Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

3rd BDS IHD > Psychiatry > Flashcards

Psychiatry Flashcards

(96 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is psychiatry

A

Psychiatry is the medical specialty concerned with the recognition and treatment of disorders of the mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many people are affected by disorders of the mind - mental health

A

1 in 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

compare normal anxiety and pathological anxiety

A

Anxiety is a normal experience to a perceived threat or danger
It serves to mobilise energy reserves for action and enhances performance by increasing arousal

Anxiety is said to be pathological when it becomes too intense, frequent or persistent, and as a consequence interferes with the functioning of the individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

compare psychiatry and psychology

A

psychiatry = train as doctor, specialism, can prescribe, use talking therapy and medications
psychology = talking therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are some psychological symptoms of anxiety

A

Sense of dread
Irritability
Fear of loss of control
Avoidance
Panic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are some physical symptoms of anxiety

A

Palpitations
Shortness of breath
Chest pain
‘Butterflies’
Sweating
Dry mouth
Nausea
sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when does anxiety become pathological

A

when it alters the function in life
too intense, often or severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is generalized anxiety disorder

A

The anxiety experienced is not confined to a specific situation but is pervasive
Anxiety is experienced more days than not
Understandably, whilst frequently anxious, anxiety levels typically rise in stressful situations
May result in panic attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is phobia disorder

A

In common these are situational, predictable, with anticipatory anxiety and avoidance. any phobia can cause panic attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what types of phobia are there

A

Simple phobias e.g. specific animal phobias
Social phobia e.g. scared of being with people
Agoraphobia e.g. scared of a place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some signs of Odontophobia

A

Delayed presentation
Looking anxious
Cancel appointments at short notice / fail to attend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are some causes/reasons of Odontophobia

A

Specific phobia (e.g., drills, needles, sounds, smells) - specific to autism
Anxiety about somatic reactions (gagging, injection)
Generalized anxiety disorder
Social phobia.

think of this when providing a treatment plan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how do we prevent Odontophobia

A

Dental health education
Calm, sympathetic paced approach
Honest and tactful explanation of procedures
Relaxed, welcoming atmosphere
Confident and professional manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how can we treat Odontophobia

A

Education regarding anxiety
Relaxation techniques
Desensitisation (graded exposure)
Short term pharmacological anxiolytics (e.g. diazepam)
Long term pharmacological antidepressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is Body Dysmorphic disorder

A

The affected person is excessively concerned about a perceived defect in his or her physical features - commonly in oral setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is Hypochondriasis

A

Abnormal preoccupation about the presence of an underlying serious physical disease

Patients can place an abnormal interpretation upon a normal sensation (e.g. transient dry mouth is proof of oral cancer).

It is often very difficult to persuade patients that their symptoms might have a largely psychological component.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is somatoform pain

A

The cause is psychological rather than organic/physical
Absence of organic pathology
Evidence of a psychological cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some key features of somatoform pain

A

Inconsistent with anatomical landmarks
May be continuous and bilateral
May prevent sleep but does not wake patient
Repeated negative investigations
Analgesia ineffective
Associated with emotional factors and may have symbolic meaning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are affective disorders

A

Alterations of mood are a normal part of life
Extremes of mood, if accompanied by associated symptoms and impaired function can be delineated into ‘illnesses’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

same 2 affective disorders

A

Unipolar affective disorder
Bipolar affective disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what percent of women and men have depression

A

10% of men and 20% of women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is classed as depression

A

low mood for >2 weeks
loss of happiness and enjoyment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some symptoms of depression

A

Poor appetite/ Weight loss
Sleep disturbance
Loss of libido
Psychomotor retardation
Poor concentration
Guilt and worthlessness
Hopelessness / Suicidal ideation
Delusions / hallucinations - psychotic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how many people have bipolar disorder

