PSYCH SOC Flashcards

Question

Systematic Error

Answer 1

High Precision Low accuracy Shift all measurements in one direction, leading to bias Central Tendency

Answer 2

Dispersion, how wide the peak is, wider = increased dispersion.

Answer 3

Null is rejected when it is true (False Positive) -Fail to Reject Null

Answer 4

Null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false (false negative)

Answer 5

R, both variables are quantatitive 1 = Positive Perfect Linear -1 = Negative Perfect Linear 0=No Linear Relationship

Answer 6

Difference between an observed value of response variable and predicted value

Answer 7

All Variables are categorical

Answer 8

Compare the average values of a quantitative variable between two categorical groups -1 #, and 2 Categories -Life expectancy differs between Canadians and Americans

Answer 9

Like a T-Test but more than two categorical groups

Answer 10

The degree to which the independent variable has been demonstrated to cause the dependent variable -Confounders are therefore big threats

Answer 11

for variables to be causally related, the independent variable must occur before the dependant variable

Answer 12

1)Participants included in the sample are representations to generalized pop 2)Research setting is representing of generalized setting

Answer 13

Considered hollistic view of health care than biomedical approach

Answer 14

Lowest Intensity Stimulus that can be detected

Answer 15

Smallest difference between two stimulus intensities that is needed for us to recognize a change, 50% of the time

Answer 16

The change to meet the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the OG stimulus. -Amount of change needed to reach threshold depends on the OG stimulus

Answer 17

High Sensitivity Inverse relationship

Answer 18

Delta I (JND, change in intensity) / Background Intensity (I) = K (constant) (Unique to a given individual and sense, but constant)

Answer 19

Linear Need to increase the intensity of sound talking in a louder background space to be able to hear

Answer 20

Assembling individual pieces of info to construct an idea TOUGH

Answer 21

Using an existing framework of knowledge to decide which sensation is useful

Answer 22

How we distinguished stable objects from their backgrounds Form: Objects/Figure Ground: Everything Else

Answer 23

Top-down because requires prior knowledge Used to group sensory information in regions called forms.

Answer 24

1)Closure 2)Continuation 3)Figure and Ground**** 4)Similarity

Answer 25

Binocular Depth Cues Monocular Depth Cues

Answer 26

Monocoular

Answer 27

Binocular Oculomotor Cues: Uses the info from the movement in our eyes to perceive objects

Answer 28

Oculomotor Cues: Uses the info from the movement in our eyes to perceive objects

Answer 29

Motion is not always accurately depicted on the retina; brain uses the retinal info and eye movements to perceive motion

Answer 30

The brain recognizes that certain object is constant in size despite the fact that things seem bigger when closer to us

Answer 31

The brain recognizes that a certain object is constant in shape even when it moves and generates new light patterns on the retina.

Answer 32

1)Depth 2)Motion 3)Constancy

Answer 33

Colours, Form, Motion (Dominates) They are in competition with each other (motion takes priority)

Answer 34

When our brains process all the features listed above at the same time. form,motion,colour

Answer 35

DILATING Hole located on the center of the IRIS that allows the light to enter

Answer 36

IRIZZ= Colour Controls the Diameter and Size of pupil

Answer 37

Scratched Transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber

Answer 38

White of Eye, Opaque, Fibrous, and protective outer layers

Answer 39

Light Sensitive Tissue lining the inner surface of the eye

Answer 40

Dense region of rods and cones. Has strong resolution and colour vision.

Answer 41

Region of the Macula where visual activity is the sharpest . ONLY CONES

Answer 42

Vascular layers containing connective tissues lie between the retina and sclera.

Answer 43

1)Retina 2)Optic Nerve 3)Thalamus, Primary Visual Cortex 4)Occipital Lobe i

Answer 44

Translates the sound wave to the oval window of the cochlea. (malleus, incus, stapes)

Answer 45

Sound waves move through the spiral cochlea, and pressure differences are detected by hair cells of the ORGAN of CORTI Low Sounds (TUBA= Top) HIGH Sounds (Flute =Bottom)

Answer 46

1)EAR 2)Cochlear Nerve 3)Thalamus 4)Primary Auditory Cortex in temp lobe

Answer 47

Orientation and Movement of Hhead

Answer 48

Semicircular Canals -Coordinates Propiception -Working with cerebellum

Answer 49

Sound Smell Taste

Answer 50

Chemoreceptors

Answer 51

Sweet Sours Bitter Salty Unami (Savory)

Answer 52

Somatic Sensors: -External enviro Proprioceptive -Sensors: Sense the relative of neighbouring body parts of the body Nociceptors: -Perceive pain or potentially dangerous stimuli

Answer 53

Somatosensory Cortex (Tomaetosensory cortex) in Parietal Lobe

Answer 54

Selecting which detected stimuli will be further processed

Answer 55

Soley focusing on one stimulus at a time. -Potentially important stimuli can be ignored

Answer 56

Slitting attention amongst multiple stimuli at one time -Difficult to allocate enough time to each stimuli

Answer 57

1. Sensory Buffer 2. Selective Filter where some info gets discarded 3.Anything that remains is perceptually and cognitively processed (Perceptual Processing/Meaning, Short term memory)

Answer 58

1. Sensory Buffer 2. Perceptual Processing/Meaning 3.Filtering 4. Cognitive processed (Short term memory) All info gets perceptual processing

