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MCAT - Kaplan > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

A smaller standard deviation means that data is __ to the mean.

A

closer

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2
Q

A higher standard deviation means that the data is __ from the mean.

A

more dispersed

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3
Q

Outliers can be measured by either 1.5 x IQR or being __ number of standard deviations below or above the mean.

A

3

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4
Q

Current, a measure of positive charge, is measured in amperes which can be described as __

A

C/s

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5
Q

Voltage, a measure of potential difference between 2 points, is measured in volts which can be described as __

A

J/c

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6
Q

Emf, a measure of potential difference of a voltage source, is measured in volts which can be described as __

A

J/c

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7
Q

Conductivity, a reciprocal measure of resistance permissiveness to current is measured in Siemens which can be described as __

A

S

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8
Q

Kirchoff’s Rules for conservation suggest that

A

Current (I) into = Current (I) leaving and Voltage Source= Voltage Drop

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9
Q

I=Q/ deltaT looks like a melted ice cream cone and is used to measure__

A

Conductivity ; where I = current , Q= amount of charge and delta T is time

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10
Q

Resistance, defined as opposition to flow or movement of charge, can be calculated using the following equation__

A

R= resistivity * length / cross-sectional area

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11
Q

Resistivity is an intrinsic proprerty and measured in the following units

A

ohms * m

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12
Q

If length increases by 2x then resistance would _

A

also double

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13
Q

If surface area increases then resistance will __

A

decrease

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14
Q

If temperature increases then resistance will _

A

increase

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15
Q

Ohm’s law relates Voltage, Current and Power. What is the equation associated with Ohm’s law?

A

V= IR

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16
Q

Resistors in a series can be (pick one: added or 1/resistor) and Rs (pick one: increases or decreases) with more resistors

A

added (R1+ R2 +…Rn) ; increases

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17
Q

Resistors in parallel can be calculated using 1/R1 + 1/R2 … + 1 /Rn. With more resistors what can we expect to happen?

A

Rp decreases

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18
Q

Capacitors, like defibrillators, hold charge at a certain voltage that can be released. How do we calculate capacitance (hint: also looks like drippy ice cream cone)?

A

C= Q/ V where capacitance is measured in farads but mostly microfarads = 1 x 10^-6 farads

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19
Q

In order to calculate the electric field of a parallel plate capacitor we can use the following equation:

A

E= V/d

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20
Q

Capacitors are said to be caked with charge which coincidentally is why we can set up an equation in the following way:

A

C= AKE0 / d where k can never be <1 and capacitance increases as voltage decreases

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21
Q

For capacitors in a series, unlike resistors, Cs will __ with more capacitors. We __ capacitor in a series to calculate Cs.

A

decreases ; 1/C1 + 1/C2 .. + 1/Cn

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22
Q

For capacitors in parallel, unlike resistors, Cp will __ with more capacitors. We __ capacitor in a parallel to calculate Cp.

A

increases; C1 + C2 … + Cn

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23
Q

An ammeter measures __ and is placed __ . It has an ideal resistance of 0.

A

current ; in series

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24
Q

A voltmeter measures __ and is placed __ . It has an ideal resistance of infinity.

