Psych/Soc Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
James Lange Theory posits that a precipitating event results in ___
A
A physiological THEN an emotional response
2
Q
Cannon-Bard Theory posits that a precipitating event results in __
A
An independent but simultaneous physiological and emotional response
3
Q
Associative learning is a part of what type of conditioning?
A
Operant
4
Q
“Negative” in the context of conditions means a stimulus is __
A
removed
5
Q
“Positive” in the context of conditions means a stimulus is __
A
added
6
Q
“Reinforcement” in the context of conditions means the behavior is __
A
Increased / Encouraged
7
Q
“Punishment” in the context of condition means the behavior is __
A
Decreased/ Reduced
8
Q
An example of positive reinforcement would be
A
a reward (i.e. lever press and receiving a food pellet)
9
Q
An example of a positive punishment would be
A
a sanction (i.e. pressing a button and receiving a shock)
10
Q
An example of negative reinforcement would be
A
escape (i.e. pressing a different button so as not to receive a shock)
11
Q
An example of a negative punishment would be
A
a penalty (i.e. removing a food pellet)
12
Q
A fixed ratio schedule implies that there is ___ reinforcement delivery and a set __ leads to reinforcement.
A
Consistent ; # of Repetitions
13
Q
A fixed interval schedule implies that there is __ reinforcement delivery and a set __ leading to reinforcement.
A
Consistent ; Time Interval
14
Q
A variable ratio schedule implies that there is __ reinforcement delivery and a set __ leads to reinforcement.
A
Inconsistent ; # of Repetitions
15
Q
A variable interval schedule implies that there is __ reinforcement delivery and a set __ leading to reinforcement.
A
Inconsistent; Time Interval
16
Q
Absolute Threshold is the minimum required to __
A
activate the sensory system
17
Q
Conscious perception threshold is the minimum signal __
A
large size and long duration
18
Q
Just noticeable difference is the minimum difference between __
A
2 stimuli to notice ; change / initial
19
Q
Sensing is the transduction of internal and external environment. However, perception is processing __
A
sensory information
20
Q
Weber’s law is an example of JND in that __
A
the JND for stimulation is proportional to the magnitude of stimulation
21
Q
Signal detection theory
A
the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical/psychological state of the individual
22
Q
Adaptation results in what change to response to a stimulus over time?
A
diminished
23
Q
The cornea
A
gathers and filters light
24
Q
The iris
A
muscles open and close pupil
25
The lens
refract so retina can focus
26
The ciliary body
produces the aqueous humor
27
The retina is comprised of __ which differentiate between light and dark and __ which differentiate between colors.
rods ; cones
28
Synapses in vision
Bipolar to Ganglion to Horizontal and Amacrine
29
What is the vision pathway
Eye --> Nerve --> Chiasm --> Tracts --> LGN (thalamus) --> Visual Cortex
30
Parallel processing is named because __
it analyzes and combines color, form, depth etc at the same time
31
Parallel Processing - Color
Cones
32
Parallel Processing - Form
Parvocellular (high spatial ; low temporal)
33
Parallel Processing - Motion
Magnocellular (low spatial ; high temporal)
34
Parallel Processing - Depth
binocular cells
35
Auditory pathway
Cochlea --> Vestibular cochlear nerve --> medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) --> auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
36
The superior olive has what function
localizing sound
37
The inferior colliculus has what function
startle reflex
38
The tympanic membrane, known as the eardrum, does what in response to sound
vibrates
39
The auricle, outer ear, serves what function
funneling sound
40
The middle ear stars at the tympanic membrane and ends at the oval window. The process is as follows
malleus --> incus --> stapes
41
The inner ear starts at the oval window, goes to the auditory nerve. The cochlea has hair cells which __ and vibrations which lead to nerve impulses.
