Psych1101 Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between monism and dualism
A
Monism considers the mind and brain are the same while dualism believes they function separately
2
Q
What is the mind-body problem
A
the issue of explaining how mental states are related to physical states
3
Q
What is a correlational study and its uses
A
It examines relationships between variables, this helps suggests new hypotheses and investigate ethically problematic questions
4
Q
What are the uses and pitfalls of observational studies
A
Strength: Collect descriptive data about behaviour
Pitfalls: Observer/researcher bias, participant self-conscious
5
Q
What are the strengths and pitfalls of correlational studies
A
Strengths: test predictions and evaluate theories
Pitfalls: cannot confirm relationship or causes
6
Q
What is an observational study and its uses
A
Researchers observe participants in natural environments, this helps as it provides a nonobtrusive means to analyse school or works environments and look at communication patterns
7
Q
What are case studies and its uses
A
An intensive examination of a specific person or situation, this is helpful or discovering new, complex or uncommon situations or phenomena
8
Q
What are the strengths and pitfalls of case studies
A
Strength: New information about rare anomalies, detailed and descriptive data is gathered
Pitfalls: Often not representative of the phenomena
9
Q
What is a survey and its uses
A
Asks a sample to respond to a series of set standard questions, it is helpful as it collects descriptive opiniated data (subject, quantitative or qualitative data)
10
Q
What are the strengths and pitfalls of surveys
A
Strengths: collects large data, inexpensive, quick
Pitfall: poorly phrased questions, response bias
11
Q
What is the t-test
A
Compares two groups variability to determine whether the change was statistically significant
12
Q
What are degrees of freedom (df)
A
The maximum number of logically independent values or variables, as they have the freedom to vary (the max amount of IV an experiment can have)
13
Q
What is the use of adding more than one independent variables
A
They can provide additional context which influences other variables
14
Q
What are the 2 types of descriptive statistics
A
central tendency and variability
15
Q
What does descriptive statistics mean
A
statistics that describes features of information
16
Q
The main example of inferential statistics
A
t-test
17
Q
What does inferential statistics mean
A
Gathering information where conclusions can be drawn from or inferred
18
Q
what is learning
A
a process that results in a relativity consistent change in behaviour
19
Q
what are the two types of learning
A
associative and non-associative
20
Q
what are the associative learning e.g
A
classical and operant, if … then …
21
Q
what are the non-associative learning e.g
A
habituation and sensitization, bodies natural reaction
22
Q
what is sensitization
A
a response to stimuli increases with frequent presentation
23
Q
explain sensitization
A
the second reaction to a stimulus is increased after the initial reaction to a stimulus. creating a more intense reaction the 2nd time one reacts
24
Q
Solomon and Corbit theory (1974)
A
there is an a-process the reaction to a stimulus while the b-process is the recovery from the stimulus
25
What is conditioned opponent compensatory responses
initial exposure to a UCS (a-process) in a particular environment NS will produce an adequate UCR (b-process) if the environment changes, the CS wil produce CR (b-process)
26
Application of a-state and b-state and conditioned compensatory response
when an individuals take drugs at a party continuously they will decrease their a-state (grow tolerance) but if they change their environment their b-state will react 'new' instead of the 'resistant' b-state making the after effects worse and even dangerous
27
what's discrimination learning
learning to respond to only particular stimuli, through presenting no UCS to similar (but still different) CS
28
UCS
unconditioned stimulus; the object that causes the UCR
29
UCR
unconditioned response; the response that is innate
30
NS
neutral stimulus; the object that is desired to have a reaction but currently does not
31
CR
conditioned responsed; the innnate response is carried into the CR
32
CS
conditioned response; the previous NS now elicits a response
33
is the equipotentiality premise true or false
it is false despite poplar teachings and beliefs
34
what is the equipotentiality premise
all factors with conditioning are equal in influence
35
e.g of disputes for equipotentiality premise
Rescorla, SSDMs and Garcia and Koelling
36
How Garcia and Koelling (1966) undermined the equipotentiality premise
showed rats will exhibit different reactions to different UCR (fear vs pain)
37
SSDMs
species-specific defense mechanisms; some species have more genetic coding that innately makes them more reactive to certain UCRs
38
What is conditioned opponent compensatory responses
(diagram process of a & b states)
39
Edward Thorndike's law
law of effect: if a response in a particular situation is followed by a satisfying or pleasant consequence it will be strengthened
40
Shaping (operant conditioning)
approximations (steps) towards a desired outcome
41
positive reinforcement
rewarding behaviour to increasing occurance
42
negative reinforcement
removing negative stimuli to increase behaviour occurance
43
punishment
rewarding behaviour that is decreased
44
response cost
removing positive stimuli (cost) to decrease behaviour occurrance
45
when is independent samples t-test used
inbetween group samples, multiples groups (e.g conrol, condition 1, 2, etc.)
