Psych Unit 13 Flashcards

Question

Stereotype Threat

Answer 1

The feeling of being at risk of conforming to stereotypes about your social group - This is where people conform to a stereotype about them Ex: women aren’t good at math — a lot of women believe this stereotype - Find that stereotype is true – prevents people from doing their best - You may feel some sense of threat that you will be seen as the stereotype – women may feel threatened that they are bad at math **stereotypes affect performance because they can make someone believe they are bad at something, which causes them to perform poorly

Answer 2

Rules that we follow in social setting Different social norms in different places Explicit social norms: said, “no smoking indoors”, putting a shirt on before you go into a store (no shirt, no shoes, no service sticker– stating what the policy is) Implicit social norms: no one says these things, you just do them - “bless you” when someone sneezes

Answer 3

Matching behavior to go along with perceived social norms Teenage years – we try to be different or stand out by copying our friends

Answer 4

He had participants come into lab and sit at last seat of the table - The participant is the only one who doesn’t know what’s happening - Participants are looking to compare the target line segment to the other line segments - The researchers say the right line judgments – then the researchers start giving the wrong judgments Result: So the participant (last one to give their judgment) continued to give the wrong line judgment, even though it was obviously incorrect (the participant conformed) The participant went along with the group for different reasons (he genuinely believed that the group was correct)

Answer 5

- He recruited people to look at the effects of prison life on guards and prisoners - Randomly assigned people to guards and prisoners - Prisoners revolted against the guards by day 2 - The guards became more abusive as the days went on (humiliation, chores, lack of privacy)

Answer 6

- Social pressure - Being told by the researchers that it’s okay to conform - When someone is in a new situation and they don’t know how to behave – turning to the group might tell them what to do - Less likely to be socially rejected

Answer 7

going along with the request of someone who doesn’t have authority - Agreeing to requests to someone who doesn’t have authority Foot-in-the-door: smaller request (yes), then larger request - Make a small request at first, than a larger request Ex: asking to smoke from you, than asking for money - Idea is if you say yes to smaller request, you’re more likely to say yes to the bigger request Door-in-the-face: larger request first, than a moderate request after - First make a huge/ridiculous request that we know won’t be granted, then making a moderate request Ex: asking parents for a new car (they say no), then asking to borrow the car (they say yes because it’s more reasonable)

Answer 8

going along with other authority figures - Compliance but you’re doing something because an authority figure requested something Ex: taking a detour because police tell you to Ex: putting your phone away because teacher tells you to

Answer 9

Inspired by Adolf Eichman – he said he killed people “to follow orders” - Participants came in and they looked at the effects of operant conditioning - Two participants – confederate (fake participant) - Wanted to see how many people would push the full voltage - The real participant pushed the actual buttons of voltage – and the fake one was not actually getting shocked - Result 60% of participants delivered the maximum voltage Why people complied: - Proximity of researcher to participants (if the reasearcher was in-person or giving orders over the phone) – found that participant more likely to listen if the researcher was with them in person - Presence of peer teachers

Answer 10

US military people were guarding prsioners in Iraq - military started torturing the prisoners - US politicians said that only a few soldiers acted this way because if correspondance bias (ppl do bad things bc of dispsitional factors and not situational factors) *the soldiers justified what they were doing because other soldiers were doing it ****Guards do bad things to show they have power - They “followed orders” - Ordinary people can do bad things even when their actions are fundamentally terrible - People under orders do bad things

Answer 11

seeing the person/group of people not as an individual - Can create the lost face in the crowd affect - If you think the group is doing the action, and you are anonymous, you are more likely to do that bad action

Answer 12

depriving a person/group of human qualities – seeing them as less than a human Ex: slavery - People thought their actions were okay because they thought the people they were hurting weren’t human

Answer 13

the presence of others changes individual performance - Change in performance - usually an increase with the presence of others Ex: looked at people’s pool playing skills **Found that when an audience was present, they played better Familiar tasks = better performance Unfamiliar tasks = worse performance Heightened arousal for complex tasks = height arousal can help up to a certain point, but eventually, the heightened arousal would be worse for performance

Answer 14

different members don’t put in the same amount of effort as the rest of the group - Can increase the complexity of the task to avoid social loafing - If the task is too simple, people will probably not work as hard Ex: working on group project - Less social loafing if the group finds the project intrinsically motivating

Answer 15

in discussion, members take more extreme positions on positions they already had - Occurs because of conformity (to perceived opinion) – why leaders don’t tell people their political ID - Like-minded people tend to affiliate with one another *effects decision making by person making a decision based on what their group is doing

Answer 16

- we form first impressions quickly - first impressions last a long time - you can change first impressions by being exposed to different behavior accuracy: - participants picked the correct candidate of who they thought would win based on first impressions *usually first impressions are correct

Answer 17

- people who were used to working individually, picked individual answers - people who were used to working in groups, picked group answers US: individualistic - focus on objects more than on situations East Asia: Collectivistic culture - like to work together - focus on context and situation

Answer 18

changing our attitudes/beliefs in response to others giving us new info Peripheral route: - number of arguments, the way the message is presented, characteristics of speaker Emotional appeals: positive and negative emotions enhance persuasion - more likely to be persuaded by people that are like you - face-to-face contact is more effective in persuading

Answer 19

- increased contact with the group you hold a prejudice towards 4 positive contact ways: equal standing, common goals, support from authorities, and customs ex: a group reduced prejudice when they had to work together to fix something other: expand the in-group - make the group wider so they can be included

Answer 20

- people who work, live, or like the same things usually end up together - we like people who are like us - physical appearance - facial symmetry

Answer 21

repeated exposure increases liking ex: people who heard gibberish words that were said were turkish liked them more as they were repeated

Answer 22

being attracted to someone increases similarity

Answer 23

intimacy, passion, commitment intimacy: closeness to someone Passion: aroused and romance Commitment: promise you make to maintain the relationship over time

Answer 24

openness, self-disclosure, participation in joint activities, communication - spending time together

Answer 25

sense of unfairness or inequity - the bad doesn't outweigh the good - high levels of conflict - cheating

Psych Unit 13 Flashcards

(51 cards)