psychoalalytic perspective Flashcards
learning unit 2 (46 cards)
1
Q
What is personality?
A
individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving
2
Q
hysteria
A
mental disorder
1. Tics (uncontrolled body movements or sounds)
2. Paralysis (Loss of muscle function in one or more muscles).
Medical science could not understand and treat this condition.
3
Q
what underpinned hysteria
A
- underpinned by psychological factors rather than physiological
- Charcot used hypnosic suggestion to prove this
4
Q
treating hysteria
A
- Freud attempted to use hypnosis
- used psychoanalysis instead, observed patients and used his own introspection
5
Q
The epiphany of hysteria
A
- Freud and Breuer*
!! mental pain and distress can be transformed into physical symptoms !!
6
Q
cause of hysteria
A
Freud= sexual insticts and desires
or memories the person couldn’t manage
- individuals who were seducted during childhood by their fathers or others = seduction theory
- abandoned this thought - explained that early sexual fantasies caused psychological distress
- this explained hysteria
7
Q
unconscious of hysteria
A
- problems lay deep in the mind in the unconscious from relationships between caregivers in early childhood
- these memories are not directly accessable to persons conscious mind, but shape their thoughts
8
Q
Freuds psychoanalysis in a conflict theory
A
- person experiences internal conflict in relation to the person’s desires
- at the same time conflict with the demands of the external world (including morals). This causes internal conflict.
9
Q
Freud and personality
A
- A person is born with a genetically inherited temperament.
- Temperament + childhood relational trauma= personality
10
Q
critique of psychonalaysis
A
- not based on imperical evidence
- based on detailed case studies that looked at patients history, symptomatic presentation and hours of psychoanalysis
11
Q
psychoanalysis is not a science
A
- (must be able to predict outcomes- falsifiable)
- neither science nor philosophy.
- Psychoanalysis offers a hermeneutical System: It can analyse and explain behaviour. Powerful therapeutic technique
12
Q
psychodynamic meaning (in relation to freud’s psychoanalytic theory)
A
the mind is multifaceted and always changing (dynamic)
- therefore there are no clear, linear ‘cause and effect’ hypothesis for psychoanalysis to explain personality
13
Q
psychodynamics and psychoanalysis as a conflict theory
A
- constant conflict between internal (intrapsychic) and external (people, environ) stimuli.
- the way people manage their forbidden desires, childhood traumas, emotional life and how they manage their past traumas = how you determine personality
14
Q
why was freud a psychic determanist
A
- the past (early traumas), determine present psychic functioning
15
Q
T1 Freuds first typography: The structure of the mind
A
1.The conscious (aware)
2.The unconscious (unaware)
3.The preconscious (that we can become aware of if we think about them)
16
Q
T1 Freuds mental iceberg
A
- conscious level: thoughts, perceptions
- subconscious/ preconscious: memories and stored knowledge
- unconscious: dears, forbidden desires, shameful experiences, immoral urges etc.
17
Q
T1 what is the unconscious
A
-Basic instinct
-Impulses
-Repressed childhood memories (forbidden wishes)
represented as symbols and images in dreams
18
Q
T1 repression and suppression (unconscious)
A
- repression = mechanism brain uses to keep forbidden wished out of conscious awareness
- child mind cannot process an event so it pushed it to the unconscious, adults are able to make sense and manage experiences - the mind consciously pushed something out of the mind into the unconscious
19
Q
T1 how are repressed childhood memories dealt with in the mind
(unconscious)
A
- they operate and are repressed in the unconscious
- represented as symbols and images in dreams
20
Q
T1 conscious
A
thoughts, beliefs, motivations.
We are aware of our conscious mind
21
Q
T1 why is the conscious mind focused on by any theorist
A
it is ones thoughts, beliefs and motivations and therefore can be measured emperically
22
Q
T1 what is subjectivity (conscious)
A
the awareness of exhistance
- able to observe and think abour our own reactions, feelings and behaviour
23
Q
T1 the preconscious
A
- the censor btw the conscious and unconscious, organising them
- It contains the thoughts, memories and ideas that can be recalled.
24
Q
T2 what are Freuds 3 agencies of the mind
A
The id
The ego
The superego
25
T2 how do the 3 agencies create 'personality'
our personality develops from the interactions among the three structures
- Conflicts among these three structures & trying to balance what each of them "desires," is our personality
- What balance we chose is how we resolve the conflict
- 2 behavioural tendencies:
1. our biological aggressive and pleasure-seeking drives
2. vs. our socialized internal control over those drives.
26
T2 what is the id
- most primitive of the structures
- instant gratification of basic physical needs and urges.