46
when is paired sample t-test used
if there are repeated measures for one sample/group
47
genotype
specific genetic makeup of an individual
48
phenotype
the individual observable characteristics
49
monozygotic twins
identical twins, share 100% of DNA as they are from the same egg that has been split
50
dizygotic twins
fraternal twins, share 50% of DNA (like siblings) as they are from separate eggs
51
concordance rates
measure of 2 individuals particular trait similarity
52
ethology
evolutionary differences between species
53
adaptive significance
how behaviours influence the chances of survival and reproduction
54
fixed action pattern
instinctive behaviour triggered by certain stimuli
55
species adaptation
influence from environment by natural selection
56
personal adaptation
individual interactions with environment
57
heritability statistics
the degree of variation in a larger group's phenotypic trait due to an individual genetic variation
58
evocative influence
genetically influences behaviours that evoke response from others
59
characteristics that influence genotypes
parent produced environments, response evoked from others and self-selection of compatible (partners)
60
epigenetics
changes in the gene expression that are independent of the DNA and caused by non-genetic factors
61
what is a within group
a group of the same species or genetic pool, holds a particular shared characteristic
62
inbetween groups
groups of the same phenotype but do not share a particular characteristic
63
Weaver (2004) discover about environment effects on genetics
poor environments show characteristic variability based on genes while rich environments show characteristic variability based on shared environment. Rats with a stress gene only show signs when it has been activated through malnutritious maternal care stemming from intergenerational trauma
64
reaction range
the range of possibilities that a genetic code allows
65
what is the central sulcus
divider between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
66
what is the parieto-occipital sulcus
the divider between the parietal and occipital lobe
67
what is the pre-occipital notch
the dividing gap between the temporal and occipital lobe
68
what is the lateral sulcus
the divide between the frontal and temporal lobe
69
what are gial cells
supporting functions, provide physical structure
70
what is the axon hillock
the connector between the soma and axon
71
what are multipolar neuron
multiple dendrites and single axon
72
what are endorphins
inhibits transmission of pain impulses; oversupply - insensitivity and undersupply - hypersensitivity
73
acetylcholine (ACh)
excitatory messages at synapses involved in muscular movement and memory; absence - paralysis, undersupply - Alzheimer's, oversupply - violent muscle spasms
74
noradrenaline
excitatory and inhibitory functions at various sites (neural circuits controlling learning, memory, wakefulness and eating). undersupply - depression and oversupply - stress and panic disorders
75
motor cortex three sections
primary, pre-motor and supplemenatry
76
what does the primary motor cortex do
initiating motor movement
77
what does the pre-motor cortex do
planning motor movement
78
what does the supplementary motor cortex do
(bimanual) coordination of dual hands
79
somatosensory cortex
processes pain, temperature, pressure
80
what does the visual cortex do
processes form, motion, orientation, colour, object identification
81
auditory cortex
processing sound specifically frequency, location, music, language, prosody (tone and interpretation)
82
What are the main components of the limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb
83
what is the limbic system
'older mammalia brain' controls memory, reward and emotional processing
84
amygdala
emotional processing and creating attachments based on them
85
hippocampus
stores memory in long term memory
86
olfactory bulb
processing smell
87
basal nuclei responsible for
motor suppression, motor learning and motor response selection
88
whats inattentional blindness
inability to perceive objects in our field of vision
89
whats change blindness
failure to update representations between views
90
what is a conjunction search
combining features when filtering through selection (becomes slow and serial)
91
feature search
identifying different/unique object with a simple difference
92
feature integration theory
analyses how feature search changes when it evolves to conjunction search
93
top-down attention
voluntary, purposeful and strategical filtering of information to identify a specific object
94
bottom-up attention
when one's attention is captured reflexively
95
attentional bias
bias towards emotionally threatening over neutral images
96
cognitive bias modification
trains individuals spatial awareness to look at neutral over threatening images
97
emotion-induced blindness
changing the line of sight towards neutral images over threatening images, to reduce the attentional bias
98
what is consolidation
transfers memory into long-term storage
99
depth of processing
different types of learning improves memory encoding
100
what are the types of processing/rehearsal
structure: provides a visual association made, phonemic: provides a auditory association made and semantic: provides a meaningful association made
101
flashbulb memory
vivid recollection of where and what you were doing when something emotional occured; often with high confidence in accuracy of memory
102
context-dependent memory
improved recall when information and context (e.g environment) are present during both encoding and retrieval
103