signal transduction
42
The fluid media is separated by membranes. The perilymph __
cushions structures and transmits vibrations
43
The fluid media is separated by membranes. The endolymph __
bathes hair cells
44
Proprioception
Kinesthetic
45
The way we have our 5 types of tastes are due to __
Papillae
46
The two point threshold
minimum distance to be felt as two distinct stimuli
47
The physiological zero
"warm" or "cold" relative to skin temperatures i.e. sick person forehead "warm"
48
Bottom-Up Object Recognition
It uses parallel processing and signal detection. It operates slowly but makes less errors
49
Top-Down Object Recognition
It recognizes by memory and expectation and little attention to detail. It operates faster but makes more errors
50
Perceptual Organization
synthesis of stimuli
51
Gestalt Principle- Proximity
Close ? Perceived as 1
52
Gestalt Principle- Similarity
Similar? Grouped Together
53
Gestalt Principle- Good Continuation
Same pathway? Grouped
54
Gestalt Principle- Subjective Contour
non existential edges in figures
55
Gestalt Principles- Closure
enclosed space with lines ; perceived as complete / closed line
56
Gestalt Principle - Pragnanz
perceptual organization regular, simple, symmetric
57
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory of personality states that ___ ___ influence behavior. Libido is a natural energy source and also a part of Freud's theory.
unconscious desires
58
The Id is responsible for immediate gratification and the ego is responsible for long term gratification. What is the role of the Super Ego?
Moral Compass
59
What are the stages of Psychosexual Development proposed by Freud?
Oral ; Anal ; Phallic ; Latency ; Genital
60
The Humanistic Theory of Personality suggests that individuals possess __ to self-actualize. This theory focuses on conscious and self-motivated improvements. __ Hierarchy and Rogers idea of the __ __ __ are examples.
free will ; Maslow's ; constant growth process
61
The Biological Theory of Personality has __ __ which is the extent to which leadership roles are pursued and __ which is the likelihood of following authority. It states that temperament is an ___ process.
social potency ; traditionalism ; innate
62
The Behavioral Theory of Personality suggests the interaction between the __ and the __ shapes personality. This theory focuses on the observable such as Skinner's operant conditioning and Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments.
individual; environment
63
The Trait Theory of Personality states that there are identifiable __ of behavior in consistent ways. An example is Allport who categorized traits in the following three categories __ , __ and __. Cattell's 16 personalities and Eysenck's extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism are two other proponents.
patterns ; cardinal, central, secondary
64
According to the Trait Theory of Personality, the Big 5 Traits are __, __, __, __, and __.
Openness ; Conscientiousness ; Extraversion ; Agreeableness; Neuroticism
65
A person's Self Concept can be existentially described or categorically described. What are examples of both?
Existential: Separate, Distinct + Constant ; Categorical: Skills, Gender, Age
66
Rogers definition of the Self Concept delineates three main components. The Self Image, Self Esteem and __.
The Ideal Self
67
Self Esteem
respect for oneself
68
Self Efficacy
belief in ability ; mastery, social modeling,and social persuasion can increase self efficacy
69
The Locus of Control: Internal and External
Internal: Attributed to Own Traits ; External : Events Due to Environment
70
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Trust vs. Mistrust Stage
1 yr ; virtue : hope ; negative outcome: suspicion
71
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Autonomy vs Doubt Stage
2 yr ; Virtue = Will ; Negative Outcome = Shame
72
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Initiative vs Guilt Stage
Ages 3-5yr ; Virtue = Purpose ; Negative Outcome = Inferiority
73
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Industry vs Inferiority Stage
6-12 yrs ; Virtue = Pride ; Negative = Inferiority
74
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Identity vs Role Stage
12-18 yrs ; Virtue = Fidelity ; Negative = Rebellion
75
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Intimacy vs Isolation Stage
18-40 yrs ; Virtue = Love ; Negative = Isolation
76
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Generativity vs Stagnation Stage
40-65 years ; Virtue = Care ; Negative = Unproductive
77
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development: Integrity vs Despair Stage
65+ yrs ; Virtue = wisdom ; Negative = dissatisfaction
78
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development states that social interactions influence cognition. It establishes 4 elementary mental functions: 1)_ , 2)_ , 3)_, 4)_ which eventually lead to higher mental functions such as independence.
attention. sensation, perception, memory
79
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development : Zone of Proximal Development
Expanded learning can occur through interactions with a MKO (more knowledgeable other)
80
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development originated with the __ dilemma. In this dilemma, a man steals a cancer drug from a chemist that he cannot afford in order to save his wife that is dying of cancer.