A

Potential difference/voltage ; parallel with circuit

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25
An ohmmeter measures __ and is placed __ . It has an ideal resistance of 0.
resistance ; 2 points in a series with a circuit element
26
Types of electromagnetic radiation from longest to shortest
``` Radio Microwave Infrared Visible (700-400 nm) UV Xray Gamma Ray ```
27
Properties of electromagnetic waves
1) transverse due to electrical and magnetic vectors being perpendicular to the direction of propagation 2) vary in frequency and wavelength 3) in a vacuum travels at speed of light C = 3 x 10^ 8 ms (C= frequency x wavelength)
28
ROYGBV Red can be expected to be at __ nm whereas violet would be at __
700 ; 400
29
A red colored object absorbs all other colors of light except for __ which it instead reflects.
red (itself)
30
Blackbody
all wavelengths of light, appears completely black if lower temperature than surroundings
31
White
light with all colors and equal intensity
32
If light speed decreases you get more __
n is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum / speed of light in whatever substance you have light going into. So n = 1, means it's a vacuum. n can never be < 0, because that would light is traveling faster than c. Refraction = bending and the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. So if light speed decreases, you get more bending and vice versa.
33
Snell's Law (Index of Refraction)
index of refraction = speed of light vacuum /speed of light in medium
34
Snell's Law: as light enters a medium with a high index of refraction it bends __
normal
35
Snell's Law: as light enters a medium with a low index of refraction it bends __
away
36
Relation of index of refraction to the angle of incidence / refraction (n1 sin theta1) = (n2 sin theta2)
the index of refraction is inversely related to the angle of incidence/refraction. The bigger the index of refraction, the small the angle of incidence/refraction is
37
Plane Polarized
light rays have electric fields of parallel orientation
38
Circularly Polarized
all light rays have electric field of equal intensity but constantly rotating direction exposing unpolarized light to special pigments or filters
39
Single Slit
wide arc
40
Double Slit (Young)
contains fringes
41
Split Lens
multiple slits --> displacement waves --> interference constructive -_> brighter , maxima destructive --> dark, minima
42
Diffraction Fringes (i.e. double slit consequence)
caused by constructive and destructive interference between light rays
43
Plane Mirrors
real : light converges at position of the image | virtual : light only appears to be coming from the position of the image but does not converge there
44
Spherical Mirrors
1) concave: like looking into a cave / converging 2) convex: diverging f= focal length = r / 2
45
Spherical Mirrors: m= -i/o
i> o real image | i< o virtual image
46
Lenses (Power)
power = 1/ focal length + indicates converging (farsightedness) - indicates diverging (nearsightedness)
47
Multi Lens System
1/ f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 + ...
48
Power (lenses)
P= P1 + P1 + P3...
49
Lens Magnification
m= m1 x m2 x m3...
50
Spherical Aberration
blurred periphery
51
Chromatic Aberration
see rainbow when wearing glasses
52
Convex mirror
Light rays diverge Image is upright and virtual Image appears smaller f<0, o>0, i<0
53
Concave Mirror
Light rays converge Image is inverted and real Image appears larger f>0, o>0, i>0
54
Convex Lens
Light rays converge Image is inverted and real f>0, o>0, i>0
55
Concave Lens
Light rays diverge Image is upright and virtual f<0, o>0, i<0
56
Total internal reflection
occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for a given transition between materials. For a light ray traveling from air into water, for example, the critical angle is 48.5° If a ray of light angle of incidence is 50° (measured from the perpendicular), it will be completely reflected. We can use Snell’s law to find the critical angle.
57
Fg= density x Vg
weight of any volume of known density subst. density x volume & acceleration
58
SG= density / 1 g/cm3
specific gravity is just density
59
Pascal's Law: | Pressure = Force / Acceleration with the SI unit of Pa. 1 x 10^5 Pa = __ mmHg and __ atm.
760 and 1 | larger area and larger force
60
Absolute Pressure
ambient pressure + (density * acceleration due to gravity * depth)
61
Hydraulic Systems
near incompressibility generates mechanical advantage by allowing us to magnify input by factor EQUAL TO RATIO OF THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE LARGER PISTON TO SMALLER PISTON
62
Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy
object wholly or partially immersed in fluid will be buoyed up by a force that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
63
Archimedes Principle of Buoyancy (equation)
Fbuoy= densityfluid * Volumefluiddisplaced g | or volume of fluid submerged
64
Cohesion
between molecules with same properties ; surface tension
65
Adhesion
attractive force a liquid feels towards molecules of other substances
66
Viscosity
resistance to fluid flow higher viscosity the higher the viscous drag assumed negligible for Bernoulli's SI unit = Pa * s = N *s / m^2
67
Laminar Flow
smooth, orderly and layer closest to the walls of pipe flow slower than interior
68
Poiseuille's Equation indicates that radius and pressure gradient are inverse exponential to the 4th power (equation)
Q = pi *r^4 *change in P / 8 * viscosity * L
69
Turbulent Flow
rough and forms eddies (swirls of fluid) when speed of fluid exceeds critical speed flow speed at wall = 0 ; increases then irregular and turbulent cannot apply Bernoulli
70
Streamlines
flow rate constant for closed system and independent of changes to cross sectional area constant flow rate still linear speed changes -> linear speed increases as the cross sectional area decreases
71
Bernoulli
less movement = greater static pressure | more movement = lesser static pressure
72
Bernoulli Equation
Pressure Energy + KE per unit volume + PE per unit volume = "" after
73
Venturi
as cross sectional area gets smaller the linear speed increases and the dynamic pressure increases which leads ultimately to lower absolute pressure which makes column 2 lower
74
Cannot use continuity equation for human circulation
because of pulse, vessels and elastic pressure gradient | but Poiseuille's can be used for isolated segments

MCAT - Kaplan (6 decks)

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