Answer 59

1. Sensory Buffer 2. Attenuator (weakens some incoming signal (less important), assigning levels of priority) 3. Perceptual Meaning (All gets thru with different priorities) 4.Cognitive processed (Short term memory) Cocktail Part Effect

Answer 60

When attention is directed elsewhere in a visual field and we aren't aware of certain objects in other visual fields. (Even though eyes are open and there are no defects in vision, no guarantee we can process it all)

Answer 61

Failure to notice changes in the immediate visual environment. When the individual is attuned to their visual field, and then it suddenly changes, they fail to notice any change if they turn their gaze away

Answer 62

Stimulus in the real world is usually the objects that sensory receptors respond to. ie: Poke

Answer 63

Stimulus that occurs when sensory receptors are activated. Activity that result in brain, neuro rxn,

Answer 64

Declarative Memory: Explicit Non-Declarative/Procedural Memory: Implicit

Answer 65

Input SENSORY MEMORY (3-4 secs) Attention (Phonological Loop) SHORT-TERM MEMORY (20 sec) Important LONG-TERM

Answer 66

We pay attention to it

Answer 67

Coding something into short-term memory Repeating a phone number multiple times and then forgetting

Answer 68

Between Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory -New info and Prior Knowledge 7.5 Bits of info at a time.

Answer 69

Chunking or Rehearsals

Answer 70

Relating new ideas to previous ones, WORKING MEMORY

Answer 71

Humans can have multiple representations of the same idea, multiple sensations for one idea. 2 senses are better than one

Answer 72

SEMANTIC NETWORKS Associate it with an existing meaning No Limit to How much it holds Can be pulled into working memory, kept in long-term memory unconsciously

Answer 73

1. Free Recall (short answer) 2. Episodic Memory (events) 3. Processing speed of Info 4. Divided Attention

Answer 74

Semantic Memory (concepts)

Answer 75

1. Implicit Memory (Procdural) 2. Recognition of Info (multiple choice)

Answer 76

Strengthening Synapses (making more likely to fire)

Answer 77

Strengthening of specific neural network that represents one particular memory

Answer 78

The ability of the brain's networks of neurons and synapses to change Memory retention and formation Often wrong answer

Answer 79

when one memory of a particular action is retrieved, it activates the memory of others related to it. Often occurs with Relearning

Answer 80

Recall is from Memory Recognition requires a cue

Answer 81

When emotion during retrieval matches that of memory formation

Answer 82

Items at beginning and end of list are remembered more than words in middle

Answer 83

New memory interfering with an old memory Push out old memory with new memory Occurs with similarity

Answer 84

Older memory interfering with new memory Older memory push out new memory Occurs with similarity

Answer 85

Updating Old Memories

Answer 86

Associating a memory with a particular source, can also alter memory Draw conclusions on memory based on source and modifying it

Answer 87

1. Hippocampus 2.Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia (loss of memory) 3.Plaques and Tangles

Answer 88

1. LARGE: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Frontal Cortex, Hippocampus, Cerebellum 2. Vit B Deficiency, Alc (Not asscoiated with age) 3. Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia (loss of memory)

Answer 89

1. Midbrain 2. Motor Ability 3.Neurodegenerative disorder, Neurotrans defects -Decrease dopamine in Substantia Nigra

Answer 90

Thinking Input, Process, Output

Answer 91

Assimilation: New info doesn't change our schemas Accommodation: New Schema developed, changes a schema Birds Example

Answer 92

Sensorimotor (0-2) Pre-operation (2-7) Concrete Operational (7-11) Formal Operational (11+) Often thought underestimated

Answer 93

0-2 Simple sensory and motor stimuli and behaviours -Children separate themselves from other objects and learn that objects can exist even tho they are not observed (Object permanence)

Answer 94

2-7 LITERAL THINKING EGOCENTRIC CENTRATION (focused on one aspect of situation, mom is mother but not an aunt or sister (to others))

Answer 95

7-11 Everything but deductive Inductive Reasoning: General concepts from specific situations Conservation

Answer 96

11+ Abstract Logical Thinking Deductvie Reasoning

Answer 97

Piaget: Development is internal (still believes in nature and nurture) Vygotsy: Develoment is socialcutural

Answer 98

Frontal Lobe

Answer 99

Step by step procedures that lead to a solution Exhaustive and not neccesarly efficient

Answer 100

It involves using repeated attempts to solve a problem until one method works Related to intuition Very Inefficient abut does find a solution

Answer 101

Mental Shortcuts Timesaving, cognitive shortcuts that can help us make decisions quickly under pressure

Answer 102

Tendency to correlate ease of recollection (availability) with some other idea ie: people overestimate the frequency that they eat sushi because eating sushi is very memorable to them, and therefore easier to remember

Answer 103

You can use prior knowledge to compare the problem to another similar problem to find a solution. Break one problem into smaller similar problems that can be solved in a similar way.