A

1% , men and women equally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is Bipolar Affective Disorders
Elevated mood may be a normal experience Most patients with mania also experience depression -must have had one bout of mania Bipolar disorder is a very disruptive condition
26
what classes as psychotic symptoms
delusions and hallucinations
27
what is mania classed as
elevated or irritable mood for over 1 week or resulting in admission affecting function of life
28
give some symptoms of mania
for more than 1 week with 4 or more symptoms, affecting function: Over-activity Disinhibition Risk taking activity Distractibility Reduced need for sleep Inflated self esteem Rapid, loud speech Racing thoughts Delusions/ Hallucinations
29
if a patient has 'mild' mania, what is this called
hypomania
30
how many people have schizophrenia
1 in 100, men = women and early adulthood
31
what is schizophrenia
Abnormal thoughts and experiences Reduction in drive, social function and alteration in personality and emotion
32
what two types of symptom of schizophrenia are there
positive and negative
33
what are negative symptoms of schizophrenioa
Social withdrawal Emotional blunting - emotion seems unchanging Apathy: A lack of drive, motivation and volition
34
what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions Hallucinations Passivity Phenomena Thought disorder - difficult to understand
35
what is passivity phenomena
feeling as if they are controlled by an external body e.g. government
36
what is anorexia nervosa classed as
Body weight <15% expected BMI <17.5 Self induced weight loss Body image distortion Widespread endocrine disorder Arrest of puberty
37
what is bulimia Nervosa
BMI = normal Pervasive preoccupation with eating Attempts to counteract the fattening effects of food Morbid dread of fatness
38
what are some oral representations of eating disorders
Erosion of dental enamel Thermal hypersensitivity (cold/hot sensitive) Salivary gland enlargement Dryness of the mouth and decreased salivary flow Redness of the throat and palate Reddened, dry, and cracked lips and fissures at angles to the lips
39
what is the acronym CAGE used for
assessment of alcohol intake
40
what does CAGE stand for
C “Have you ever felt you should Cut down?” A “Are you Annoyed if people comment on your drinking?” G “Do you feel Guilty about the amount you drink?” E “Have you ever drunk early in the morning as an Eye-opener?”
41
how do we use CAGE in alcohol assessment
If a person scores 1 or more point in CAGE (need to Cut down, Annoyed if people comment, Guilty about drinking or eye-open mornigng drinking) then they need full alcohol assessment
42
what are personality disorders
Severe disturbance in the characterological constitution and behavioural tendencies of the individual Associated with considerable personal and social disruption usually caused by trauma Appear in late childhood/adolescence Persist into adulthood.
43
what is dementia
An acquired impairment of global cognitive function which is progressive & irreversible -Alzheimer’s Dementia -Vascular Dementia -Frontotemporal Dementia -Other
44
what types of dementia are there
Alzheimer’s Dementia -Vascular Dementia -Frontotemporal Dementia
45
what is delerium
A reversible state characterised by: Impairment of consciousness Disturbed attention Perceptual abnormalities Emotional disturbances Disturbed sleep wake cycle Fast onset
46
compare dementia and delierium
dementia is irreversible. delirium is reversible both cause memory loss and personality changes delirium has very fast onset, dementia slow dementia is neurological, delirium has many causes e.g. infection/drugs
47
what might cause delerium
Infection Drugs Systemic illness
48
what main types of anti-depressant are there
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
49
how do TCAs work theraptuically and what are they used for
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) - to treat depression Inhibit 5-HT and NA uptake 5-HT is serotonin and NA is noradrenaline
50
what is 5HT and NA
5HT = serotonin and NA = noradrenaline
51
what causes TCA side effects
Tricyclic Antidepressants Block of M1, H1, α1 receptors produces side effects m1 = mucogenic receptor, H1 histogenic receptors, alpha 1 adrenal receptors
52
what are the side effects of TCA and why do they occur
sedation = H1 inhibition = reduced uptake of histamine dry mouth + constipation = M1 = muogenic activity reduced increased BP = alpha 1 adrenic receptors blocked
53
why are TCAs used in dentistry but less so in psychiatry
good therapeusis value in dentistry as reduced neurological pain and sedation too many side effects to be used in psychiatry
54
name 2 types of TCA
tricyclic Antidepressants amitriptyline, lofepramine
55
explain what an SSRI is
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor reduces uptake of only serotonin = lasts longer and increases mood
56
how do SSRIs work
Inhibit 5-HT uptake (serotonin) Produces therapeutic benefit
57
what are SSRIs useful for
depression and anxiety
58
what are common side effects of SSRIs
Nausea Early increased anxiety decreased libido
59
what is a common first line drug type of depression
SSRIs well tolerated and less side effects than TCAs
60
what are some names of SSRIs
fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram
61
what are SNRIs
serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors
62
what drug is venlafaxine
SNRI anti-depressant
63
how do SNRIs work
inhibit 5-HT and NA inhibit serotonin and noradrenaline re-uptake