state-dependent and mood-congruent recall
improved recall when information and mood and conscious state (e.g emotions, drug/alcohol influence) are present during both encoding and retrieval
104
what is long-term potentiation
when memories cause synaptic change, creating an increase in synaptic strength, therefore recollection
105
retrograde amnesia
memory loss for events occurring before the onset of amnesia
106
anterograde amnesia
memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia
107
infantile amnesia
memory loss of early childhood experiences
108
dementia
impaired memory and other cognitive deficits that accompany brain degeneration interfering with normal functioning
109
hyperthymestic syndrome
highly comprehensive recollection of autobiographical memory
110
misinformation effect
distortion of a memory by misleading post-event information
111
heuristics
making fast decisions based on only partial data
112
types of heuristics
availability (decisions made of instances that come to mind), recognition (infer that the recognised objects have higher value) and anchoring and adjustment
113
what are the two classic photoreceptor cells
cones and rods
114
what do cones do (photoreceptor)
highly active in good lighting and is sensitive to fine detail
115
what do rods do (photoreceptor)
highly active in dim lighting and is sensitive to movement but not fine detail
116
colour constancy
the tendency of a surface to appear the same colour under a fairly wide range of illuminants
117
what are gestalt principles
rules that govern the type of visual cues that are linked and grouped
118
examples of gestalts principles
similarity, proximity, closure and continuity
119
what are monocular depth cues
understandings create from perceptions of a single eye
120
examples of monocular depth cues
linear perspective (road), interposition (assumed object permanence), relative height
121
examples of binocular depth cues
relative size and motion parallax, when moving objects closer to the observer are faster across the visual field compared to further objects
122
what is binocular disparity
each eye has differing views
123
the theories of how frequency is interpreted
frequency theory and place theory
124
what is frequency theory
sensing sound frequency based in hair movement. A failure is that neurons cant respond fast enough
125
what is place theory
sensing sound frequency according to the locations of fluid activity in the cochlear
126
what is the vestibular system
in the inner ear there are three semicircular canals orientated vertical, horizontal and diagonal. It has fluid movements that create distinct neural signals that allow the brain to interpret movement
127
what are touch receptors
embedded in the outer layer of the epidermis and underlying dermis it processes pressure, vibration, hot and cold senses
128
what are kineasthetic receptors
mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons and joints
129
what is analgesia
decreasing pain sensations during conscious experience, painkillers
130
what is phantom pain
sensations perceived from a physically amputated limb of the body
131
what is the labelled lines principle
nerves that input only one type of particular information and are therefore immediately recognised
132
what are the two types of consciousness theories
freudian and cognitive
133
what is consciousness
being aware and responsive of ourselves and surroundings in our environment
134
what is the freudian viewpoint of consciousness
conscious mind; contains thoughts and perceptions of which we are
preconscious; mental events, recalled easily
unconscious; events that cannot ordinarily be accessed to the consciousness
135
visual agnosia
inability to visually recognise objects while still interacting with them
136
what is the cognitive viewpoint of consciousness
controlled processing; conscious use of attention and effort
automatic processing; occurs without conscious awareness of effect
137
what is blindsight
reported blindness in visual field, which they can still responds to stimuli in that area
138
types of low consciousness
coma, vegetative state, locked-in syndrome (psuedocoma)
139
what is an agonist
a drug that increases a neurotransmitter activity
140
what is an antagonist
a drug that inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter
141
what is the disassociation theory of hypnosis
hypnosis is an altered state involving a division of consciousness
142
what are circadian rhythmns
biological cycles within the body that occurs on a 24 hour cycle
143
what is the first stage of sleep
light sleep: brain wave patterns become irregular and one can easily be awoken
144
what is the second stage of sleep
breathing and heart rate slow down, dream can occur body can be woken
145
what is the third stage of sleep
body is relaxed, hard to be woken and show slow and large delta waves
146
what is the fourth stage of sleep
body is relaxed, hard to be woken and show slow and is dominated by delta waves
147
what is involved in REM sleep
(paradoxical sleep) high arousal, frequent dreaming and REM sleep paralysis - inability to move muscles
148
rebound effect
tendency to increase the amount of REM sleep after being deprived of sleep
149
hynagogic state
the transitional state from wakefulness
150
theories about dreaming
freud, cognitive and activation synthesis
151
Freud theory of dreaming
wishfulling - the gratification of the unconscious fufilling desires and needs
152
cognitive theory of dreaming
problem solving dream models find creative solutions to our problems, cognitive process rather focuses on how we dream
153
activation synthesis