Answer 104

Cognitive shortcuts that have systemic shortcomings

Answer 105

Tendency to make educated guesses about a new situation based on prior situations that we consider representative

Answer 106

Overuse of Representativeness Heuristic (eating makes somebody fat)

Answer 107

Seeing an object in terms of only 1 of its possible functions

Answer 108

Tendency to embrace info that confirms our existing idea and interpret new information in such a way that confirms our ideas

Answer 109

Think things are OBVIOUS in hindsight, despite them not being obvious at the time

Answer 110

Sticking to existing beliefs even when they are problematized by new information -Related to overconfidence

Answer 111

Individual attributes a cause and effect relationship to two events that may be just correlated

Answer 112

1)Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 2)Stanford-Binet Scale Math and Verbal Components

Answer 113

Overtime societies IQ increases

Answer 114

100 2 SD 2/3 SD: +/- 15, 85-115

Answer 115

Fluid: Adaptive, involving the ability to think logically without prior knowledge and work with pattern recognition to solve problems (Passages, Question Stems) Crystallized: Prior Knowledge: knowledge of facts and is stable throughout adulthood

Answer 116

Young Adulthood and then declines

Answer 117

Intelligence exists as a single factor that applies to all aspects of life. Coorelation Basis Scores depend on eachother Charles Spearman (SPEAR IS ONE WAY)

Answer 118

9 Cat. of intelligence: not general; everyone has different levels in different areas Scores do not depend on each other Howard Gardner (GARDEN HAS LOTS OF PLANTS)

Answer 119

Difference between intelligence and ability

Answer 120

-Doesn't define intelligence -Only cog. and intellectual in human ability which is false

Answer 121

True IQ can be inherited IQ can be developed enviromentally in influences, social status, prenatal defects

Answer 122

Language is just another behaviour that is learned by TRIAL and ERROR in early life. OPERANT CONDITIONING: -Say something that makes sense = parents happy and kids gets what they want -Say something not make sense to parents = parents confused and child may not get what they want

Answer 123

Innate biological mechanism are responsible for language development

Answer 124

Noam Chomsky

Answer 125

Part of the Navist theory; innate language learning system

Answer 126

equal or younger than 9

Answer 127

Emphasizes interaction between nature and nurture

Answer 128

Thought determines language completely

Answer 129

When children develop ways to think, they develop the necessary language to describe thoughts

Answer 130

Language influence the way we think

Answer 131

Language completely determines thought

Answer 132

Left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex

Answer 133

Speech Production

Answer 134

Speech understanding

Answer 135

Beta Beta Get to Work

Answer 136

Alpha Alphal Asleep Soon

Answer 137

Theta Seista/Theista

Answer 138

Delta DEEP

Answer 139

Early = Deep Sleep (stage 3) for recovery healing and growth Later = Light sleep and REM Sleep (stages 1,2)

Answer 140

Memory Consolidation Dreaming; body is paralyzed

Answer 141

If you miss a certain type of sleep REM or NREM your body will try to get a disproportionate amount of that kind of sleep in the future

Answer 142

REM learning more

Answer 143

Balance between sleep and alert states

Answer 144

When awake= Prevents Melatonin 1)Light enters the eye, activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (inside hypothalamus) 2)SCN Inhibits the pineal gland from producing melatonin 3)Low Melatonin allows for wakefulness

Answer 145

Problems falling asleep and low sleep quality

Answer 146

Night Terrors during NREM

Answer 147

Falling asleep into REM without warning

Answer 148

Non-Sleep Deep Rest (NSDR) HYP: Relaxation, Focused Attention, Give up Control MED: Intentional, self-produced state of consciousness, attention and letting go

Answer 149

Increases in Body's Nervous System Activity (Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Alertness) Stimulated Nice Cats Cook Meth Stimulants: Nicotine, Caffeine, Cocaine, Methamphetamines

Answer 150

Decrease the body's nervous system activity. (Decreases heart rate, blood pressure and slow rxn time) Al, Barb and Ben are Depressed Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines

Answer 151

Decreases body nervous system activity highlighting: PAIN and ANXIETY. Opinion: Her Code Feels Morbid Opioids: Heroin Codeine, Fentanyl, Morphine

Answer 152

Sensory, perceptual, Emotional, and Cognitive Experience: Influence neurotransmitter Activity Harrowing: Mary-Jane's Eczema Lasted Hallucinogens: Marijuana, Ecstasy, LSD

Answer 153

Hallucinogens

Answer 154

Reward Pathway Release of Dopamine in the midbrain

Answer 155

Dopamine causes a DESIRE to make things HAPN Hippocampus Amygdala Prefrontal Cortex Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 156

Thoughts and Actions used in treatment for addiction

Answer 157

1. Cognitive 2.Physiological 3.Behavioural

Answer 158

AMYdala: Fear and Anger

Answer 159

1. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 2.Limbic System

Answer 160

1. Amydala: Emotional for fear and anger 2. Hippocampus: Emptional Memory 3. Hypothalmus: Regulates emotion by reguating ANS

Answer 161

Conscious regulation of emotion

Answer 162

Arousal causes Emotion -Emotion is physiologically based rxn based on external stimuli Sweaty Palms (FR) --> Fear (SR)

Answer 163

Causes Both: Emotion and Physilogical reaction occur at same time

Answer 164

2 Stages Arousal is the initial cause, but cognitive appraisal also defines emotion Sweaty Palms Scare, Should I be Scared? If Yes= Scared, If NO= Not Scared

Answer 165

Lazy Emotion dictated after cognitive appraisal: -how do you feel about this: positive emotion = positive appraised , neg emotion = neg appraised Sweaty Palms.. What am I feeling? Fear? Feel Fear Excitemnet? Feel Excitment