64
compare SNRIs and TCAs
SNRIs inhibit 5-Ht (serotonin) and Noradrenaine TCAs inhibit 5-HT, NA, M1, H1 and alpha 1 = more side effects SNRIs better tolerated and used for severe depression SNRIS are dose dependant
65
what do NaSSA's block
H1 = histamine = sedation effect 5-H2 and 5-H3 = reduces anxiety = serotonin reuptake inhibitor alpha 2 = releases more 5-Ht = more serotonin
66
what are the advantages of NaSSA's
anti-emetic no nausea, vomitting, sexual side effects acts as antidepressant and anti-anxiety (may cause weight gain)
67
name a type of anxiolytic
benzodiazepene e.g. diazepam & lorazepam
68
what are the advantages and disadvantages of diazepam
Relieve anxiety immediately, good for short term use S/E’s - very few except dependency
69
what receptor do benzodiazepams work on and what other non-prescription drug works on this
GABA receptors alcohol also acts on this
70
why might Z drugs be better than benzodiazepans
shorter half life
71
how do we treat an anxiety disorder
anti-depressants e.g. SSRIs but they take longer to work and create initial increased anxiety
72
how do w etreat short term extreme anxiety
benzodiazepans or Z-drugs
73
what are the two types of antipsychotic with exmaples of each
Typicals/first generation antipsychotics e.g. Haloperidol Atypicals/second generation antipsychotics E.g. Olanzapine and Risperidone
74
what is the strcutre of typical antipyschotics
H1, M1 and alpha 1 receptor inhibitors = side effects D2 receptor = dopamine receptor antagonist = theraputic affect
75
what is the structure of atypical antipsychotics
no H1, M1 or A1 receptors just D2 dopamine antagonists and a type of serotonini receptor antagonist = 5HT2A
76
what can be used for mood stabalisation
lithium Valproate
77
what are contraindications to lithium mood stabaliser
narrow theraputic index Renal and thyroid dysfunction Teratogenic Interaction with other drugs (e.g. NSAIDs)
78
how do we treat bipolar
mood stabaliser e.g. lithium or valproate
79
what can valproate be used for
mood stabiliser and anti-epileptic
80
how much mental ill health is genetic
<10%
81
what are some causes of mental health problems
moving schools growing up in city trauma (sexual trauma) genetic <10% migrant populations
82
how might trauma lead to hearing voices
when a child goes through something unbarable they 'dissociate' to another place this may lead to a friendly voice making them think of other things that can change over time and becomea malicious voice
83
why might dentistry be causative for trauma related mental health
we often try to relax the patient, lay down, have power, go in their mouth which can all relate to abuse at home and this can be associated with the dentist
84
what side effects of antipsychotropic medications are there and why is this a problem
tremor insomnia lack of sexual activity these side effects get associated with the illness itself and make things seem worse
85
how do we manage an assessment of someone who says they hear voices
do not use music do not use small talk do not use humour find out their mental health diagnosis know about medications self harm history know about recreational drugs especially cocaine = cannot give LA within 24 hours provide a tx plan that is realistic to gain TRUST
86
which recreational drug is contraindicated with LA and for how long
cocaine 24 hours
87
how do we use 'trust' when managing a mentally ill patient
Reliable Consistent Flexible Vulnerability Mental health worker/ NOK Risk assessment (self harm, risk to others, self neglect)
88
why might a mentally ill patient not trust a dental worker
we act very kind but can cause pain and negative impact on lives this contradicts eachother and can be confusing and cause lack of trust with dentists and other health care professionals
89
how can we assess capacity to consent
can they: -Understand the information - Retain the information - Weigh it in the balance - Communicate the decision
90
why might a patient have fluctuating capacity
mental illness substance abuse
91
why might a mentally ill patient have problems accessing care
lack of motivation choatic lifestyle and headspace phobias money time paranoia
92
how do we manage a mentally ill patient who struggles to access care
consider: do anterior restorations first to leave a good impact fast make them want to come back, do painless things appointment timings - suit patient e.g. not mornings if cannot wake up involve a third person reminders e.g. text empathy!
93
what are some dental side effects of psychotropic drugs
xerostomia parafunction - grind teeth hypersalivation uncontrollable jaw movements = can cause self confidence problems + risk to operator methadone - sugar compound to help come off drugs AND dries teeth = cerviacle caries over whole mouth
94
what is methadone used for and why is this a problem
used to help come off of addictive drugs contains sugar and causes dry mouth so can cause mouth spread cervical caries
95
how does alcohol affect the oral cavity
increased risk of cancer, especially with smoking increased risk of trauma related injury less likely to brush teeth if drinking alcohol alcohol related erosion of teeth more likely to have parafunction = attrition
96
what must we risk assess when seeing a mentally ill patient
1. risk to others = violence history, aggitation, agression 2. self = self harm, picking face, overdose (prescription be careful especially with anxiolytics e.g. diazepam) 3. self neglect

3rd BDS IHD (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions