over time.
62
True or False. Rational Theory is based on the idea that the best choices are made by individuals who are thinking rationally.
There are three main underlying premises of the Rational Choice Theory. Describe each of the following premises in terms of choosing between options A, B, and C:
1. Completeness
2. Transitivity
3. Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives
63
How does Rational Choice Theory relate to Exchange Theory?
Exchange Theory is Rational Choice Theory as applied to social interactions. It is the idea that if actions receive social approval, they are more likely to be repeated.
64
How might Exchange Theory relate to Altruism?
Exchange Theory would say that truly Altruistic Acts do not happen since they do not logically result in the greatest gain for the individual deciding to act altruistically.
65
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a cohort?
(A) Mary and her children.
(B) Bill and his neighbors.
(C) Jane and her siblings.
(D) Dick and his high school graduating class.
(D) Dick and his high school graduating class.
A Cohort is a group of people with a similar age. Because they are from the same age group, they've had similar experiences.
66
What is the purpose of the Dependency Ratio?
What equation allows you to calculate the Dependency Ratio?
The purpose of the Dependency Ratio is to allow you to determine what percent of the population is dependent upon those who can work.
Dependency Ratio =
(population that is 14 and under + 65 and older)/(population that is 15 to 64 years of age)
67
Describe what it actually means to say that the Dependency Ratio is 2?
If the Dependency Ratio was 2 that would mean that every working person will need to support two dependent/non-working individuals.
68
When Phil's Wife dies at the age of 65, he decides to start dating again and ends up remarrying. He finds this relationship to be satisfying as it fills the need in his life for companionship. This most closely relates to which theory?
(A) Life Course Theory
(B) Continuity Theory
(C) Activity Theory
(D) Disengagement Theory
(B) Continuity Theory
Continuity Theory suggests that we try to maintain the same foundational structure throughout our lives in order to maintain consistency and to meet our needs. In this case, Phil is meeting his need for companionship.
69
Thompson was quite rowdy as a young man. Now that he is older and has taken on more responsibility as a superior in his community he has settled down and is contributing more to society. Thompson's situation is most similar to which theory?
(A) Life Course Theory
(B) Continuity Theory
(C) Age Stratification Theory
(D) Disengagement Theory
(B) Age Stratification Theory
The Age Stratification Theory looks at age as a way of hierarchically organizing a society. There is a sense of role and prestige associated with one's age. It can be detrimental though when age is a source of inequality such as with Ageism. In this case, Thompson is experiencing a change in his role due to his age.
70
Bill recently retired and is finding less meaning in his day-to-day life. He misses going to work each day and feeling like
a contributing member of society. His wife Jenny suggests that he pick up a new hobby to fill the void. Jenny's advice is most similar to which theory?
(A) Life Course Theory
(B) Age Stratification Theory
(C) Activity Theory
(D) Disengagement Theory
(C) Activity Theory
Activity Theory suggests that when you stop one activity, you should replace it with another to maintain morale and well-being. This is in line with Jenny's recommendation.
71
When Yoda reached age 932, he retired into the woods, and reflected upon all that he learned throughout his life. He found this to be extremely fulfilling. Yoda's experience is most similar to which theory?
(A) Life Course Theory
(B) Continuity Theory
(C) Activity Theory
(D) Disengagement Theory
(D) Disengagement Theory
Disengagement Theory suggests that the elderly should detach themselves from society in order to engage in reflection. It views elderly that are still engaged with society as not adjusting to old age very well.
72
Put the following terms in order of increasing size:
I. Metropolis
II. Village
III. City
IV. Megalopolis
(A) II \< I \< III \< IV
(B) II \< III \< IV \< I
(C) II \< I \< IV \< III
(D) II \< III \< I \< IV
(D) II \< III \< I \< IV
In order of increasing size: Village \< City \< Metropolis \< Megalopolis
73
What is the difference between Exurbs and Suburbs?
They are very similar except that Exurbs are farther away from the city as Suburbs and are often home to very rich individuals.
74
What does it mean to say the Population Growth Rate is 7?
There were 7 new individuals in that community per 1,000 people for that year.