Answer 166

True Allow for cross-cultural communication Negative emotions give warning signs about impending danger

Answer 167

Independent: Independent of your action (Uni, cause of depression) Dependant: Occur due to your own actions (Recipriol, result and cause of depresion)

Answer 168

Acute: Short-term usually beneficial Chronic: Longer and negative health outcomes

Answer 169

Describes the pattern of responses people have to stressors. This means that different types of stressors are treated similarly

Answer 170

Suggests that we perform two cognitive appraisals when we decide whether to be stressed or not Why people experience differentt levels of stress: BASED ON INDV. VIEWS

Answer 171

Conducted to determine if we are really facing a threat

Answer 172

How we believe we can handle the threat (if present)

Answer 173

Norepinephrine/Noradrenaline Cortisol

Answer 174

Faster, except those related to rest

Answer 175

Flight or Fight

Answer 176

Tend and Befriend

Answer 177

Exercise Spirituality

Answer 178

Specific influence on the frontstage self: it describes the tendency to change your behaviour because you're being observed

Answer 179

Try to foster group harmony, by agreeing near-entirely with one another despite having differing opinions GROUP AVERAGE = NEUTRAL

Answer 180

The attitude of the group becomes more extreme than the initial attitudes of its individuals GROUP AVERAGE = EXTREME

Answer 181

Instead of a group, INDIVIDUAL PEERSexert a powerful influence upon others, encouraging them to act a certain way

Answer 182

When others facilitate or optimize individual performance

Answer 183

Individuals operating in a group take less individual responsibility for a given task

Answer 184

Type of Diffusion of Responsibility -People watching a crisis unfold do not act, as they assume someone else will step in

Answer 185

Type of Diffusion of Responsibility -Member of a group decreases their output because they feel others will compensate for it

Answer 186

Negative consequence of social exposure where people loose awareness of their individual identity and thought process CULTS

Answer 187

When the same role experiences conflicting demands -A parent does not wish to discipline their child because they only want to see their child happy

Answer 188

When somebody has multiple roles in a group, and those roles have difference goals -Boss need to fire employee, but boss and employee are siblings

Answer 189

Punishments and Rewards for socializations/social norms Operant conditioning for socialization

Answer 190

Informal norms usually on a smaller scale and not related to morality (eating quietly in Western Cultures)

Answer 191

Norms of Morality and can be formal or informal Dressing formally at a funeral: Informal Not Killing Somebody: Formal

Answer 192

C: Tendency to adapt one's behaviour to suit expected social norms (SOCIALLY CONDITIONED) O: Adaptation of behaviour to suit somebody else but in response to being commanded by authority figure (AUTHORITY FIGURE)

Answer 193

People and social institutions whose influence can modify our behaviour

Answer 194

Diverging too dramatically from social norms -Labeled Negatively and Stigmatized

Answer 195

Multi: Coexistence of cultures Melting: Assimilate completely

Answer 196

How somebody responds to long term stress: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion

Answer 197

Cerebral Cortex -Frontal Lobe -Parietal Lobe -Occipital Lobe -Temporal Lobe

Answer 198

1) Motor Control 2)Decision Making 3)Long-Term Memory Storage (executive function)

Answer 199

Somatosensory and Sensorimotor Info (touch, pain and temp. --> Somatosenosry Cortex)

Answer 200

Music at Bar -Hearing -Processes Lang. -Emotion -Olfactory

Answer 201

Prefrontal cortex controls emotional control Emotional Control influences limbic system Limbic system effects memory

Answer 202

Back half receives sensory info Sends it to front half Front half sends to rest of body

Answer 203

Corpus Callosum

Answer 204

Opposite Side

Answer 205

Opposite Side of where it is from the viewers perspective -Hits Left side of Eye = Right Processed -Hits Right Side of Eye (either L or R) =Left Processed

Answer 206

Both sides: light hits the outer side of each eye Left Eye= Hits left side=RP Right Eye =Hits Right Side =LP

Answer 207

Brain activity via blood flow -How much activity is present in different parts of the brain.

Answer 208

Use X-Rays to assess injuries, aneurysms, strokes or tumors Hard Things

Answer 209

Use magnetic fields and radio waves Better soft tissues contrast than CT scans

Answer 210

Scans using mildly radioactive chemicals to monitor flow and metabolic activity

Answer 211

Brain Waves

Answer 212

Regulatory Genes Change the expression of other genes in response to enviroment

Answer 213

Molecular changes to genome, change in gene expression in response to enviroment

Answer 214

False MCAT favours biopsychosocial mofel

Answer 215

Biological

Answer 216

Enviroment

Answer 217

Mono twins are treated more similar (cuz they look alike), so the enviroment places a significant role when it is the role of biology that is the focus

Answer 218

The collection of internal characteristics or qualities of a person that determine their patterns of thinking feeling and behaviour

Answer 219

Ones internal view of themselve

Answer 220

Conditions influenced by biology, sociology, and psychology that differ from culture to culture, and which represent divergences from what is expected of psychologically normal development and behaviour

Answer 221

People's personalities consist of sets of traits that vary from person to person Personality remains consistent over time.