Heinz
81
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Pre-Moral Stage substages include__
1) obedience vs punishment 2) individualism & exchange
82
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Conventional Stage substages include__
1)good boy + good girl 2)law + order
83
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development: Post-Conventional Stage substages include__
1) social contract 2) universal ethical principle
84
Social influence can be exerted by comparisons to __ groups such as observing their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. We can also have our identity development influenced by __ and __.
reference ; cultural ; socialization
85
George Mead's I vs Me Stages
1) Preparatory Stage: Imitation
2) Play Stage: pretend play, role taking
3) Game stage : generalized other, multiple roles, significant other
86
George Mead's I is more of a __ or rather a "personal response." On the other hand the Me is more of a __ __ or rather "society."
response to social self ; social self
87
The Bandura Bobo Doll experiment established that kids can __ by watching violent videos but whether they chose to __ is different.
learn ; perform the behavior
88
Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura) establishes that __, and __ serve to influence behavior.
social (environmental), cognitive (personal)
89
Defense Mechanism- Displacement
expressing anger at the weakest link instead of the source of anger
90
Defense Mechanism- Intellectualization
detaching emotions
91
Pleasure Principle --> Reality Principle (Freud)
The younger we are the more we want instant gratification. Over time we learn that we need to wait or make sacrifices and pursue long term gratification.
92
Death Drive (Thanatos) and Life Drive (Eros) (Freud)
Death Drive is self destructive and harmful 1) fear 2) anger 3) hate. The life drive is cooperation and collaboration.
93
Charles Cooley Looking Glass Self
We are influenced by what we image others' opinions to be
94
Maslow's Hierarchy- P.S I Love You
Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Esteem and Self-Actualization
95
5 Approaches to Motivation:
1) Evolutionary
2) Drive- Reduction - want to reduce uncomfy state
3) Optimum Arousal- want high alert but not too much
4) Cognitive
5) Maslow's Hierarchy
96
4 Theories of Behavior
1) Planned Behavior - considering intention and implications
2) Attitude to Behavior Process Model - event triggers attitude and knowledge
3) Prototype Willingness - 1) past 2) attitude 3) subjective norms 4) intention 5) willingness 6) prototypes / modelling
4) Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion- 1) central --> quality of persuasion 2) peripheral -status, looks as consideration
97
Limbic System- HAT Hippo
Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Thalamus, Hippocampus
98
Thalamus
sensory relay station to to other brain parts
99
Amygdala
fear and anger ; mellow if inhibited
100
Hippocampus
memory (short --> long)
101
Hypothalamus
regulates autonomic nervous system + endocrine hormones (adrenaline etc.)
102
The 6 Universal Emotions
1) Happiness
2) Fear
3) Disgust
4) Anger
5) Happiness
6) Surprise
103
The left hemisphere focuses on __ emotion and sociable behaviors. The right, on the other hand, focuses on __ emotion and isolative behaviors.
positive ; negative
104
Theories of Emotion: Schachter Singer
An event occurs --> physiological response --> ID reason --> emotion
105
Theories of Emotion: Lazarus
An event --> Appraise (labels) --> emotion and physiological
106
Primary stressors
irrelevant, benign, stressful
107
Secondary stressors
harm, threat, challenge
108
General Adaptation Syndrome
Stage 1: alarm ; increase HR
Stage 2: resistance ; incr temp and cortisol
Stage 3: exhaustion; immune system reduced and stress resources depleted
109
There are four states of consciousness 1) __ 2) __ 3) __ 4) __
Alertness ; Daydream ; Drowsiness ; Sleep
110
Brainwaves (theta)
present in early sleep ; 4-7 Hz
111
Brainwaves (beta)
present during awake alertness and waking conscious 12-30 Hz
112
Brainwaves (alpha)
present in daydream/meditative state 8-13 Hz
113
Non REM sleep includes stage N1 where __ waves predominate and we can experience __ hallucinations.