75
What equation can be used to determine the Population Growth Rate?
Population Growth Rate = (Birth Rate + Immigration Rate) - (Mortality Rate + Emmigration Rate)
76
The Fertility Rate is 2.9. Will the population of this community increase, decrease, or stay relatively the same?
The Population will increase as the Fertility rate is above 2. At exactly 2, the current population will almost exactly be replacing itself.
77
The Fertility Rate is 2.9. Will the population of this community increase, decrease, or stay relatively the same?
The Population will increase as the Fertility rate is above 2. At exactly 2, the current population will almost exactly be replacing itself.
78
In Africa, the Fertility Rate is close to 6, and due to high levels of disease people die at a relatively young age. What type of population pyramid would you expect to see in this situation?
(A) Constrictive Population Pyramid
(B) Retroactive Population Pyramid
(C) Expansive Population Pyramid
(D) Stationary Population Pyramid
(C) Expansive Population Pyramid
79
In Europe, the population is neither increasing nor decreasing and birth rates largely match mortality rates. What type of population pyramid would you expect to see in this situation?
(A) Constrictive Population Pyramid
(B) Retroactive Population Pyramid
(C) Expansive Population Pyramid
(D) Stationary Population Pyramid
Stationary
80
In America, the Baby Boomer Population is aging quickly and living longer than ever before. What type of population pyramid would you expect to see in this situation?
(A) Constrictive Population Pyramid
(B) Retroactive Population Pyramid
(C) Expansive Population Pyramid
(D) Stationary Population Pyramid
81
Which of the following is the best example of Demographic Transition?
(A) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population increases more rapidly.
(B) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population declines more rapidly.
(C) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population stabilizes.
(D) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population declines more slowly.
(C) As Africa becomes more industrialized its population stabilizes.
This is the basic premise of Demographic Transition, namely that as a country industrializes its birth and death rates will decrease, resulting in a more stable population.
82
The four stages of Demographic Transition are as follows:
1. High Birth and Mortality Rates
2. High Birth Rate and decreasing Mortality Rate
3. Decreasing Birth Rate and Low Mortality Rate
4. Low Birth and Mortality Rates
Draw the Population Pyramids that represent each of these four stages.
83
What does Malthusianism posit?
That the possible rate of population increased exceeds the possible rate of resource increase, but is inevitably checked by 2 means:
1. Positive check: e.g. anything that raises the death rate like famine or disease
2. Preventative check: anything that lowers birth rate e.g. contraception, late marriage, homosexual relationships
84
What is a malthusian catastrophe?
when the means of sustenance are not enough to support the population
85
The conclusion of Jessie's Dissertation is that South America is trapped in never ending subordination to countries such as the United States. Jessie's Dissertation lends support to which Globalization Theory?
(A) World Systems Theory
(B) Modernization Theory
(C) Dependency Theory
(D) Butterfly Effect Theory
(C) Dependency Theory
Dependency Theory states that some countries are dependent upon other countries in ways that may be hard to disrupt. It states that these countries cannot follow the same path to industrialization as countries like the US and Canada did.
86
Robert writes in his dissertation that countries can be broken down into different types that are hierarchical in nature. Robert's Dissertation lends support to which Globalization Theory?
(A) World Systems Theory
(B) Modernization Theory
(C) Dependency Theory
(D) Butterfly Effect Theory
(A) World Systems Theory
World Systems Theory divides the world into three types of countries.
87
Joseph writes in his dissertation that any country can become industrialized. He believes that all countries take a similar path to get there. Joseph's Dissertation lends support to which Globalization Theory?
(A) World Systems Theory
(B) Modernization Theory
(C) Dependency Theory
(D) Global Positivity Theory
(B) Modernization Theory
Modernization Theory states that any country can become modernized and industrialized through a similar process.
88
Hyperglobalist
This theory suggests that Globalization is a great thing that is leading towards a future in which we are all united Globally. It is extremely hot like the bowl of porridge that was too hot.
89
Transformationalist Globalist
This theory suggests that governments are changing, but not necessarily in good or bad ways. It is fairly neurtral like the bowl of porridge that was just right.
