Psychoanalytic Etiology

Question 1

Freud’s Topographic Model

Answer 1

(Freud 1900)
Unconscious, Preconscious and Conscious levels of ideas and feelings exist. This means much of our internal life is outside our awareness.

Question 2

Freud’s Drive Conflict Model

Answer 2

(Freud 1926)
The psychosexual stages progress in order and development is susceptible to over- or under-gratification leading to fixation

Question 3

Freud’s view of depression

Answer 3

(Freud 1917) Mourning and Melancholia

• Depressed people suffered a symbolic loss (as opposed to the loss of a loved person in mourning)
• There is a disturbance in self-regard, anger turned inward leads to self-deprecation and loss of self-esteem
• Caused by over/undergratification at oral stage

Question 4

Freud’s view of mania

Answer 4

(Freud 1917) Mourning and Melancholia
-When the ego recovers from the loss of the object, all the anticathexis drawn into the ego during melancholia is freed and becomes mania

Question 5

Freud’s view of anxiety

Answer 5

(Freud 1926)

• Anxiety is a signal of danger
• There are realistic, moral, and neurotic types
• Neurotic anxiety is the fear of punishment or annihilation, anticipation of danger based on past experience
• loss of the object (oral), loss of the object’s love (anal), body integrity/castration (phallic), and punishment from the superego (genital)
• Anxiety comes from pathological compromise formation

Question 6

Freud’s view of schizophrenia

Answer 6

(Freud 1924)

• No ego defenses have developed and therefor there is no differentiation between self and world
• id fantasies are mistaken for reality

Question 7

A. Freud’s view of depression

Answer 7

(A. Freud, 1936)

• hate turned toward the self, because if the bad is outside, there is no hope of controlling it, but if the bad is inside, it’s safer
• focus on interpreting defenses rather than id impulses

Question 8

Fairbairn’s view of repetition compulsion

Answer 8

(Fairbairn 1941)

• Repetition compulsion is a person’s attempt to re-master past relationships that went poorly, or because they are recreating relationships with the same type of internalized objects they had before.
• 3 objects: gratifying, enticing, and rejecting

Question 9

Fairbairn’s view of depression

Answer 9

(Fairbairn 1941)
A lack of internalization of positive objects causes child to use fantasized internal objects, dooming them to repeat the past and they believe the love object’s absence was their fault (too needy or hateful)

Question 10

Fairbairn’s view of anxiety

Answer 10

(Fairbairn 1941)

Dangerous object ties threaten to break through, or internalized wrathful/punitive objects

Question 11

Winnicott’s view of depression

Answer 11

(Winnicott 1949)
-Failures of good enough mothering and empathy causes a false self which appeases others and feels bad about pleasing self

Question 12

Winnicott’s view of anxiety

Answer 12

(Winnicott 1949)
-Failures of good enough mothering nurturing causes false self which views spontaneity as scary, patient anxiously seeks missing empathy

Question 13

Kohut’s view of depression

Answer 13

(Kohut 1971)
Lack of mirroring and transmuting internalization of it causes low self-esteem, poor self-soothing, fragmentation of self

Question 14

Kohut’s view of anxiety

Answer 14

(Kohut 1971)

Anxiety is an expression of fear of the disintegration of the self