dreams do not serve a function but are random neural activity during REM-sleep, so the cerebral cortex creates dreams for plausibility
154
what is the evolutionary theory of motivation
initially focused through instincts, they are inherited, automatic from fixed action patterns, genetics that hard-wire mechanisms of behaviour
155
what is the biological theory of motivation
to maintain homeostasis (internal physiological equilibrium) and sensory mechanisms. Deficits will cause drives e.g iron deficiencies cause one to eat ice, theory, improve attention
156
what are the theories relating to motivation
evolutionary, biological, brain (& learning), sociocognitive/environmental, psychodynamic, humanistic
157
what is the brain and learning theory of motivation
individuals differences in their BIS/BAS scale shows their approach and avoidance tendencies
158
What is BAS
behavioural activation system: activated by signals of potential reward and gratification of needs. this produces movement towards positive goals resulting in pleasure
159
what is BIS
behavioural inhibition system: activated by signals of potential non-reinforcement, pain and punishment. This produces fear and escape/avoidant behaviours
160
What are the 4 types of BIS/BAS scales
BAS drive: one goes out of their way for what they want
BAS fun seeking: one only goes after what appear to be fun
BAS reward responsiveness: one gets heavily effected when good things occur
BIS: criticism hurts one quite a bit
161
what is the socio-cognitive/environmental theory of motivation
there are three main reasons for seeking out goals
Incentive: environmental factors pull people towards a goal
Extrinsic motivation: an activity to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment
Intrinsic motivation: performing an activity for the sake of oneself and their emotions
162
what are the humanistic theories of motivation
self determination and maslow's triangle
163
what is the self-determination theory
people strive for three things
competence: see oneself as capable
autonomy: a need to be in control and have free choice
relatedness: ones need to form meaningful bonds
164
what is metabolism
body rate of energy utilisation
165
what is satiety
state where we are no longer hungry, full
166
how do signals to start and end a meal work
nerves are sent between the stomach and brain, however it also sends chemicals. This causes stomach contractions
167
what are emotions
feeling states that involve cognitive, physiological and behavioural reactions; they increase survival, form relationships through social communication and broadens thinking and behaviour
168
what are the four stages of emotional states
from the eliciting stimuli; cognitive appraisal, physiological response, expressive behaviour, instrumental behaviours
169
what is the eliciting stimuli
what is being reacted to
170
what is cognitive appraisal (or reappraisal)
the interpretation of stimuli and therefore the meaning attached; can be conscious and unconscious
171
what is the physiological response (from emotional states)
arousal and attention changes within the brain i.e amygdala, autonomic nervous system or endocrine system
172
what is expressive behaviour (in emotional states)
behaviour expressed to give clues and cues on the emotion being experienced
173
what is instrumental behaviour
behaviour exhibited to resolve a situation or achieve a goal
174
what are the 3 theories of emotions
James-Lange Somatic theory, Cannon-Bard theory and the cognitive-affect (Schacter-Singer) - two factor theory
175
what is the James-Lange Somatic theory
emotions are subjective experiences generated from bodily reactions
176
what is the Cannon-Bard theory
subjective experiences and physiological arousal are independent
177
what is the cognitive-affect (Schachter-Singer) - two factor theory
the attributed thought determines the emotion felt depending on context and intensity
178
how is assimilation and accommodation correspondent to certain moods
positive moods correspond to assimilation because they are based on familiarity while negative moods correspond to accommodation based because they are new and challenging
179
what are some benefits of negative moods
improves memory, social judgements, promote more normative and sensitive interpersonal behaviours and communication
180
what is the broaden and build model
positive feelings signal safety this triggers exploration, learning, creativity leading to successful work and relationships.
181
what is affective forecasting
the process by which people generate predictions about the emotional effects of future life events
182
what is impact bias
exaggerate the strengths and duration of future emotional reaction
183
what is focalism
focus on one element to the expense of others
184
what is memory bias
causes people to base their affective forecasts on memories of similar experiences in the past
185
what is emotional congruent retrieval
recalling less about the action of the event but moreso the emotional tone
186
what is the peak end rule
recall emotions beginning and end but not so much its duration
187
hedonic adaptation
habituate to the impact of repeated emotional experiences
188
learned helplessness
tendency to give up on any effort to control one's environment arising from previous failures
189
visual acuity
ability to see fine detail
190
global workspace theory
conscious information is globally available for cognitive processing
191
what is hemispatial neglect
occurs when there has been damage to one hemisphere
192
what is a blood-brain barrier
a lining of tightly packed cells that lets vital nutrients pass through so neurons can function