90
Skeptical Globalist
- This theory suggests that the world will not become united and that country borders are stronger than ever with poor countries being left in the dust. It is extremely cold like the bowl of porridge that was too cold.
91
World Systems Theory divides the world into three types of countries. Give an example of each type and explain why it is a good example:
1. Core Countries
2. Semi-periphery Countries
3. Periphery Countries
1. Core Countries - United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, Australia have a strong central government, are industrialized, and focus on higher-skill, capital-intensive production.
2. Semi-periphery Countries - Mexico, China, South Africa are a mix between Core and Periphery Countries.
3. Periphery Countries - South America, Africa, Russia, Indonesia have a weak central government, are dependent upon Core Countries economically, and focus on producing raw goods or materials.
92
Ford markets itself as an American Company and has its headquarters in the United States. It also pays taxes to the United States. Can Ford still be considered a Transnational Corporation?
Ford can be considered a Transnational Corporation if is does business or produces goods outside the United States, which it does. Transnational Corporations are those which do business across multiple countries.
93
Which of the following situations best exemplifies Diffusion as understood by a Sociologist?
(A) Japanese school children are pushed to work harder in school in order to keep up with America.
(B) African employees begin making more money, leading to industrialization within their country.
(C) South American Countries begin to notice more Americans walking around their main industrial centers.
(D) Chinese teenagers start listening to Lady Gaga, watch Kobe Bryant play basketball, and enjoy going to McDonalds.
(D) Chinese teenagers start listening to Lady Gaga, watch Kobe Bryant play basketball, and enjoy going to McDonalds.
Diffusion is the transfer of culture from one place to another as is exemplified here.
94
Mass society theory emphasizes what?
that social movements are dangerous, irrational, and only useful to a refuge for those who feel they don't belong elsewhere.
95
Relative Deprivation Theory
refers to the conscious experience of individuals or groups that do not have resources needed for the scoial experiences and services that are seen as appropriate to their social position. Kind of like entitlement
96
Resource Mobilization
Resource Mobilization Theory suggests that starting a Social Movement requires various resources such as time, money, and a charismatic leader. Perhaps Marge will mention these things in her article.
97
17/20
Conflict Perspective believes that the Mass Media enhances divisions within society, particularly through Gate Keeping. How might this be so?
Gate Keeping refers to the idea that certain individuals in charge will determine what media gets aired and which media doesn't. It might reject media that portrays blacks as having equal rights to whites, which would reinforce inequality.
You see a billboard at the local grocery store advertising for new employees. On the billboard, there is a great diversity of employees modeled, from blacks, hispanics, asians, and whites. Inside the store, however, you notice that there is only one asian and tons of whites working there. Which concept does this example best relate to?
(A) Gate Keeping
(B) Cultural Universals
(C) Tokenism
(D) Agent of Socialization
(C) Tokenism
This is an example of Tokenism in which is the practice of making only a perfunctory or symbolic effort to do a particular thing, especially by recruiting a small number of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of sexual or racial equality within a workforce as is the case in this example.
98
In almost every country in the world, there is a ceremony that is associated with marriage/partnership. Which concept does this example best relate to?
(A) Gate Keeping
(B) Cultural Universals
(C) Tokenism
(D) Agent of Socialization
(B) Cultural Universals
Cultural Universals are elements, patterns, traits, or institutions that are common among ALL human cultures as in the case here with marriage/partnership ceremonies. See this wikipedia article for hundreds more examples of Cultural Universals: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural\_universal
99
How might Cultural Universals relate to the Theory of Evolution?
The Theory of Evolutions states that physical traits that are selected for/are favorable to a species will become more common/prominent over time. It is the same with culture. Aspects of culture that are favored in a society will become more prevalent over time. Perhaps these Cultural Universals were selected for over time.
100
diff between educational stratification vs education segregation
stratification: when the institution of education serves to reinforce and perpetuate social inequalities by the fact that location, resources, etc of parents affect the education of their children such that children's education acheivements mirror those of their parents
segregation: the actual disparity between children from high income neighborhoods/schools vs those from low income ones
101
Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the main classical theories?
