Psychedelics Flashcards by Grace Kearney

What are the serotonin related psychedelics?

LSD
Psilocybin
Lysergic acid amid
DMT
Bufotenine

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what are acetylcholine related psychedelics?

Atropine
Scopolamine
Ibotenic Acid
Ibogaine

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what are the glutamate related psychedelics

PCP
Ketamine

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what are catecholamine related psychedelics

Mescaline
DOM (STP)
MDMA

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why are psychedelics reinforcing

Reinforcing ability comes from their ability to alter consciousness and perceptual processes rather than their effects on the reward pathway

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Describe the potency of LSD

Very potent, effects at doses low as 50 micrograms
Hard to detect in the body because of low doses

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what are the pharmacokinetics of LSD

High lipid Solubility (absorbed in 30 to 60 minutes )
half life of 3 hours
metabolized in liver and excreted in urine

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what the PNS effects of LSD

excites sympathetic activity
increased heart rate
increased BP
dilation of pupils
increased body temperature

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what are the CNS effects of LSD

Religious feelings followed by sexual arousal, followed by sadness, followed by anxiety, followed by paranoia
breaks with reality
develop insights
perceptual alterations
higher doses = actual hallucinations
synesthesia

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what are bad trips

usually occur with high doses; person feels loss of control over the experience and feel that they will not return back to normal

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How does LSD cause its effects at a cellular level

Effects serotonin receptors
hallucinations = potent agonist of 5-HT2 receptors
activity influenced in forebrain and midbrain
activity altered in RAS causing arousal and alertness

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why is it unlikely to develop dependence to LSD

1) hallucinations build up tolerance faster than any other class of drug
2) not an easy high
3) experience controls the user- cant come down at will (unpredictable effects)

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what are the routes of administration of psilocybin

oral, eaten or brewed as tea

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what dose of psilocybin produces halluncination

4-8 mg

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what are the effects of psilocybin

pleasant mellow feeling with mental relaxation
increased heart rate and BP
increased body temperature
pupillary dilation

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what is the mechanism of action of psilocybin

agonist of 5-HT2 receptors

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describe tolerance to psilocybin

tolerance to psilcin develops as well as cross tolerance to LSD

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what are the withdrawal symptoms of psilocybin

headache and fatigue

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what is lysergic acid amine

active chemical in morning glory seeds
close to LSD with similar effects
1/10 to 1/30 as potent as LSD

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what is DMT

usually inhaled as snuff
short duration, less potent
30 mg inhaled gives similar effect to LSD within 10 seconds peaks at 10-15 minutes and lasts an hour

what is bufontenine

strong sympathetic activity (much greater than LSD)
unpopular street drug

what is the mechanism of action of ibotenic acid and ibogaine

acetylcholine muscarinic receptor agonists

what is ibotenic acid

found in amanita muscaria
believed vikings took it before battle

what is ibogaine

found in iboga root in africa

what is atropine and scopolamine

anticholinergic drugs (acetylcholine antagonists) decreases parasympathetic activity induce delirium, confusion, and amnesia

what is glutamate

most common NT in brain excitatory receptors for glutamate on nearly every neuron in the brain

what are the two types of glutamate receptors

ionotropic (fast, ligand gated) -NMDA -AMPA -KAINATE metabotropic ( G-protein coupled)

what is phenylcyclohexyl piperidine (PCP)

dissociative anesthetic (even though awake person appears disconnected from environment) synthetic depressant

what are the dose ranges of PCP

- low doses (1-5 mg) produce drunken state/euphoria - 5-15 mg induce analgesia and anesthesia, confusion, impairment in ability to communicate - larger doses induces psychoses

what are the PNS effects of PCP

insensitivity to pain increases blood pressure increases heart rate

what are the CNS effects of PCP

distortions in body image feelings of depersonalization sense of timelessness transient feelings of being in outer space, dead, or not having arms or legs

what are the cellular effects of PCP

acts as a channel blocker for NMDA receptor - prevents Ca and Na from flowing into neuron Psychoses induced by prevention of DA reuptake

how is LSD hallucinations different from schizophrenic hallucinations

LSD hallucinations are visual and viewed as pleasant while schizophrenic hallucinations are largely auditory and unpleasant

How is PCP hallucination compared to schizophrenic hallucinations

very similar with global paranoia, auditory hallucinations, ambivalent towards friends, rigidity, delusions of persecution and grandeur

what are the routes of administration for ketamine

oral nasal intravenous intramuscular injection powder

what are the effects of ketamine

hallucinations out of body experience detachment from reality paranoia disorganized thinking loss of motor control memory loss numbness drowsiness nausea

what is the mechanism of action for ketamine

antagonist of NMDA modulates AMPA/NMDA receptor ratio

what is mescaline

derived from peyote plant taken orally peak response in 30 minutes to 2 hours effects similar to LSD

Describe the structure of DOM and MDMA

synthetic drugs which have structures similar to amphetamine and mescaline

what is DOM

more potent than mescaline, less potent than LSD far higher incidence panic attacks, acute psychoses stimulant effects less than amphetamines

what is MDMA

stimulant qualities of amphetamines and hallucinogenic qualities of mescaline negative effects are mostly physiological

what are the routes of administration for MDMA

orally injected

what is the tolerance to MDMA

acute tolerance to positive effects after multiple exposures in a short period of time

what are the withdrawal symptoms of MDMA

insomnia depression fatigue difficulty concentrating

what is the toxicity of MDMA

destroys monoamine neurons decreased global and regional brain serotonin transporter binding decreases in monoamine transporter binding

when does death result after MDMA

1) stimulant effect - heart attack or brain hemorrhage 2) overheating - combination of taking ecstasy with prolonged and vigorous dancing results in heat stroke 3) over drinking - dilutional hypoatremia

what are the cellular effects of MDMA

1) blocks reuptake of DA and serotonin 2) DA and serotonin releasing action 3) agonists at NE and DA receptors

what are the PNS effects of Monoamine hallucinogens

increase sympathetic activity -dilate pupils - increases heart rate -increases BP -increases body temperature

what is the tolerance to monoamine hallucinogens

fairly rapid tolerance to mental and sympathetic effects tolerance complete after 3-4 daily exposures cross tolerance to each other