Answer 222

OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Answer 223

Emotional Volatility High Scores: Worried, Temperamental, Self Conscious, Emotional Low Scores: Calm, Even-Tempered, Comfortable, Unemotional High Risk of mental illness and decreased exercise

Answer 224

Personality is a product of our biology

Answer 225

Sigmund Freud Personality is divided into 3 parts: Id, Ego and Super Ego

Answer 226

The id is the most primitive part of our psyche: It seeks instant gratification and pain avoidance, disregards social norms, and is innate (or biologically based) I WANT CHOCOLATE

Answer 227

Acquired via interactions with others. Our conscience or little voice in our mind telling us how we should behave properly YOU'RE ON A DIET

Answer 228

Balance the demands of the ID and Superego

Answer 229

One is not born with a complete personality rather one's personality develops over time. Experiments with behaviours to see which are appropriate (feedback from environment) Behaviour effects personality, which effects behaviour

Answer 230

Any model which says that people's behaviour remains "the same" over time is flawed. Behaviour depends on external circumstances and changes situationally (not internal)

Answer 231

One can consciously choose certain behaviours which constitute a individuals personality We decide which behaviours to engage in via observational learning

Answer 232

Individual personality is optimal when that person: -Real Self -Ideal Self -Perceived Self all overlap. When they do not overlap people are unhappy Changing and Conscious decisions define personality

Answer 233

Carl Rogers

Answer 234

Directional forces that compels us to perform certain behaviours

Answer 235

1)Needs 2)Instincts 3)Arousal 4)Drive

Answer 236

Psychological or Physical

Answer 237

Innate tendencies to perform a certain behaviour can sometimes be the resutls of needs

Answer 238

Psychological or Physical Tension Creates a drive which is an urge to perform a behaviour that will resolve arousal

Answer 239

Restore Homeostasis, and thus many use negative feedback systems

Answer 240

Motivation is primarily caused by the need to resolve internal, physiological arousal

Answer 241

States that people are motivated by external awards

Answer 242

People behave based on social expectations and are motivated to perform actions with the most favourable outcomes Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation influence

Answer 243

True Too much of one reduces the other

Answer 244

Suggest that motivation is geared at fulfilling needs

Answer 245

Abraham Maslow

Answer 246

People Stop Buying Extra Stuff Bottom to Top Physiological Safety Belonging/Love Esteem Actualization

Answer 247

1)Affective Component -A person's feelings about an object, individual, or idea 2)Behavioural Component -Influence these feelings have on behaviour 3)Cognitive Component -Invdiudals belief and knowledge about the object

Answer 248

People are more likely to agree to a large favour if they agree to a smaller one first

Answer 249

Set of norms that a person initially does not identify with gradually become a part of his attitude through repeated behaviour

Answer 250

Discrepancy between an individual behaviour and their attitude. People will change their attitude, behaviour, and perception in response to minimize dissonance

Answer 251

Tendency to appreciate things that we have frequent exposure to

Answer 252

Huge ask knowing it will be declined, followed by a medium ask

Answer 253

We use two possible kinds of thought processes when evaluating persuasive information . -Peripheral Route Processessing -Central route Processing Which route is used is determined by a person's ability and motivation in relation to message.

Answer 254

An individual does not think deeply when evaluating new information (often uses heuristics) Low ability and/or motivation to focus

Answer 255

Does think deeply about the new information used when an individual has high ability and/or motivation to focus

Answer 256

Peripheral

Answer 257

Predict the Behaviour of an Individual at a given time in a specific situation Predicting behaviour is intention

Answer 258

Behaviours in one can exert self control

Answer 259

1)Behavioural Attitude 2)Subjective Norms (what others think) 3)Perceived Behavioural Ctrl

Answer 260

Our resulting behaviour is a combo of 6 factors 1)Past Behaviour 2)Attitudes 3)Subjective Norms 4)Our Intentions 5)Willingness 6)Models/Prototyping (Modelling on others)

Answer 261

1)Abnormality 2)Detrimental to Indvidual -Not well defined

Answer 262

Describe nervous system symptom that cannot be explained by medical evaluation

Answer 263

15% prevalence Biological and Psychological Symptoms

Answer 264

20% prevalence Increased fear and anxiety in turn produce emotional and phys responses

Answer 265

1% prevelance -Biochemical brain disorder involving person's ability o interpret and perceive reality

Answer 266

1)Hallucinations 2)Delusions 3)Disorganized Speech

Answer 267

Add problems

Answer 268

Remove/Absence of traits

Answer 269

False has enviro influence

Answer 270

Increased Dopamine and brain volume reduction (often different from other disorders)

Answer 271

20% Depression (low mood) Mania (high mood)

Answer 272

Monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency (Serotonin, Norepinephrine/Noradreline/Dopamine)

Answer 273

Monoamine Antagonist (can go thru barrier, act similar too another substance stimulating response) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Inhibit breakdown of of monoamine neurotransmiters Monamine reuptake inhibtors: Block the reuptake (removal and recycling) of monoamines preventing deactivation of molecules

Answer 274

Hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing hormones (CRH), causing ant. pitutary to release ACTH, which causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol Incrreased Cortisol and CRH are associated with depression

Answer 275

Fluctuantions btwn depressed and abnormally elevated moods (major depression to mania) NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD

Answer 276

10% prevelnce Discordance between different mental functions

Answer 277

Feeling that one's surroundings or self are not real or disconnected from individual