A. The conflict theorist's perspective
B. The functionalist's perspective
C. The interactionist's perspective
D. The social constructionist's perspective
C. The interactionist's perspective
D. Three theorists are considered to be the founders of the modern sociological tradition as a separate scientific field: Durkheim, whose ideas are the foundation of functionalism; Marx, whose ideas are the foundation of the conflict theory; and Weber, whose ideas are the foundation of symbolic interactionism (choices A, B, and C are considered the main classical theories and can be eliminated). The final perspective, social constructionism, is an important part of sociological discussions; however, it is not considered to be one of the foundational theories (choice D is not considered to be one of the main classical theories and is thus the correct answer).
102
During medical school Sam will learn the beliefs and values of the medical profession. This process is known as:
A. assimilation.Your Answer
B. amalgamation
C. individuation.
D. socialization.
D. socialization.
103
what's the difference between intragenerational mobility and upward mobility
upward monbility considers the individuals upward mobility
intragenerational mobility considers comparison of an individual's upward mobility to that of family members of the same generation e.g differences between siblings
104
Intragenerational mobility vs intergenerational mobility
**intragenerational**: refers to changes in someone's social mobility throughout the course of his or her lifetime, often used to compare to family members within that same generation
**intergenerational** mobility: refers to changes in social status between different generations within the same family.
105
social stratification
Processes of social stratification lead to structured differences between people based on different personal characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, which causes some people to have more resources (those in the top tiers) and others to have less resources (those in the bottom tiers). This suggests the hierarchal grading of people.
106
Neustress
Stress that happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn’t actively or directly affect you. For example, news about a natural disaster on the other side of the world may be very stressful, but your body doesn’t perceive that stress as good or bad for you so you aren’t affected.
107
Eustress
Eustress is a positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging, but motivating. Eustress is usually enjoyable.
108
Positive reinforcement
Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior.
109
Negative reinforcement
refers to removing a stimulus to increase a behavior.
110
Negative punishment
refers to removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior.
111
Positive punishment
refers to adding a stimulus, that is a consequence of an action thereby decreasing the action.
112
Three core components of emotion
**physiological arousal** (how your body reacts to emotions, emotional information or stimuli),
**expressive displays** (how you express your emotions), and
**subjective experiences** (how you feel and interpret your emotions, which is extremely personal and subjective).
113
foot-in-the-door technique
says that when someone has agreed to make a small commitment towards something, they are then much more likely to follow up with a greater commitment.
114
T/F Symbolic interactionism views that that an individual’s experiences influence his or her perceptions.
true
115
T/F: sexual orientation is a measure of demographics
true
116
Nociceptors are what kind of receptors?
pain receptors; thus, exercise likely downregulates nociceptors.
117
When professors meet with individual students during office hours, they often exhibit communication styles that vary widely based on the person they’re talking to. A study found that professors speaking with minority female students were much more likely to use shorter sentences with more instructions, and to ask questions that revealed an assumption of lack of academic skill. These professors were demonstrating:
discrimination because he is modifying his behavior, which is an action
118
Semantic memory is the type of memory related to
facts and information.
119
Episodic memory is a type of memory related to
personal experiences.
120
Procedural memory is a type of memory related to
actions or behaviors, like placing an IV or suturing a wound.
121
Conditioned memory is a type of memory that is formed based on
your associations between two things. For example, if your professor rings a bell at the end of the exam, you will remember the bell as the sign that the exam is over.
122
Drive-reduction motivation is motivation based on
the need to fulfill a certain drive, like hunger or thirst.
123
In avoidant-avoidant conflicts,
both options are unappealing
124
In approach-approach conflicts,
two options are both appealing.
125
An approach-avoidance conflict is observed when
one option has both positive and negative aspects
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Double approach-avoidant conflicts consist of
two options with both appealing and negative characteristics
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Assimilation vs Integration
Assimilation is a strategy in which the individual seeks to interact with the new culture and reject the native culture.
Integration involves identifying with both cultures.
128
Separation vs Marginalization
Separation is rejecting the new culture and maintaining the native culture.
Marginalization involves the rejection of both cultures.