theta ; hypnagogic
114
Non REM sleep includes stage N2 where __ waves predominate and is characterized by __
theta; sleep spindles
115
Non REM sleep includes stage N3 where __ waves predominate
delta
116
REM sleep, which is when we dream, results in __ of the body. This prevents us from injury or harm.
paralysis
117
Freud believed dreams reflected our ___
unconscious desires
118
Evolutionary theory suggests dreams were for __
threat simulation, problem solving
119
Other theories for why we dream include __
1) maintaining flexibility
| 2) memory consolidation
120
Narcolepsy
spontaneous fits of intense sleepiness associated with an absence of NT w/ alertness
121
Sleep Apnea
stop breathing and wake up gasping during N3 Non-REM sleep due to obstructed ventilation
122
Induced State: Hypnosis
more alpha waves ; only if open to suggestion
123
Induced State: Meditation
alpha waves. ; self-regulation focused or unfocused and shown to have increased PFC activity and increased attention control
124
Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor
0-2 yrs
active and moving bodies
object permanence developed
125
Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development: Pre-Operational
2- 7 yrs
egocentric and do not understand POV of someone else ; mental thoughts
engaging in pretend play developed
126
Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development: Concrete Operational
7-11 yrs
| develops understanding of conservation (i.e. tall glass and short glass with same amount of water)
127
Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development: Formal Operational
12+ yrs
| abstract and moral reasoning develops
128
Schemas- Assimilation
interpreting in terms of current schema / understanding
129
Schemas- Accommodation
Adjusting our schemas to better incorporate new experiences
130
Some of the ways we try to problem solve
1) Trial and Error
2) Algorithm
3) Heuristics a) means end break into smaller chunks b) working backwards
131
Availability bias
examples that actually come to mind based on actual memories
132
Representativeness bias
match prototypes of how i.e. a feminist is expected to act
133
Representativeness Bias: Conjunction Fallacy
it is assumed that specific conditions are more probable than a single general one
134
Modified Semantic networks are not as hierarchical as semantic networks they are instead based on __
connections you make in your head
135
Modified Semantic networks are not as hierarchical as semantic networks they are instead based on __
connections you make in your head
136
Aging - Declines
recall, episodic memory, processing, divided attention
137
Aging- Stable
implicit memory, recognition
138
Aging - Improves
semantic memory, crystallized IQ and emotional reasoning
139
Theories of Intelligence- General Intelligence (Spearman)
1 g factor
strength: scores tend to vary together
weakness: can 1 factor explain all human abilities?
140
Theories of Intelligence- Primary Mental Abilities (Thurnstone)
7 factor theory
strength: breakdown seems intuitive
weakness: scores tend to vary together?
141
Theories of Intelligence- Multiple Intelligence (Gardner)
7-9 independent intelligences
strength: not just book smarts
problems: intelligences vs. talent / abilities ; no evidence
142
Theories of Intelligence- Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg)
3 independent intelligences
| strength: real world success
143
Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
cerebellum - refined motor
medulla oblongata- heart, vital reflex
reticular formation- arousal, alertness
pons- communication with brain and breathing
144
Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
sensory motor reflexes
superior colliculus- visual sensory input
inferior colliculus- auditory sensory output
145
Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
```
cerebral cortex- complex processes
basal ganglia- movement
limbic system- emotion, memory
thalamus- sensory relay station
hypothalamus-hunger, thirst, emotion
```
146
Gaba, Glycine, Glutamate
GABA: hyperpolarizes, inhibits
Glutamate: excitatory
Glycine: hyperpolarizes ; inhibits
147
Primitive Functions- Rooting
turns hand towards direction of an object touching the cheek
148
Primitive Functions- Moro
sudden head move ; arms extend and retract, cries
149
Primitive Functions- Babinski
brush foot and extend toe and fanning toes
150
Primitive Functions- Grasping
hold onto any object placed in hand