Answer 278

Caused by a traumatic event, it involves forgetting about sig. past events

Answer 279

Multiple Personality Disorder Expression of muktiple disscoative persoanlities Not well understood, evidence is unclear and conflicting

Answer 280

10% prevelance Life-Disruptive aspect of persoanlity for indvidual SOmething is dialed up to 11 (1-10)

Answer 281

Associative

Answer 282

A neutral Stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that already evokes an unconditioned response Bell initially does not lead to any response from dog so it is a neutral stimulus -But if rang when the food is served dog learns that bell is associated with food= salivation response

Answer 283

Acquisition

Answer 284

False Disappears Temp: Spont. Recovery Disappears Perm: Exintiction

Answer 285

Non-identical stimuli lead to the same response,

Answer 286

Two stimuli are distinguishable. with one but not the other leading to a response

Answer 287

Behaviour to be Repeated

Answer 288

Behaviour to be removed

Answer 289

Removal of something

Answer 290

Addition of something

Answer 291

Exploit basic needs

Answer 292

Exploit conditioned needs (money and good grades)

Answer 293

Learning to escape an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 294

Learning to avoid an unpleasant stimulus by learning how to behave in response to a warning sign

Answer 295

Faster Learning

Answer 296

Slower extinction

Answer 297

After a certain number of something

Answer 298

After a certain interval such as time

Answer 299

Rewards are provided after a certain number of correct responses Fast Response, Medium Extinction Reward every 5 pages

Answer 300

Rewards are provided after a random number of correct responses (fast response, slow extinction) Reward every 2-8 pages

Answer 301

Reward to a response are provided after a certain number of time has passed (medium responses, medium extinction) Reward after 5 minute

Answer 302

Rewards to a response is provided after a random amount of time has passed (fast response, slow extinction) Reward 2-8 Minutes

Answer 303

Moulding the current behaviour into a desired behaviour by providing rewards/punishments for success approx. For complex behaviours

Answer 304

Inborn and Difficult to modify

Answer 305

Learned and can be modifed

Answer 306

When a subject changes its response to a stimuli without association with a positive or negative reinforcement

Answer 307

Learned behaviour begins to revert back to perform more instinctual behaviours Even if giving punsihment Non-Associative Learning

Answer 308

Subject stops responding to a repeatedly presented stimulus Non-Associative Learning

Answer 309

When the subject starts responding to repetitive stimulus again Non-Associative Learning

Answer 310

Increase in the probability of that behaviour appropriate to a repeatedly presented stimulus will occur Non-Associative Learning

Answer 311

Observational Learning Must see a similiarty between ourselves and others

Answer 312

Modelling and mimicking behaviour

Answer 313

Mirror Neurons -Specialed nerve cells that fire bot when a person is completing a action and when a person is watching someone else engage in that action) Vicarious Emotion -Stong emotion felt for someone else's epxerience as though it is our own.

Answer 314

Modelling is watching models Mimmicking, emulating behaviour or not based on outcome

Answer 315

Comprised of the internal characteristics that make up how we see ourselves

Answer 316

Personality: Internal charc. that make up our behaviours Identity: Internal charc. that make up how we see oursleves

Answer 317

Persoanlity is stable Identity s fluid

Answer 318

1. Self-Knowledge 2. Self Esteem 3. Social Identity

Answer 319

What am I like? -Schema or mental model of onself

Answer 320

Value judgment of ones self

Answer 321

Ones perception of one's role in social groups and society

Answer 322

Mimicking: Observational Learning Role-Taking: Comparison, adopt roles of others Reference Groups: Social circles they are around, what is determined right and wrong

Answer 323

They have complete control over their behaviour and outcomes

Answer 324

Believes that luck, fate annd chance anf other external phenomena completely control their behaviour and ouctomes

Answer 325

Charles Cooley -Social Identity -One's sense of self and self-concept develops based on your perceptions and how others see you

Answer 326

MEAD Mind and Self emerge through the process of communicating with others

Answer 327

Preparatory Stage Play Stage Game Stage

Answer 328

All interaction happens through imitation, focus on communication. Learn Begins at Infancy

Answer 329

People are more aware of social relationships. Role-Playing See and Undertsanding, Reward and Punishment Children are cognitvely able to assyme perspectives of other and act on perception

Answer 330

People start to understand that there are attitueds, beleifs, behaviours, and notion not of their own but of teh gernalized other (society) How society expects us to behaviour influences our behaviour

Answer 331

me: Conformining to society standards I: Nonconforming part of ones identity, and thinks what is best for itself

Answer 332

Between Me and I Me; is only determined based on sig others not entire society

Answer 333

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4.Latent 5.Genital

Answer 334

Age 0-1 Interested in oral processes and fixation on the mouth Trust and Delayed Graticiatuon EGO Develops

Answer 335

Age 1-3 Control of own bowel movemnts Develop Self Conrtol

Answer 336

Age 3-6 Children explore sexual urges by identifying with the same-sex parent and focus sexual impulses on the opposite parent (compete with same-sex parent) As they internalize society's rules, the superego forms MASTURBATION

Answer 337

Phallic Stage

Answer 338

Ages 6-12 General development occurs, little of not sexual motivation

Answer 339

AGEs 12+ Sexual Urges and Adult Sexuaity

Answer 340

Being unable to move onto next stage Inadequate Satisfcation

Answer 341

Interaction between the indvidual and society Faced with a social crisis, if not solved fixation occurs

Answer 342

Age: 1 Positive O: HOPE Negative O: FEAR

Answer 343

Age: 2 Positive O: Will Negative O: Shame

Answer 344

Age: 3-5 Positive O: Purpose Negative O: Inadequacy

Answer 345

Age: 6-12 Positive O: Competence Negative O: Inferiority

Answer 346

Age: 12-18 HIGH SCHOOL Positive O: Fidelity Negative O: Rebellion

Answer 347

Age: 18-40 Positive O: LOVE Negative O: ISOLATION

Answer 348

AGE: 40-65 Positive O: Care for Others Negative O: Unproductive

Answer 349

Age: 65+ Positive O: Wisdom Negative O: Dissastification

Answer 350

Worst case of stage 5 EE No snese of idenity and no motiation to explore identity builidng

Answer 351

Trying to develop a set of values First Step

Answer 352

Identity Achievements commit to identity an continues exploring within and around it

Answer 353

Combo of identities around them Not settled on their own and have stopped exploring

Answer 354

Ones personal attributes

Answer 355

Ones role in society

Answer 356

If smth is pervieved to be real, it can be real in its effects

Answer 357

Development is influences by social and cultural factors Continous Theory , growth is gradual

Answer 358

Zone of Proximal Development A diffculty level impossible form someone by themselves but can be possibke with help Gets bigger as we learn more tasks, thing that were impossible beocme possible.

Answer 359

Sequence of stages of moral reasoning

Answer 360

1. Preconvential Morality 2. Convential Mortality 3.Postconventual Mortity

Answer 361

Morality is formed by seeking reward and avoiding punishment

Answer 362

Morality is mediated by social factors -Avoding social disaaproval -Following Rules Most ppl here

Answer 363

Guided by universal ethics and well defined moral ideas -Following social contract -Folloiwng a system on universal ethics

Answer 364

How do we assign causes to other people's behaviour We try to assign causes to others behaviour to get a better understanding of others and how we should respond

Answer 365

Internal cause attributed for behaviour Person is responsible

Answer 366

External cause attributed for behaviour person is not responsibe

Answer 367

Attribute our own actions to situation causes and other actions to dispositional causes Layers for our actions, and judges for others

Answer 368

In Indvidualistic cultures people favour disposition over situational Error cuz often all situational, people lack/incomplete info about others situations

Answer 369

A type of error thinking about our own behaviour -Success to internal -Failures due to external

Answer 370

World is fair and situational factors are insignicant Behaviours are dispotionally attributed

Answer 371

The belief that one's own cultural group is the most important and is the reference by which all others should be judged

Answer 372

Members of another culture should be judged by their culture (not some witness's culture) Within the culture, cuz a outsuders perspective will not be a good judgment cuz all seems different

Answer 373

Generalized beliefs concerning groups of other people Positive, Neg, NEutral

Answer 374

Worrying to fulfil a certain stereotype because it is associated with your in-group

Answer 375

Better cuz of stereotype

Answer 376

Social Interactions that affect large portions of our population

Answer 377

All parts of a healthy society work in unison Macrosociology

Answer 378

Intended functions of insitutions

Answer 379

Unintended (secondary) functions of institutions

Answer 380

Groups act according to their own self-interests in competition with each other over scarace resources Society evolves to suit the intrests of dominant groups because they have resources, resulting in conflict btwn grups Macrosociology Capitalism

Answer 381

Ideas about the world , humans make their own realities Macrosociology

Answer 382

All reality is created, that even bjective natural phenomena have no meaning without humans to experience them

Answer 383

Part of reality exists outside of humanity (brute facts), but some only exist because of society (institutional facts)

Answer 384

Macroperspective specifically about female experience Gender Inequality Second Shift Macrosociology

Answer 385

Scale Social Interaction between indviduas or small groups Indvidual interactions must be intepreted to determine their affect on larger groups of a society

Answer 386

Microsociology Small groups of a shared understanding of symbols (concepts, terms, ideas)

Answer 387

Macro and Micro Social People do their best to make the bests decisions given a particular situations

Answer 388

Macro and Micro Social People Consider the maintenance of relationships rationally

Answer 389

1)Functionalism 2)Social Constructionism 3)Conflict Theory 4)Feminism

Answer 390

Catch All Helps establish social norms

Answer 391

A state where individuals feel alienated by rapidly changing social norms (feeling left behind)

Answer 392

Refers to obects involved in clture

Answer 393

Ideas and practices affiliated with a certain way of life

Answer 394

Technology Language Symbolic Culture CULTURE IS A HUMAN CONSTRUCT

Answer 395

Society is divided into several different parts that work together to make it run

Answer 396

Rule of NONE Absence of Gov. or lack of central rule

Answer 397

Gov. rulled by a hereditary head of state POWER RANGES: 1)Purely Symbolic 2)Fully Autocratic

Answer 398

Rule of Few Power rests with a small number of people

Answer 399

Rule of the People

Answer 400

Goods and Services are privatey owned

Answer 401

Goods and Services are owned and allocated by the govenrment

Answer 402

Processes used for guidence How gov. and business operate McDonaldization: Value efficieny, countability, predicatiblity and control