- It operates entirely unconsciously
*drives: insticts from our organs,
27
T2 pleasure principle (id)
physiology and hormones
pleasure principle: primary process in infants, strive for pleasure, avoid pain
- the satisfaction of these innate needs releases tension = pleasure
28
T2 the ego
- The ego develop out of the ID during in infants to respond to challenges in the world
- secondary process (functioning of the sophisticated mind).
- Thinking is an ego function – to pay attention, learn things, make judgements
- The ego manages conflict btw the demands of the id and the rules of the superego and the challenges of the external world
29
T2 reality principle (ego)
*reality principle- the logical laws that govern reality.
Children learn how to communicate meaningfully to get their needs met.
30
T2 superego
- We learn what is socially and culturally acceptable through observation from parents, society.
- People internalise these lessons = superego.
31
T2 what is a filly developed superego comprised of
1. An ego-ideal (internal guide to what they want to be)
2. A conscience (internal guide that reprimands someone when they behave defiantly)
32
how did the psychosexual Stages of Development come to be
Freud believed that the nature of the conflicts among the id, ego, and superego change over time as a person grows
- these conflicts progress through a series of five basic stages
- each psychosexual stage directly related to a different physical centre of pleasure
33
conflicts of psychosexual Stages of Development
the child has different conflicts across the stages between their (id) and (superego) because their biological pleasure-seeking urges focus on areas of the body (erogenous zones).
- their ability to resolve these internal conflicts = future ability to cope and function as an adult.
- Failure to resolve = fixated in that stage = unhealthy personality traits; successful = healthy adult.
34
5 psychosexual Stages and their behaviour
1. Oral – sucking behaviour (0-18 months)
2. Anal – holding or discarding faeces (18 m – 3.5 years)
3. Phallic – fixation on genitals (3.5 – 6 years)
4. Latency – repressed sexual urges (6 years - puberty)
5. Genital – awakened sexual urges (puberty onwards)
35
2. personality traits from anal fixation
conflict occurs over potty training (parents who are strict with potty training and place expectations)
- a person could become fixated on cleanliness and orderliness to an extreme / chaotic and disorganised behaviours)
36
1. personality traits from oral fixation
trauma and neglect during breast feeding in this stage
= eating disorders
37
1. active and passive trend for oral fixation
active & passive trends
- passive trend = sucking
psychic function: incorporation, taking things in = this leads to the phsychological function of identification, taking on qualities of parents
- active = biting nipple or bottle (sadisctic trend)
- fixation of this period leads to concretely oral behaviours: thumb sucking, ED's, alcoholism
38
3. personality traits from phallic stage
- boys and girls notice physcial differences their genitals
39
3. phallic stage: oedipus complex
The source of libido (life force) is concentrated in the erogenous zones of the child’s body.
*children experience an unconscious feeling of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy and envy toward their same-sex parent.
- The Oedipus complex is successfully resolved when the boy begins to identify with his father and is afriad of his size - as an indirect way to have the mother.
40
3. Electra complex (phallic stage)
- little girl view male genitalia, sees that hers are less prominant and inferior (socioculturally determined by the way women and men were treated differently)
- resolve this by taking a passive role.
41
4. latency stage
- mental activities outstrip sexual desires
- learning and obedeince, focus on cognitive development
- sublimation (redirected libido to eduacational development)
*passive trends= taking in knowledge
* active= showing their skills
*sadism= bullying, overly competitive
42
5. genital stage
- unresolved oedipus complex resurfaces, heightened psychic energy
- sexual and agressive impulses, the libido has coverged to genital sexuality
43
freud's drives (phallic)
1. Eros: The life drive/libido - for survival, pleasure seeking, life preserving
2. Thenatos: The death drive - pulls to nothingness (self destructive behaviour / suicide)
44
strengths of psychoanalysis
1. identifies psychological issues that are deeply rooted in the unconscious
2. emphasis on identifying what causes issues and fixing them
3. analyse and explain behaviour. Powerful therapeutic technique
45
weaknesses of psychoanalysis
1. does not take into account certain nuances and details of personality
2. Negative view on human nature and focus on trauma
3. long time for the therapist to unpack problems
46
defence mechanisms
1. repression: unconsciously driven force, forgetting
2. supression: pushing something out of ones mind
3. regression: psychological functioning reverts defensively to earlier stage (thumb sucking)
4. reaction formation: behaviour that expresses the opposite to forbidden wishes
5. idealisation: someone glorifies the attributes of others, unconsciously critical in their attitude
6. dissociation: thoughts and emotions towards a specific event become seperate, look at an event without emotion
7. introjection: internalising a person you love or hate
8. rationalisation: explaining ones actions by giving a more favourable impression than the true motives would have
9. intellectualisation: using intellectual ideas or concepts to avoid facing ones emotions
10. sublimation: channeling libido energy into socially accceptable persuits