Answer 403

Advancement of a indvidual is based on soley their abilities and achievements

Answer 404

Religion wth 1 deity

Answer 405

Religion with multiple deities

Answer 406

The transformation from religious to non-religious insitutions

Answer 407

More tolerant groups that allow members to joining but also have membership by birth , can be connected to state in state-church structure

Answer 408

Religious organiations far out and keep to self

Answer 409

Smaller subdivisions of larger religions that are disntinct is some aspect of their belief

Answer 410

Men have more power in family

Answer 411

The effects pf social-structural factors on health

Answer 412

Typical role one takes when they are sick -desire to recover and seek help -exempt from normal responsibility -exemption from resposibikity from being ill

Answer 413

Experience of being ill

Answer 414

Usually viewed as same on MCAT -RACE= Physical -Ethnicity = Cultural Expression

Answer 415

Sex/gender one is romantically/sexually attracted to

Answer 416

Annual number of live births per 1000 people

Answer 417

Number of offspring (usually) per woman

Answer 418

Annual number of births per 1000 women of child bearing age

Answer 419

Annual number of deaths per 1000 people

Answer 420

The state of having a disease or medical condition

Answer 421

The number of new cases of that disease

Answer 422

The number of present cases of that disease per population

Answer 423

The number of children that a couple must have to replace the number of people dying in the population (2.1 OECD, 2.3 worldwide)

Answer 424

Immigration Rate minus Emmigration Rate per 1000 People

Answer 425

population changes that occur as nations develop AGING POP

Answer 426

Ratio of dependants (under 15 and ovegr 65 0 to non-dependants

Answer 427

Running out of resources will force a negative growth towards a lower stable population

Answer 428

BR: HIGH DR: HIGH Population: LOWEST

Answer 429

BR: HIGH DR: DECLINES POP: INCREASE

Answer 430

BR: Decreased DR: LOW POP: INCREASED

Answer 431

BR:LOWEST DR: LOW (CONSTANT) POP: HIGHEST

Answer 432

1)Activity 2)Disengagement Theory 3)Continituity 4)Life Course Perspective

Answer 433

Examines ways in which those of older generations look at themselves In healthy societies aging adults remain active and maintain social connectons

Answer 434

Older adults and society diverge -Assumes people become more self-absorbed as they age -Allows for self reflection

Answer 435

Considers eldery people still involved in society are not adjusting well which is wrong

Answer 436

People try to mainatain the same basic structure throughout their lives as they age

Answer 437

Considers the entire life course in a multidisciplinary way

Answer 438

When groups of people come together with the goal of causing lasting change in societies

Answer 439

Aim to create social change

Answer 440

Reactive: Resist Regressive: Restore

Answer 441

1)Relative Deprivation Theory 2)Rational Choice Theory

Answer 442

PROTEST One group is deprived relative to another Requires relative deprivation, deserving better and no solution theory existing methods

Answer 443

People Rationally consider options DEBATE

Answer 444

Small and close-knit (family, close friends)

Answer 445

People related by purpose

Answer 446

Dyads = 2 people and intense Triads = 3 People more stable (mediator)

Answer 447

1)Emotion Expression 2)Emotion Detections Influences by gender, culture and group

Answer 448

Theory of impression management

Answer 449

Display infront of a distant audience (not as comfortable)

Answer 450

Reveal infront of familar audience

Answer 451

Humans and animals exhibit self-sacrificial attitudes to enance the fitness of other individuals or groups

Answer 452

Altruism in support of kin or family KIN ALTRUISM or KIN SELCTION

Answer 453

Which an individual is more likely to act altruistically if tey believe the favour will be returned, mutual beneficially exchange

Answer 454

Assisting others in optimising their lives, the perception that one is cared for and taken care of

Answer 455

The categorization of people based on socioeconomic status

Answer 456

When certain demographic groups are treated differnetly in a manner which denies their social partcipation and/or human right

Answer 457

Having unequal access to resources

Answer 458

Unequal relief from health and enviromental hazards (smog)

Answer 459

Different demographic groups live in different neighbourhoods from one another Leads to differential access to resources and qukity of life

Answer 460

People living in different nations or regions have unequal access to resources or quality of life

Answer 461

Integration and connection of many different worldly areas as telecommunication advamces

Answer 462

When poor, urban area changes (more $$) as wealthy people move in pushing out OG residents

Answer 463

Poor, urban area changes but doesn't push people out usually due to gov. intervention

Answer 464

Ranks people based on their status and power

Answer 465

Related to social class Privilege: Having advantage in social situations Pristage: Respect given to you by society

Answer 466

1)Achieved Over Time 2)Ascribed (derived from demographic and innate characteristics)

Answer 467

Vertical Mobility

Answer 468

Moving through a class system within ones own lifetime

Answer 469

Moving through a class system within a family legacy

Answer 470

Individual moves within the same class rather than up and down

Answer 471

Class but more rigid, hard/impossible to change

Answer 472

1)Cultural Capital -What you know 2)Social Capital -Who you know 3)Material Assets

Answer 473

Absolute is lack of basic necessities Relative is having fewer resources than a reference group

Answer 474

Social inequality being passed down through generations

Answer 475

Individuals experiences may not necessarily be the sum of their demographics Different enviroments = Different Consequences A black lesbian may have have a different set of experiences that one person who is black and one person who is lesbian in the same environment. Black and Straight White and Lesibian Etc.

PSYCH SOC Flashcards

(515 cards)